Kuthetha ukuthini umyalelo namaxabiso?

Kukho iindlela ezimbini ukulungiselela inani. Konke kuxhomekeke kuhlobo kwinkqubo yoqoqosho, apho imisebenzi karhulumente. amaxabiso nowiso okufana amazwe kunye kuqoqosho ezicwangcisiweyo. Kulo mzekelo, imarike phantse alunasiphumo kwi imeko nemakethe. Amaxabiso singachazwa kwangaphambi iimveliso ngoko nangoko-ukukhululwa. A meko ezahlukileyo iqatshelwe ngendlela emarikeni. Kulo mzekelo, ixabiso ayimiselwanga kule nkampani, yaye phantsi kwempembelelo yonikezelo kunye nemfuno kwintengiso yemveliso ezivenkileni. Okunye ukuba kwinqaku namhlanje.

Makhe sibone oko kuthethwa amaxabiso umyalelo

UMbuso uya nefuthe ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo imeko nemakethe. theory Various kwezoqoqosho ubona indima karhulumente kulawulo loqoqosho lwesizwe ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo. amaxabiso Free - kwinkqubo yoqoqosho emarikeni. Kufanelekile zonke ingcamango zakudala kwezoqoqosho. Kukholelwa ukuba kwimfuneko yokungenelela ngoncedo kurhulumente kwiinkqubo koqoqosho okokuqala ayinyaniso ngayo wazibonakalisa Dzhon Meynard Keyns. Ngokupheleleyo amaxabiso myalelo - Lilungelo leSebe i yoqoqosho ecwangcisiweyo. Kulo mzekelo, iindleko zokuvelisa kuxhomekeke nqanaba kwemveliso okanye ngaphambi koko. Baya ingafakwa ngaphandle ixabiso, isantya wokubuyela enkundleni, okuza zotshintsho kunokwenzeka. Namhlanje, kumazwe amaninzi kunye rhwebo usebenzisa ezi okanye ezinye iindlela zokungenelela kwi conjuncture kuqoqosho.

Kulo mbono classical

Isimo sengqondo indima karhulumente ngokupheleleyo zatshintsha izihlandlo eziliqela kuyo yonke imbali eyaziwa. Ekuveleni kweenkulungwane 17-18, ngexesha ukuzalwa ubudlelwane imarike mihla ezikhoyo mfundiso mercantilism. Oku kwakukholelwa ukuba uqoqosho lwesizwe azikwazi ukusebenza kakuhle ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa ngurhulumente. Noko ke, emva engamakhulu amabini kweminyaka endaweni le mfundiso weza ingcamango liberalism ekuthiwa-qoqosho. bokholo lwakhe waqala uAdam Smith kunye noDavide Ricardo. Baya Uveze ukuba imarike - kuba yinkqubo self-elawula, amaxabiso umyalelo wakhe ngokungeyomfuneko. Oku kusekelwe kwi "ngesandla ongabonakaliyo" - izilangazelelo zobuqu zokuxhobisa.

Noko ke, leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi kunye nengcitho Great Depression ngenkani izazinzulu ukuba ngokutsha izimvo zabo ngentengo. Sele 1930 kwathiwa yamkelwa imithetho ekhethekile yokuba ubukho imihlaba ngoncedo ngurhulumente kwezoqoqosho kuzwelonke. amaxabiso yowiso kwiindidi ezithile iimveliso iye yaba zizinto eziqhelekileyo.

Iimpawu ngezoqoqosho Keynesian

Emva kokuba Great Depression, amazwe amaninzi aphuhlileyo bamshiya ingcamango ukuzeyisa yemarike yaye baqalisa ukuba angenelele kwiinkqubo zoqoqosho. Keynes uthi imfuneko ukwandisa inkcitho-mali kunye namazinga enzala asezantsi ngexesha ukuwa. Imfuno kudala uncedwa, awunakho ukwenza ngolunye uhlobo, njengoko ibangwe ezakudala. Neo-Keynesians kucaca ukuba namaxabiso kwimarike kunye nomgaqo ngokuncedisana. Bona apha naphaya ezinye nezimvo yakudala, nikholwe ungenelelo karhulumente ukuba kuyimfuneko kuphela kwixesha elifutshane. Oku kungenxa yokuba i-bume awukwazi ukuhamba ngokukhawuleza ukuze 'unyango' uqoqosho kwimiphumo emibi yokwehla msebenzi ishishini. Noko ke, neo-Keynesians bakholelwa ukuba kwixesha elide, imarike yinkqubo self-elawula.

ezindleleni nempembelelo

Kukho ezimbini iindlela ulawulo karhulumente kwamaxabiso: umgca (directive) kunye ngqo (neyoqoqosho). I yangaphambili ziquka:

• Ithengise. Ngokomzekelo, xa ngokokubona kwayo kuphela, urhulumente abeke amaxabiso zeenkonzo zothutho kunye yomngcwabo.
• nayinja ngexabiso. State angene ubukhulu okanye ubuncinane.
• Ukuseka zizinto ezibalulekileyo lutshintsho kumaxabiso. Umzekelo, inkqubo enjalo isoloko isetyenziswa ekubaleni lweerhafu sefowuni ngokodidi ngumthengi.
• Ukubeka ubuninzi bobungakanani izibonelelo zorhwebo. Ngaloo kulawulwa kwamaxabiso eemveliso ezingundoqo, amayeza kunye ezithile zokutya.
• Ukumiselwa izinga inzuzo. Oku kuthetha ukuba ixabiso kwangoko wabeka ngomlinganiselo othile ukubuya. Umzekelo, intlawulo yokusetyenziswa izikhongozeli idla ifakelwe nangoko anikwe imbuyekezo 25 ekhulwini kule hlobo zokuhamba.
• Ukusekwa amaxabiso alunakuqinisekiswa. Le nkqubo kudla osebenza kwicandelo lezolimo. Amaxabiso zisetwa ngamaqumrhu ezizodwa zikarhulumente. Zisetyenziswa ukuze kuthengwe nokuba ixabiso lemarike elilungileyo yempahla ngezantsi.

ixabiso isibhengezo yinkqubo yokuhlola amaxabiso zikarhulumente kulawulwa. Ukuze wenze oku, isicelo kumaqumrhu karhulumente ekhethekileyo zizizathu lwezoqoqosho isicelo.

Iindlela kwezoqoqosho zolawulo ziquka inkxaso-mali, abalimi imbuyekezo ngeendleko, mboleko kumazinga ekhethekileyo, iiholide irhafu. Onke la manyathelo kunganciphisa ixabiso lemarike mveliso.

Xa kumazwe,

Thina Sele wayeyinxalenye phandle ukuba onjalo amaxabiso umyalelo. Uqoqosho imakethi kungekhona ekuhleni ingqalelo imfuneko yalo. Noko ke, akukho mntu ufuna ukulahla ngokupheleleyo ukusetyenziswa kwayo. State sinokufaka imimiselo ixabiso ngohlobo nemimiselo. Bachaza imigaqo, iindlela kunye nemigangatho. Kukholelwa ukuba 10-30% yexabiso iimveliso ezichazwe myalelo. Kodwa ke urhulumente kaninzi iphelele apho. Kumazwe aphuhlileyo, yande ukuphazamiseka ngqo kwi namaxabiso. Konke oku uthi kwimfuneko yokufezekisa iziphumo zentlalo, oko kulungile oku ngenxa yoluntu lonke.

indlela zale mihla

Abantu abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba amaxabiso myalelo - uqoqosho umyalelo. Kodwa enyanisweni, namhlanje ithi amaninzi kuthatha amanyathelo kwiinkqubo zoqoqosho. Kukholelwa ukuba ekuhambeni kwexesha imarike uyakwazi ukuzeyisa, yaye elifutshane - imfuneko impembelelo olongezelelweyo ibhanki engundoqo kunye norhulumente. Kuyaqapheleka ukuba ukusekwa amaxabiso oluphezulu okanye ubuncinane ukwenzela iimveliso kungakhokelela ukuba eli nani liya kuyeka ukuba njongo. Noko ke, akukho namnye eliphikisa into yokuba ngamanye amaxesha indlela lemarike kufuneka lulungiswe.

izinto zasekhaya

Le nkqubo yokunika amaxabiso eRashiya bezihlala zitshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha. amanyathelo ezibalulekileyo zibandakanya kwimbali yayo;

• Ukuvela imali njengamalalela kule minyaka 1916-1921.
• Ixesha of War ubuKomanisi.
• Le nkqubo Economic New.
• amaxabiso yowiso phantse kuzo zonke iintlobo zeemveliso ngo-1929-1933.
• Ukuvela yonikezelo kunye nentengiso lwemveliso phantsi kwelungiselelo kunye umthengi.
• Price yinkululeko, lwaqala emva kokuwa yiSoviet Union ukususela 1992.