I-European Central Bank (ECB). Imisebenzi ye-European Central Bank

European Central Bank - yibhanki eyongameleyo ye-European Union kunye Eurozone. Le yaziwa ngokuba yibhanki kakhulu elizimeleyo ehlabathini. Kuyinto eli ziko zemali unelungelo elipheleleyo isigqibo nayiphi na imicimbi enxulumene euro. Iziko lasekwa ngo-1998. Umongameli wokuqala yeziko wezimali Wim Duisenberg, ngubani wakhethwa ithuba eliyiminyaka emi-5. Ngo-Oktobha 2003, njengoko umongameli omtsha Jean-Klod Trishe. Namhlanje, isikhundla leyo bobabo Mario Draghi.

indaba

Emva kokuba Second kweMfazwe Yehlabathi waqalisa kwamazwe ase Europe. Isebenze le ukubunjwa ukuyilwa isithuba esinye emarikeni. Kweli thuba 1947 ukuya 1957, oko kwenziwa ngexesha ukudityaniswa kummandla kunye ukuvela engumzekelo State of the Iintlawulo European Union ngempumelelo. Ngowe-1957, kukho kunxulumano amazwe inkulu yaseYurophu i-European Community Economic. Ngowe-1979, i-eEC laqalisa imali enemiqathango - ECU - kuba zokuhlala ukuba zazikhe ebotshelelwe ingobozi zemali yaseYurophu. Imemorandam kwi ukuyilwa kwindawo lwemali baseYurophu, kwaye ECB sele ungenile ngo-1988. CB "Central European Bank" wabonakala emva ukusayinwa ngo-1992 phezu kummandla Maahstrihta isivumelwano samazwe oseka European Union, kwakunye emva zokusekwa kwe-European Monetary Institute, nto leyo uxanduva lokulungisa kutshintsho lwemali single - euro.

Lwangaphandle kunye nesakhiwo yangaphakathi

I-European Central Bank iqela lolawulo ekhethekileyo. Oku kuquka abameli abasuka ngalinye EU Member States. Imibuzo malunga nokusebenza ngemali, amaqondo enzala, amanqaku promissory kunye nezinye izinto, ikhankanya iCandelo yamaziko, kwaye iBhodi leeRhuluneli. Ulawulo ibandakanya abantu 6, kunye usihlalo ebhankini, kunye nesekela lakhe, olubandakanyayo. ilungu leBhodi ezikhethiweyo ukuba kota-anesibhozo. Amagama ngokuba indawo kwiCandelo wachongwa ze ingqalelo yi-European ePalamente kunye neenkokeli lithi eziyinxalenye euro. Le ECB lilungu le-European System of Central Banks, ebandakanya National Bank of the European Union. Le nkqubo yamazwe ngamazwe sisebenze algorithm level-mbini. Nawuphi na umbuzo malunga nomgaqo-nkqubo wolawulo izinziswe kuphela apho kwimvumelwano malunga nenqanaba ngalinye.

Overview

Central European Bank ukususela ekuqalweni kwayo eJamani, e Frankfurt, simanyene phantsi kwesikhokelo yonke inkqubo iiBhanki ezingoovimba yaseYurophu. Ubume Ukwakheka iquka:

• Bank of eBelgium.
• Bundensbank.
• Bank of Greece.
• I-Bank of Spain.
• I-Bank of France.
• Luxembourg Monetary Institute.

Isidima iqumrhu elisemthethweni kuphela ECB, onke amanye amaziko zemali zibandakanyiwe kule nkqubo ukuze udlale indima kweeyunithi abancedisayo. imisebenzi bakhona. Eyona njongo ephambili kukuthintela ECB ekunyukeni kangaka kwamaxabiso kunye nokuzinziswa kwamaxabiso, kufuneka ingadluli-2%. Naziphi na izigqibo kunye nezenzo ebhankini zibe nefuthe elingqale kule izinga lotshintshiselwano euro ithelekiswa neemali zamanye amazwe ehlabathini. okunzulu ezibukhali ibangela utshintsho umyinge wenzala kunye mboleko ukuya Ilungu States Union.

Yintoni i ECB?

Central European Bank lenza imisebenzi emininzi ephezulu:

• Uphuhliso kunye nokuphunyezwa komgaqo wolawulo-mali kummandla kule ndawo euro.
• Ukhuseleko, uphuhliso kunye nolawulo woovimba bonaniselwano likarhulumente yegosa yeyuro-zone.
• Impikiswano euro.
• Ukubeka kwenzala.
• Ukuqinisekisa uzinzo inani euro.

Izalathisi ze-ECB ke kwisalathiso amaxabiso impahla abathengi kulo lonke EU kunye nobukhulu ubonelelo ngemali, leyo kufuneka ibe ngaphezulu kwe-4.5% ukunyuka kulo nyaka.

inzala Key lebhanki

Imisebenzi ye-European Central Bank ukuyigubungela ukuchongwa kunye namazinga enzala. rates Inzala unokuba kweentlobo ezintathu:

• I-mboleko rate. Le umyinge wenzala, nto leyo ebonisa ixabiso Ubuncinane izicelo nokutsala izixhobo eziphathekayo kwithenda olugcinwe ECB.
• Umlinganiselo wenzala kwi iidipozithi. Le umyinge wenzala, nto leyo isiseko xa ebeka imali ekhoyo kumaziko eli ECB ngayo. Umyinge lisebenza komda omncinci iirhafu inzala emarikeni ubusuku bonke.
• Izinga ezihlelelekileyo-mboleko - lelona zinga iibhanki kwi isakhiwo ESS, uyakwazi ukufumana imali-mboleko, apho kuyimfuneko ukugcina amatyala elifutshane. izinga ezihlelelekileyo udlala indima nelona qondo liphezulu kuluhlu ngokuhambelana kwenzala lemali.

Ngokufaka ezi ntlobo iirhafu, i-European Central Bank kudala imfuno okanye ubonelelo lwemali, iqinisekisa uzinzo yayo kwaye ulawula ukungena nokuphuma kwemali ngaphakathi kummandla.

amalungiselelo jikelele

Central yaseYurophu Bank imfundo ekhethekileyo esemthethweni, umsebenzi wakhe isekelwe nezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe. Ikomkhulu ogunyazisiweyo iziko ngexesha indalo yayo wayelingana euro billion 5. Xa indima zabelo ezo iibhanki inkulu eYurophu. IsiJamani "Bundesbank" negalelo 18.9% kwikomkhulu, i-Bank of France - 14.2%, Italy Bank - 12.5%, Bank of Spain - 8.3%. Ezinye Central Bank of kumazwe aseYurophu phakathi 0.1% ne-3.9% ye-capital kokuqala share. Eqondisa iziko zemali kwibhodi elawulayo, nto leyo okhankanywe ngentla, - intloko uMongameli yakhe esisigxina European Central Bank. Eyona iphambili lombutho zemali - yinto inkululeko epheleleyo. Ngelo xesha linye ziko linyanzelekile ukuba qho ngonyaka angenise ingxelo kwimisebenzi yayo kwi-European ePalamente, iKomishoni yaseYurophu, iBhunga i-European Union kunye Council of Europe.

Areas Policy

Ukuze sibe nokuziphumeza iinjongo zalo ukusetyenziswa izixhobo ECB ezifana mboleko uzinzo kunye yemnyama.Iifandesi mortgage, imisebenzi exchange angaphandle kunye okwenziwe kwimalike evulelekileyo. Eyona ezinamandla sixhobo wolawulo kwiimalike zemali - yaseYurophu rate Central Bank. umsebenzi kwiziko lemali isekelwe phezu kwale mithetho-siseko ukuzimela kwamanye amazwe, ngokunjalo ngamaqumrhu supranational ezifana isigqibo. Imisebenzi kuhlala ngokuyintloko akubandakanyi ukunyanzela xa idlulela ematyaleni ngaphandle kunye nezo ziphuma ngaphakathi. Ukuze ithathe isigqibo malunga nomthetho ethile ngamnye kuba kufuneka lenze ivoti, amalungu eBhodi yoLawulo. Ngamnye kubo ithuba enye kuphela ukuba bavote. Intloko ye-European Central Bank kufuneka silandele ngokokubona kweBhodi. Kuphela emva kokuba senziwe izisombululo ezithile nozalisekiso lwalo ukuba ngokubonakalayo sibandakanya iiBhanki ezingoovimba yamazwe aseYurophu.

Amagunya ECB kunye iiBhanki ezingoovimba kazwelonke

ECB phantsi iinzame ezibambeneyo kunye Central Association of the States Amaqela unelungelo lokubumba ubudlelwane kunye namanye amazwe ye-Central Bank kunye, ukuba kuyimfuneko, kwaye nemibutho yamazwe ngamazwe afana. amathuba Vula ngeendlela ngeendlela zokufumana ubumi, intengiso nokudlulisa zonke iintlobo zee-asethi, kuquka bullion. Le mbono "asethi nzima" iquka nezibambiso kuyo nakweyiphi na imali kunye naziphi na kwiiyunithi yokubala. Wavumela elo ilifa kunye nolawulo lwee-asethi. ECB uqhuba uluhlu olubanzi kweebhanki nemibutho naluphi na uhlobo, njengoko amahlakani ukuba imibutho ngamazwe bakwazi ukumela umntu wesithathu. Intsebenziswano kunokuquka imisebenzi zokuboleka kunye abolekise. Ngaphandle imisebenzi esisiseko okhankanywe ngentla, i-European Bank ngentsebenziswano kunye namazwe Central Yurophu uyakwazi ukuqhuba imisebenzi kunye injongo yolawulo, ukuba benze izinto eziza yebhodi. Kwibakala ebalulekileyo isigqibo kwimisebenzi yebhanki sinokutshintshwa ngokuba ukuyilwa i-European Monetary System, oqale yabakho ngo-1979.

European Monetary System ngaphakathi sikhokelo ECB

Izinga mboleko ye-European Central Bank - ayikho into kuphela kuchaphazela inkqubo currency yaseYurophu. EMU kwaye kukodwa eziliqela imisebenzi ethile. Unga uthethe ngale miba ilandelayo:

• Ukuqinisekisa uzinzo kwezemali ngaphakathi EU.
• lula iphezulu kwinkqubo ukuhlangabezana nophuhliso esebenzayo kwezoqoqosho.
• Ngokwemiqathango inkqubo emali uzinzo inika isicwangciso sokukhula.
• A lwemali ezinzileyo kunye systematization lobudlelwane kwezoqoqosho womlinganiswa ngamazwe.

Kuyinto ngenxa yokwaziswa yasasazwa of imali ezifana ECU, i-European Union angamalungu baye bamelana kunye nengxaki ye-80s ngempumelelo. Emva kokuba uloyiso phezu inkqubo yokwenyuka kwamaxabiso isuswe izithintelo kwiintengiselwano zezimali yangoku. Ukususela ngo-1990, kwanceda ukuthungelana imo eyinkunzi. Ekuqaleni, injongo ye-EU yayikukubonelela iimeko elilelona ukuba ukuhamba kwempahla neenkonzo, imali kunye nabasebenzi. I ECB wadalwa ukukhuthaza ukuqaliswa olulodwa lwemali, ubumi. Umsebenzi wakhe ngxi lokuhlela yaba ukunceda ukuphuhlisa iindlela zamaziko esemthethweni kuququzelelo nje nkqubo angaphandle, kodwa umgaqo-nkqubo yokhuseleko Party nganye kaRhulumente.