Savva Mamontov: engobomi, ubomi lobuqu, imisebenzi philantrophic, olunomdla

Umxhasi yobugcisa Savva Ivanovich Mamontov wayevela kwintsapho yomthengisi. Wazalwa Oktobha 2, 1841 kwidolophu Siberian Yalutorovsk. Xa wayeneminyaka engama-8 ubudala, yena kunye nabazali bakhe bafudukela eMoscow. Uyise Ivan ezingelwa inceba yewayini. Ekunye wakhe uMariya wazala abantwana abasixhenxe, kuquka neentombi ezimbini owasifelayo ekuqaleni. Ivan waya eMoscow emva kokuba umrhwebi we labakhandi yokuqala, waza waqalisa ukuya lonke uqoqosho kwiphondo lonke elimiweyo. Izinto umthengisi wenyuka endulini, ngoko ke sasihlala ngendlela enkulu. In Mamontov waye kuqeshisa nandawo Meshchanskaya Street, ezazibizwa soirees neebhola.

ebuntwaneni

Nangona Indlovu ababekolo didi zabarhwebi, yemiyalelo usapho bahluke kakhulu ukusuka zemveli kuloo ndawo. Kule ubomi bentsapho zisendaweni ebalulekile indawo uncwadi, ezobugcisa, imidlalo yeqonga, umculo. Ivan uziphatha ngendlela ngakumbi ngathi inkosi IsiNgesi ngaphezu zomrhwebi. Kakade ke, indlela yobomi mpembelelo eziphezulu isikakhulu ozithandayo wavuka Savva Mamontov. Biography van'wankumi bekuya kuba ezahlukeneyo ukuba kungekhona ngenxa incasa yentsapho yakhe. Ukongezelela, imfundo amakhwenkwe abenza umkhapheli, funda oko iilwimi zasemzini kunye nesimilo zaseYurophu.

Okokuqala Sawa wafunda kwisikolo esiqhelekileyo. Ke uyise wasiwa kuye kwi-Institute of Civil Engineers Corps eSt Petersburg. Esi sigqibo yaba imboni. Kanye ngelo ukwakhiwa kaloliwe yaphuhliswa eRashiya. Engineering umsebenzi ngokubanzi zithandwa kakhulu. umfundi kakhulu, kunjalo, wamthanda ulwimi waseJamani. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, uyise Yamthabatha St Petersburg ngenxa bhubhani fever ebomvu.

ulutsha

Xa wayeneminyaka engama-19, Savva Mamontov engobomi ezahlula amathuba amaninzi engalindelekanga, wangena kwiYunivesithi Metropolitan, kodwa kamva wathunyelwa eMoscow, apho wakhetha Faculty of Law. Ngaphandle kolu obungcali, angathabatheki iphambili mfana yokubonela. Akazange ndiphoswe iphambili elinye elikhulu, yaye aze ajikeleziswe kwindawo nezazi eMoscow. Ngu Mamontov wada wajonga nje amnestied i Decembrists.

Ivan waqhubeka ukuqhuba ngempumelelo ishishini. Waye enoonyana eziliqela, kodwa akukho namnye kubo awunamdla kwezoshishino. Bebabethe iphini kuyise Sava. Ngowe-1862 wathumela unyana wakhe ku Baku, apho wayeza ukuya imicimbi woqoqosho yobuhlakani Transcaspian. Emva kweenyanga ezimbalwa Savva Mamontov, ogama engobomi wenze enye ngokugosogoso, waba yintloko ye-ofisi engundoqo eMoscow lo mbutho.

Ngowe-1864, lo somashishini waya eItali. Okokuqala, wayefuna ukwenza ntoni ngempilo yabo, yaye okwesibini, ukuya kukhangela urhwebo isilika. Ukulungiselela le njongo sele ezikhethiweyo Lombardy. elide Kuye kwaba idume ishishini isilika ukwaluka kunye sericulture. E Milan, Savva Ivanovich Mamontov wadibana theatre edume lendawo "La Scala" apho ukubeka opera kakhulu ehlabathini. Umthengisi wayenomdla kakhulu kolu hlobo art, waze waqala ukuthatha izifundo ukucula engahlawulwayo.

impilo Personal

Young Savva Mamontov, ubomi bakhe liye aphuhliswe kakuhle kakhulu, wadibana umfazi wakhe elizayo Elizabeth Sapozhnikova kuhambo lwakhe lokuqala Italian. uyise wentombazana leyo umrhwebi elidumileyo isilika, ngenxa yokuba umtshato yomelezwa Sava embi iwonga ekuhlaleni nosapho lwakhe kuphela.

Ivan Elizabeth kakhulu, yaye ngovuyo olukhulu yamkele ukhetho sonyana wakhe. Emva umsitho festive, isibini waya Italy kwakhona - eli xesha lokuba betshatile. umfazi Savva Mamontov wamzalela umyeni wakhe nabantwana abahlanu. Intombi yabo Ukholo ivezwe opeyintayo Valentin Serov e peyinta yakhe edumileyo "Girl kunye yeepesika".

Tycoon yindlalifa

Uyise unekhono Ivan Fedorovich wafa ngo-1869, emva koko ishishini intsapho yakhe ukuhambisela unyana wakhe. Alandele banceda abancedi umzali. Nabo ngusomashishini abaselula, kungekuphela walondoloza, kodwa wabandisa ilifa lwabazali. Ngoko ke ngo-1872, xa intloko Society of the Moscow-Yaroslavl kaloliwe ndafumana umlawuli omtsha - Savva Mamontov. Biography zabarhwebi iye yanxulunyaniswa ezahlukeneyo kwiindawo zoshishino. Ngaxeshanye kaloliwe yakhe kwiofisi yorhwebo, eyamnika ii izinto zokwakha. Mamontov ngcembe siqhelane yokukhokela, ubomi esebenzayo ekuhlaleni.

indlwane Family Savva yaba kwilifa Abramtsevo, wayithengayo umbhali Sergei Aksakov. Esi sibini bavakalelwa kukuba abantwana babo bakhule ngcono kweli lizwe kude kobuxhakaxhaka kunye neemeko mpilweni. Soloko zizakubalulwa uthando nohlaza ye ngemisebenzi magnate wenza Abramtzevo Manor echumayo yayo yesikolo sakho, ecaweni, zokugcina, imiyezo, isibhedlele, ibhulorho kunye edamini isela River.

bono

Nangona umsebenzi yezoqoqosho, yomrhwebi waqhubeka babe nomdla kwizinto zobugcisa. Wayeqhelene onke amaqela ezinkulu nongqondongqondo kazwelonke ngexesha lakhe. In Abramtsevo wamfikela isangqa amagcisa, oququzelelwe ngokwakhe Savva Mamontov. olunika umdla yengqondo ubomi umxhasi ke kudityaniswe iindaba omnye imicimbi emikhulu kunye namashishini. Mamontov ufumene udumo ngokubanzi emva kokuba egqibile ukwakha ebalulekileyo kuqoqosho kaloliwe kwi IDonetsk amalahle isitya. Communications zakhiwa ngo-1882. kweminyaka esibhozo kamva, Savva wathengisa ukuba urhulumente ukuba intywenka.

ubuthathaka ekhethekileyo Mamontov kwafuneka ukuba amagcisa. Yena nabahlobo kunye Apollinary Vasnetsov, Isaakom Levitanom, Vasiliem Surikovym, Valentin Serov kunye nezinye zabazobi. Umrhwebi usisizalwane ngunozala eMoscow gallery enkulu Pavel Tretyakov.

Art umxhasi

umxhasi Savva Mamontov uncedo artists ngokuziphatha nje kuphela, kodwa ngokwasezimalini, ukuba kuyimfuneko. Yena waba owayemele iitalente abaninzi abaselula. iinyanga ngabapeyinti wahlala ngasekunene endlwini yakhe. Ngenxa Savva Ivanovich Wavuka neenkwenkwezi ezinyaweni zakhe ezifana Vrubel, Vasnetsov, Korovin kunye Serov. Ezinye mizobo eziye ziyahlonelwa eyaziwayo ngoko, zaye zipeyintwe kwilifa Mamontov. Nangona umrhwebi engaganwanga ngqo imizobo ekuqokeleleni ababehlala kunye ukuvela awayeqhelene ezintsha kwihlabathi zobugcisa.

ngokwenene Bono Savva wanceda abaselula amagcisa-ngabelusi. Ngowe-1880, kuye kwasasazwa likhulu yelicwecwe wakhululwa ngomhla izixhobo merchant. Mamontov ahlelwe imiboniso eMoscow. Kunye noblewoman Maria Tenisheva ke waxhasa iphephancwadi odumileyo "World of Art".

Nothando umculo yeqonga

Womzobo akazange umdla kuphela kumaKanan. Umculo - lo ngomnye yobuciko ukugula Savva Mamontov. iinyani ezinika umdla malunga ezithandwa zakhe baziwa kakuhle recital rhoqo abaqeshiweyo amalungiselelo endlwini yakhe. Apha bayiphosa ilothe imisebenzi yi Schumann, uBeethoven, Mozart, Glinka, Dargomyzhsky, Mussorgsky kunye nezinye Abaqambi dumeke. Hayi kokufaka izifundo ngamagama Mamontov maxa wambi wathetha abamenyiweyo. Kwakhona unalo yeqonga ekhaya kwango. Kwenye emiboniso wayedlala uKonstantin Alexeev oselula, owathi kamva waba ngumlawuli imidlalo Stanislavsky kwihlabathi-edumileyo.

Ngowe-1882, troupes zabucala yavunyelwa ngokusemthethweni eRashiya. Omnye kwabo ngoko nangoko wathabatha ithuba amathuba amatsha waba Savva Mamontov. Abramtsevo akazange yindawo kuphela amagcisa. Yabantu abanomdla opera sengqondo edandatheka walihesha oluntu Russian kule hlobo art, ndagqiba ekubeni ekulungelelaniseni yimveliso opera. Ephupha umsebenzi ngokupheleleyo eqongeni, nenokuthi ukuhlanganisa umsebenzi iimvumi, amagcisa, iimvumi kunye nabadlali. Ayikho into efana yimveliso basemakhitshini kodwa zingahlukaniswa.

Ukukhethwa qembu omtsha Savva Mamontov wanceda umqhubi UNikolai Krotkov. Abaququzeleli bagqiba ukumema ngamagcisa aselula, hayi izithethi kwiNtetho Theatre. Mamontov ngokwakhe ukudala yokubonela akazange i-ofisi, kodwa rhoqo ukuya ukuzilolonga waza wathetha abadlali.

inkampani yakhe

Ekuqaleni kuka-1885 kwisakhiwo olawulwa yi Lianozovo nkundla komsebenzi wokuqala Mamontov "sikamamlambo" qembu nxiba nemisebenzi abaqambi Aleksandra Dargomyzhskogo. Imihombiso zadalelwa kuye Isaakom Levitanom kunye Apollinary Vasnetsov. Emva koko, nabo basebenza kwezinye yimveliso ( "Faust" yaye "Abafazi Merry of Windsor"). Akukho mathandabuzo ukuba "abantwana zokudala" Savva Mamontov waba artists yokuqala Russian yeqonga. De mzuzu, amagcisa kakhulu musa nenxaxheba ubuhle ngemise- benzi, ucinga ukuba engafanelekanga ukuba inqanaba labo wobugcisa. Kwakukho illustrators niche ebonisa efanayo ubuhle opera yangasemva: amanxuwa angunaphakade, neengqili kumaxesha, uhlobo Italy. Inkampani "Railway King" kwatshintsha umyalelo lusekiwe.

Ngokuba kakhulu ixesha elide, i-opera Esalingwayo Mamontov wayengenguye impumelelo kunye nabaphulaphuli. NabaChatshazelwa sisifo ngenxa yokuswela amava abatsha abadlali "untried". Usomashishini, Noko ke, kuhle bamhlisa iingalo, nangona abuhlungu kumaphephandaba nokugxeka nabahlobo ababekholelwa ukuba magnate ezingancumisiyo abawenzi ububhanxa ezinjalo. Ukhenketho yokuqala-ngeprofayili yeqonga kwenzeka kuphela 1898 xa inkampani iphumelele Mamontovskaya St. Petersburg.

Ukongeza kwezi zodumo Sergiev Posad kunye Yaroslavl, ilitye lesikhumbuzo unique Savva Mamontov - artists, Yaduma opera yakhe. Ezi ziquka star Chaliapin scene abaqambi Rachmaninoff, Rimsky-Korsakov kunye Mussorgsky.

anika umdla

Begxeka Mamontov wawungapheleliselwanga kubugcisa enye kuphela. Ukuze ixesha elide yena usihlalo kwi kaloliwe yesikolo Delvigovskom eMoscow. Savva waxhasa ukwakhiwa kwezikolo, kuquka kwiphondo lommntla. Baye zasekwa Kostroma kwikholeji mveliso. E St. Petersburg, uhlelo tycoon umbutho eyahlula nemibono iphephandaba 'Russian. " It yavalwa ngo-1902, emva kokuba kwabonakala News ekwenziweni fun yentsapho yasebukhosini.

Sa umdla ukuya emntla Indlovu wafika ulwakhiwo kaloliwe Arkhangelsk. Le projekthi luphawulwa elintsonkothe ethile kunye nobunzima. Ukususela ekuqaleni, akazange athembise yengeniso ekhawulezayo nebonakalayo. Savva Nathwala ukwakhiwa kuphela, engaziva enyanzelekile oluntu kunye nolwazi oko umgca omtsha iza ukukhawulezisa uphuhliso loqoqosho ngasentla.

Indlela eya Arkhangelsk sagqitywa ngowe-1897. Oku kwakubaluleke kakhulu kokubini kummandla osemantla, nangenxa lonke elo lizwe. Nangona umda imisebenzi yayo, Savva akazange afune ingqalelo yoluntu. Yena ke andifuni ukuba seteksi kunye amabhaso, musa ukuba ukunxibelelana elinawo. Noko ke, le tycoon kwafuneka ophezulu nabanye kunye nabathengi. Omnye wabo ingqalelo uMphathiswa wezeMali Sergei Witte. Emva kokwakhiwa kaloliwe Arkhangelsk wenze igosa ewonga Indlovu Order of St. Vladimir besigaba sesine.

Wokuphelelwa kunye neminyaka edlulileyo

Ngowe-1890 Savva Morozov wathabatha ngeprojekthi yalo inkulu zoshishino up. Kwakugcwele kwindalo kwemibutho zothutho kunye namashishini mveliso. Ngokuba lo tycoon wathenga langoku lixesha kunye nezityalo ngenkani. iindleko Ukulungiswa inkcitho eninzi. ngcembe Savva Mamontov abakubo imali ngakumbi nangakumbi. Ngowe-1898, ukufumana bekwimeko enzima, usomashishini osakhasayo ekubeni isivumelwano oluyingozi zemali kunye Izabelo Yaroslavl kaloliwe. Ngenxa yokuthengiswa lwamaphepha Mamontov ekugqibeleni zawa.

Ukuzama ukuba abalekele zemali, van'wankumi wafumana umnyinyiva karhulumente ukwakha kaloliwe ukusuka St. Petersburg ukuya Vyatka. Nangona kunjalo, oku kuxhotyiwe kuphela meko. Ngowe-1899, xa i-Indlovu wabaleka yimali, angabi sakwazi ukuhlawula nababolekisi ezininzi. Ngaphezu koko, urhulumente zimelwe yi-Ofisi yoMphathiswa wezeMali wamisela inkqubo yophicotho, indlela.

Lo mbandela waya enkundleni. Savva iinyanga eziliqela uthunyelwe entolongweni, umnakekeli impahla. Usomashishini otyholwa izimali. Enkundleni, wayezithethelela ummeli ebalaseleyo yenkxaso yesizwe Fedor Plevako. Mamontov ecaleni, wakhululwa phantsi ihlombe loluntu. Nangona kunjalo, akukho eyinkunzi yayisele ngasekhohlo. balance Life Savva eyayibanjwe ngaphandle kubomi boluntu. Emva kwetyala, wafudukela kwindlu encinane kufuphi kwiSango Butyrskaya. Mamontov yathetha kuphela isangqa elincinane abahlobo bakudala, phakathi kwalo wayesaziwa kakuhle kulo artists lizwe kunye nabadlali. Maecenas wafa Aprili 6, 1918 eneminyaka engama-76. Yena wangcwatyelwa kwidolophana Abramtsevo.