Royal Moscow yesicelo ngenkulungwane ye-17. Yintoni ukumkani ubomi: ifoto kunye nenkcazelo Romanov Chambers

Imbali karhulumente Russian lizele ngeziganeko iintlobo ezahlukeneyo. Eziphawuleka kakhulu washiya uphawu yabo kuphela yeembali, kodwa ezindaweni ezinqabileyo izakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ekufundeni ukuba ungaya kuzo zonke yayiba nophuhliso lweZwekazi looMawokhulu. De umdla namhlanje eliGorha abantu ebomini kunye nobomi abalawuli kunye nookumkani Romanov ubukhosi. Ixesha lokulawula kwabo singqongwe obutofotofo, ubuhle amabhotwe ezineegadi ezintle kunye nemithombo yinzwakazi. Isiseko sabekwa ngenkulungwane XVII, xa Tsar uMikhail Fedorovich Romanov oselula baphila ebhotweni lokumkani le Moscow yesicelo. Abekho kukhulu njengokuba kunjalo namhlanje, yaye bekusoloko indawo iintloko kanye yokuhlala akathweswa sithsaba, kodwa ngoku ixesha na ilitye lesikhumbuzo yobukhulu abalawuli Russian.

the Romanovs

Ixesha Iingxaki Russia bezisa uyothuka ezininzi ubunzima, ngaphandle ngesandla esomeleleyo esenziwa kumkani ukubusa lizwe eqwengwe yempixano ephikisanayo. History of the Romanov njengoko ookumkani iqala ngo 1613, kwakunjalo ngoko ukuba Zemsky Sobor iphakamisa umviwa ifanelekileyo ngokuba isihlalo sobukhosi. Mihail Fedorovich Romanov, ukususela kwinqanaba Ngenxa koogxa bakhe, yaba oyena mfundi ofanelekileyo. Lowo weza evela izinduna osisityebi, ngowenyama yokumkani wokugqibela uhlobo Rurik, bengashiyanga iindlalifa ngqo, yaye umntu ongazange ukuthatha inxaxheba kugqatso ngamandla, t. E. Ingaba igcinwe cala layo. Akhawunti iye yamkelwa kwaye ubudala soMhlekazi elizayo, nto leyo ukuba kulula ngokwaneleyo ukulawula iinjongo zopolitiko. Enyanisweni, lo kumkani uselula akazange atyhwatyhwe ngenxa yentshutshiso nehlazo Boris Godunov, nguye kwiminyaka yakhe-16, umntu ogulayo kunye ongenamqolo sayithobela ukuthanda unina noyise kwemibandela. Ekubeni unyulo uMikhail Fedorovich bafudukela zasebukhosini, ngubani ebudeni bolawulo lwakhe yakhiwe waphantse ukusuka ekuqaleni. Uninzi izakhiwo ezakhelwe Ivan III, ngelo xesha, babe enyanisweni batshatyalaliswe. Kwinkulungwane XVII Moscow yesicelo - nendlu yobukumkani, nto leyo iba yinqontsonqa yayo yonke yobomi kwezopolitiko nezoqoqosho karhulumente.

basebhotwe

Ngasinye ezahlukeneyo uyaqonda kwaye imele ubomi kunye nobomi yentsapho yasebukhosini. Bonke abantu Russian bakholelwa ukuba eli lizwe elibusayo Abantu kufuneka athathe egumbini yokumkani. Intsingiselo yegama elithi and definition ayo asoloko ku luyamangalisa. Le ndlu nje iqela labantu - oku ke, phezulu, igumbi kakuhle ihonjiswe elikhulu apho umlawuli ukusebenza kwaye uphumle. Le nyaniso: basebhotwe kufuneka zibonise ukuzuka yonke karhulumente, ibe ikhadi lakhe ubizo lwenu, kwaba ekubeni omkhonzayo njengendawo ulwamkelo izithunywa amazwe. Kwinkulungwane XVII Moscow yesicelo ngumzi phakathi esixekweni. Kukho amakhulu abantu abahlala kunye nomsebenzi, kukho izindlu ezininzi yenkundla wabanumzana, iicawa, yoonongendi, ubulungiseleli. Ngoko ke abantu abaninzi kufuneka anikwe onke ngenkxaso eyimfuneko umatshini yolawulo enkulu zikwimeko yuokusebenza, ngoko, amagumbi zasebukhosini zidibene ne zocweyo, amakhitshi, nezitali, izisele kwaye nkqu amasimi nemiyezo. Kakade ke, umjikelezo incwadi yesicelo kaThixo alindwe ngononophelo olukhulu, nje owayedlula akazange Kwathi, njengoko zikhalazo abafika bevela kulo lonke ilizwe, ngomonde ukulinda, ngaphandle kweendonga zayo. Ukuba uzoqala ukuguqula agama, zokuhlala, phezulu (2-3 imigangatho), izakhiwo ilitye obizwa ngokuba kwigumbi lokumkani. Intsingiselo yegama elithi kulwimi Russian, ngokunxulumene kummandla Moscow yesicelo, imambathisa igumbi ngaphezu kwesinye, indawo enkulu ngokubonisana ukusebenza, nto leyo yahlulwe kumacandelo ahlukeneyo, isetyenziselwa injongo eyenzelwe yona. Umzekelo, i-Terem Palace waba lokulala, igumbi patronal, ukuhamba-esebenzisa izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo yaye icawa kunye indlu. uhlobo ngalunye yezakhiwo igama layo kunye nenjongo: amaninzi kwiGumbi, kwamadoda, etc ...

Terem Palace

bezakhiwo Russian kwinkulungwane XVII. (Konstantinov, kwaneekomkomere, Ushakov, Shaturin) wadala uchazo eyahlukileyo gem yalo lomculo zonke Moscow yesicelo. Terem Palace yayisakhiwa ukusetyenziswa amaqhekeza Abasindileyo isakhiwo odlulileyo, ezichaza isantya lwesakhiwo yokwakha. Kwixa elizayo, lo isimbo isoloko isetyenziswa kwimbali izakhiwo Russian. Ngaphandle ebhotwe ejonge ekugqibeleni enkulu: ngombala ilitye elimhlophe, iithayile bebala iziqalelo imizobo imbali, pilasters zokuhombisa, ingqalelo ekhethekileyo ezitsalwa le mifanekiso ezikhethekileyo zokuhombisa. Umgangatho wesibini igcinelwe ukuba Terem Palace zasebukhosini. Amafoto mihla (yakhiwe) ngaphakathi bengenako ukudlulisela nokuqhama umhombiso amagumbi. Iindonga kunye neengqameko zendlu nganye iyilwe kumbala enye ipeyintwe neyokuhomba nokuhombisa. Ngowe-1636, umsebenzi wokwakha kwi Terem Palace isiphelo, kodwa emva kokuba ugqityiwe namanye amagumbi ukuba musa konakalisa inkangeleko yonke sakhiwo. Ngomnyaka ugqityiwe umsebenzi sikwisiqingatha liduna eligqibeleleyo bhotwe wadala Church of the uMsindisi azenziwanga ngezandla (Upper uMsindisi Cathedral), wahlukana Terem Palace imivalo ihonjiswe. Esi sakhiwo indala imbaxa libandla Yokuzalwa of Lady Yethu (yi Seni) ukususela kwinkulungwane XIV. Yena walakha izihlandlo eziliqela, kodwa wasinda ukuba imihla yethu. Lonke ibandla - uvuko, Emnqamlezweni kunye Catherine - sibhalwe ngokupheleleyo kwi lomculo i-Terem Palace. icon Unique wenza amalaphu isilika, kunye imizobo ezizodwa ukunika izakhiwo zonqulo look olwahlukileyo.

KaMichael zemizi

Inxalenye eliphezulu Terem Palace, nelinika iimbono emangalisayo Moscow, yayakhelwe oonyana uMikhail Fedorovich - apho ke bafanele ukuba sele ukwenza. Zemizi kubekwe phezu kweTrone Chamber geqe. Igumbi ubanzi kwaye eqaqambileyo, bebekwe kunye nezitulo eludongeni. Wawusebenza kwakhona ukuba kwiiseshoni Boyar Duma, yaye ngamanye amaxesha isetyenziswa kwiKhabhinethi bokumkani. Nandawo kwi iperimitha singqongwe amaziko kuvulelwa ukuhamba: ukususela ekupheleni isakhiwo sale enkulu amaqonga eliphezulu-grade, ze icala elide lo Ezingxingweni emxinwa, apho kubonelelwa kuphela uthango eliphantsi. Ngenxa yoko, sonke isakhiwo, ngokunjalo wonke umzi wamandulo ukuba kuyabonakala shazi. Zemizi Michael kaThixo yakhiwa ngo-1637, uyindalo eyodwa nabayili Russian. Gumbi kakhulu ngokobutyebi zinokuhonjiswa, kodwa ke ofudumeleyo nefudumeleyo, iifestile ezinkulu makhe nidlile yokukhanya, amatye mica elinombala wadala umdlalo engaqhelekanga imibala eyahlukileyo. Ungqameko uphahla ezihonjiswe grille openwork metal, window izakhelo zizele ilitye elimhlophe nokucacisa eqingqiweyo (as in "abadala" yinxalenye Chambers), nto leyo yahluke kwi window nganye. Iintaka, iintyatyambo, izilwanyana, iziqhamo kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo zabalinganiswa fantastic ezihonjiswe imikrolo kukhombisa iyantlukwano nobutyebi ehlabathini. West Portal, vula ukuphengulula, ibhodi ihonjiswe, leyo iqulathe umbhalo abantwana ubunini data ikwayara nokumkani xa - Prince Alexei Mikhailovich kunye Ivan Mikhailovich. Phakathi itekisi kunye kungqameko ipateni isiqabu isicelo, igalelo ukuvuselelwa umdla kolu qeqesho imidlalo gumbi kunye. Nomfanekiso ngokwembono yomntu mihla, ukhangela benendelelo egadeni, kodwa isakhono kwabayili yayo kunzima ukuba zazi. Chaza zemizi Michael bangena ongapheliyo, kwaye theses eziphambili zezi: eqaqambileyo, efudumeleyo, oludlamkileyo, gorgeous.

uqoqo

Mhlawumbi, ngexesha ulwakhiwo Towers Architects kukho ukuphakama ebonakalayo ukumkani phezu amazwe akhe. Ukumkani wamjonga umzi ukusuka kwindawo yayo ephezulu (ukuba ukuba bakuthathele ingqalelo Ivan Enkulu Bell), t. E. Ngaba phakathi koThixo nabantu, elathi ukuba ukuhlola imeko nokwenza izigqibo nohlobo yebhongo. Kuba ukwazi Tsarevich Alekseya Mihaylovicha Romanova le ephakame ngathi kakuhle ngokupheleleyo. Ngoko ke, lo teremu kwinxalenye esempuma kongezwa "smotrilnaya uqoqo." level umgangatho wokwakha encinane ingqamana indawo eliphezulu eluphahleni Terem Ibhotwe. Ukwakhiwa lwaqhutywa kamva, nto leyo esisizathu sokuba iinqaba lwasempumalanga portal yaba engafumaneki saveyi, nangona ekuqaleni ihonjiswe nje kakuhle nje West. Nombono ilungileyo uqoqo, kodwa mhlawumbi, inkosana zazithanda ukuba mde ngaphezu nguyise wakhe, nabo bonke ngamanene izinduna, ababehlala igumbi labo ixesha elifutshane. Ukuze ufumane apho ungakwazi ngeendlela ezimbini: nge nandawo Michael, yona inxulumanisa ngezinyuko ilitye elimhlophe kunye iinqaba kwevaranda, ngokwakha umngcelele ukusuka portal empuma, okanye ngqo nasemagumbini asezantsi. Kulo mzekelo, undwendwe ungena, ongasevarandeni encinane ecaleni Towers ukusuka apho isithuba evulekileyo zifika iholo yokungena, ukusuka apho afike endaweni ingqalelo.

UMphathi Ibhotwe

Housewarming lubhiyozelwe yoo-1655, intsapho iphela Romanov beza kuye. Ubhishophu Nikon wayenqwenela ukuba izakhiwo zakhe zikufuphi babedalelwe kwi imibala kakhulu kwizinyibilikisi. Chamber eyakhiwe, isimbo "elula" Classic, kodwa lisisiqalo ngokubonakalayo ngokuthi ubutyebi ukuhonjiswa kwesakhiwo kunye isaqunge imibala ezikufutshane ukuya ngasempuma Labapostile LabaLishumi kwebandla. Umgangatho wesithathu igumbi elincinane wagqitywa ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVII. Aliqela amanyathelo ilitye elimhlophe, ivumela ukufikelela kwi kwigalari evulekileyo, izihlangu fishnet igolide, esekelwe ezibalaseleyo wanika Palace kasolusapho kaThixo esinzulu. Ingakumbi bahamba ubungangamsha ihonjiswe le umbala pink, leyo Nikon wayalela ukupeyinta iindonga egumbini lakhe. Ifom yakutshanje amagumbi kunokukunceda uziva Izithetha ethile, mhlawumbi, le projekthi ibingaziswa ngokupheleleyo ebomini.

fun Palace

House of Romanov, kunye nabo bonke ubungangamsha bayo kunye nesibhakabhaka, ayikwazanga ukukhawulelana yonke intsapho. Ngoko ke, ngo-1651 - ngokwemiyalelo entsha Russian Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich - ummandla Moscow yesicelo uqalisa ukwakha isakhiwo esitsha, nto leyo kujongwe ukuba yokuhlala kayise umfazi wayo (uyise womkaMoses) I. D. Miloslavskogo. Kubalulekile ukuphawula lo msebenzi emangalisayo kwesakhiwo - yaba Moscow "intengiso egqiba" yokuqala, oko kukuthi iqulunqwe imigangatho emine ... Sele phakathi kwinkulungwane XVII, oko ikuqaphele kungekho ndawo yophuhliso. Ngaphakathi kumgangatho ophantsi yi nge isicatshulwa kweemitha ezingama-30 ubude. Ngaphezu amagumbi abahlala kuba lula yomkhosi icawa kwakhiwa iNdumiso Virgin kunye belfry, sisibingelelo anyamezele ngaphaya isigodlo kwizibiyeli. Elenga phezu yesicelo esitratweni, ngoko bonke izimiso ibandla zithotyelwe. Miloslavsky wahlala kule ndlu iminyaka eli-16, emva koko ibhotwe zigqithiswe kaNondyebo kaRhulumente. Igama "Ukuhlekisa Usebenziso" waba kamva, ngowe-1672, xa Fedor Aleksandrovich Romanov, xa kwashukumisela umlawuli ukuba kuyo. Sisebenzise egumbini ukudlala kwinkundla yakomkhulu (in jest): emiboniso yokuqala kumabala emidlalo zaye owenziwa apha, ke igama layo. Kuba lula losapho lobukumkani kunye Terem Masonwabe Palace wajoyina lgama ezivaliweyo.

Imirhumo eMoscow

Enye yezi zithili ezininzi wamandulo Moscow, enqamleza phakathi Lwenkohlakalo Street kunye umlambo, i lesikhumbuzo yembali kuphela indawo yayo. Kule ndawo kukho izakhiwo ezizodwa lwezakhiwo Russian - amabandla, iitempile kunye amabandla, wakha kuloo XIV-XVIII eminyaka. Kodwa ke intlawulo kubakhenkethi uthandwa kakhulu eMoscow wafumana njengendawo awazalelwa kuyo Romanovs, ezo tsars Russian. Igama yommandla livela kwigama "inani" libhekisela Arcade ezivenkileni, leyo wolula oluBomvu Square. Ngelishwa, akukho lesikhumbuzo iphila namhlanje kwimo yalo yantlandlolo, eshiya kuphela Chamber. Kwelinye izinto zendlu kunye eyadini nga kugwetywa sisinde iinkcazelo intsapho ubomi boyar. Ngokutsho legend, tsar yokuqala Russian le Romanov ubukhosi wazalelwa indlu phezu Varvarka, enibe wakha utatomkhulu wakhe. Ngexesha lokulawula abatoli Groznogo Ivana Chamber zatshatyalaliswa ngokomyalelo wokumkani, ngexesha elizayo eziliqela ubunzima ukusuka imililo kunye neenguqulelo ezahlukeneyo yoonongendi kunye neecawa. Le myuziyam lasekwa kwisiza kuphela owayesalathiswa ngumoya Alexander II, phakathi kwinkulungwane XIX. History of the Romanov yaqala apha. Ngokutsho isakhiwo kwizakhiwo Chamber baba inkangeleko umgangatho ngokufanelekileyo izindlu elo xesha. Inxalenye komhlaba angaphantsi kuhlala kunye noovimba apho, waba njengephempe, okanye nekhitshi. Le zokuhlala ibekwe ngaphezu elayibrari, igumbi sifundo, igumbi study abantwana abadala zazenzelwe abantu. Isiqingatha noyinkazana indlu ibe banzi, kunye namagumbi eliqaqambileyo unokwakhela, Knights Sizibandakanye ujikeleza nentombi nokuthunga kunye iintombi. Wasinda imihombiso, tableware, ifenitshala, ukuthunga, izinto zekhaya betha ekunyaniseni nondiliseko yomhombiso. House of Romanov e Zaryadye ebizwa ngokuba "kwinkundla geqe endala."

isigodlo Imperial Gatchina

izakhiwo Okuninzi lwakutshanje sakhiwe ngokwemiyalelo losapho lobukumkani, uyaqhubeka mangaza ngokobukhulu yayo butshabalale ke nobungangamela. Kuphela kwenkulungwane XVIII-XIX azizange ngokuba indlu yokumkani, ziphangwe iingxande. Ngokomzekelo, Gatchina. Eli bhotwe yakhiwa ngokwemiyalelo uCatherine II kuye ozithandayo UGrigory Orlov. Le ndawo kunye neprojekthi ye zakhiwo elizayo eyakhethwayo ngabo bobabini, ukwakhiwa yagqitywa ngokusemthethweni ngo-1781, nangona i Earl abathinjiweyo wayindlandlathekisa ngaphambili. Ngowe-1883, emva kokufa Orlov, uCatherine wathenga ibhotwe evela kwiindlalifa bakhe Paul I. ngalinye lentsapho Romanov egqibelele le lomculo iimfuno zabo, yaye walivuselela ngo ekukhanyeni kwempumelelo ezintsha zobugcisa uluntu. Okwangoku, le lesikhumbuzo izakhiwo kunye nembali ukwimeko lokubuyiselwa. Kwibhotwe bahlupheka kakhulu kwi ezandleni ngamaNazi ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II, ezinye avuleke wasiwa eJamani.

Tsarskoye Selo

Ukususela Peter I, bonke ookumkani Russia ashiye uphawu lwawo kwimbali lokusekwa kumfanekiso mihla isixeko Pushkin, kunoko, izibonelelo zalo ezizodwa bokwakha kunye ipaka. Ngaphambi kokuba eze namandla iiBolsheviks kule ndawo yaziwa ngokuba Tsarskoye Selo. Alexander Palace, kwakunye Catherine, kunye neendawo ezisingqongileyo kunye izakhiwo zokwakha, ngumsebenzi lokwenyaniso zobugcisa! Ngomhla kummandla yimyuziyam mihla afumaneka kuzo zonke iinkalo iintlobo zobugcisa - ukusuka tofotofo sobuciko Russian classic nangaphezulu iindlela zale mihla kwinkulungwane XX. I-Catherine Ibhotwe e Tsarskoye Selo ikuvumela ukuba uzive umoya eziliqela ebudeni bolawulo i Romanov ubukhosi. N Velikaya, Elizabeth, Alexander I - lonke washiya uphawu zabo kuphuhliso yimbonakalo yangaphandle kunye nesiqulatho yangaphakathi komkhulu. Akukho kangako ingqibelelo okubonakalayo ezikufutshane ukuya kwindawo epakini lomculo, leyo wadalwa amaziko ngamnye. Ixesha wolawulo Alexander I, uNicholas II (yokugqibela Russian uMlawuli) enxulumene Alexander (New Tsarskoye Selo) ebhotwe. Ngokwembono zembali bokwakha, la maziko ebaluleke ngaphantsi incwadi yesicelo Palace. Amafoto, iividiyo, nolwenziwa rhoqo kuzo zonke iindawo abahlala kuzo le Romanov ubukhosi xa befunwa zombini ngaphakathi kwilizwe lethu, kunye basemzini abaninzi.