Eyona ndlela ngendaleko. Kwemvelo izityalo kunye nezilwanyana

Imvelaphi yobomi kunye nophuhliso yalo kumaxesha amandulo emangalisiwe izazinzulu. Abantu baye bazama ukuya ezi iimfihlakalo, ukuze ihlabathi, ngoko eqondakalayo nelindelekileyo. Kwiinkulungwane ezininzi esilawulwa ngembono ngayo waphezulu Indalo kunye nobomi. Le ngcamango yokuzivelela iphumelele yindawo nembeko enkulu kunye kwiinguqulelo ezininzi Kusenokwenzeka ukuba zonke izinto eziphila kulo mhlaba kutshanje. The main amalungiselelo ziqulunqwe Charles Darwin phakathi kwenkulungwane XIX. Wenkulungwane elandelayo banika ihlabathi eninzi obafunyanwa izakhi kunye eziphilayo, nto leyo eyenza kwalula ukungqina wihi kwethiyori zikaDarwin, ukuba andise oko, kudityaniswe data ezintsha. Ngoko ingcamango zokwenziwa of izinto zazivelela. It sathatha zonke iingcamango umkhenkethi adumileyo kunye neziphumo zophando lwezenzululwazi kwiindawo ezahlukahlukeneyo ukusuka yemfuza nendalo.

Ukususela abantu eklasini

kwemvelo imele ngendaleko yembali eziphilayo ezisekelwe kwinkqubo yemfuza ukusebenza ekhethekileyo kwiindawo ezithile.

Isanda yeenguqu, ekugqibeleni kukhokelele ekubeni ukuvela uhlobo entsha - zizivelela. Olunjalo utshintsho angemi ngokuhamba kwexesha kwaye ekugqibeleni ngokwakha kwinqanaba elitsha eliphezulu intlangano eziphilileyo, uhlobo, usapho, iklasi. Imfundo Supra-izakhiwo kuthiwa izinto zazivelela.

iinkqubo ezifanayo

Zombini imigangatho ziyindlela flow efanayo. Le mpembelelo zamandla okuqhuba kunye ngemithamo kunye makroizmeneny zezi zivunywa, zilahliwe, imfuza, ukuguquka. Umahluko ebalulekileyo phakathi iinkqubo ezimbini kukuba phakathi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo yi yokuwela kwakungenzeki kwaphela. Ngenxa yoko, ngenxa yokuba izinto zazivelela yi ukukhetha interspecific. Zizivelela negalelo elikhulu ekwenzeni ukutshintshiselana ngolwazi yemfuza phakathi kwabantu zohlobo olufanayo.

Le ukuhlangabezana kunye divergence iimpawu

Eyona ndlela iphambili yendaleko kungenziwa ngeendlela eziliqela. umthombo onamandla iyantlukwano yobomi - ngumqondiso divergence. Esebenza ngaphakathi lwento ethile, kwaye kumanqanaba aphezulu esebe. iimeko zokusingqongileyo zivunywa ikhokelela kokwahlulwa elinye iqela lemisebenzi esemqoka ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu ezithile ezahlukeneyo. Kwinqanaba divergence iintlobo kubuyela ebutsheni. Kulo mzekelo, inane elalisandul 'ukusekwa bahlanganisane ukuze omnye. Kumanqanaba aphezulu, inkqubo ayibuyiseki umva.

Ngolunye uhlobo - yendaleko phyletic, nto leyo ebonisa inguqu iintlobo ngaphandle bodwa ngaphakathi bakuyo ngamnye. Iqela ngalinye elitsha kumnombo ngukhokho yangaphambili ezilandelayo.

igalelo elibonakalayo iyantlukwano yobomi kwaye yenza ukuhlangabezana okanye "ukuhlangabezana" iimpawu. Kwinkqubo yophuhliso kwamaqela engangqamenanga izinto eziphilayo phantsi kwempembelelo kweemeko ezifanayo kwezendalo, imizimba ezifanayo abunjwe ngabanye. Zinelungelo isakhiwo efanayo, kodwa imvelaphi ezahlukeneyo aze enze phantse umsebenzi ofanayo.

Ngu Ukuhlangabezana okukhona kufutshane kakhulu - yindaleko, xa iqela yehlukana lokuqala iqalisa ngendlela efanayo phantsi kwempembelelo kweemeko ezifanayo. Ukuhlangabezana kunye okukhona ezahlula umgca ngokwanelisayo entle, kwaye kudla ngokuba nzima bathi yonke nasekusungulweni liqela elithile eziphilayo ukuba uhlobo olunye okanye kwelinye.

inkqubela eziphilayo

Eyona ndlela iphambili amaxhwayela eyokuqala ngemisebenzi AN Severtsova. Wenyusa ukunika ingqikelelo inkqubela eziphilayo. Xa imisebenzi sisazinzulu libeka iindlela ukufikelela kuyo, kwakunye yeendlela eziphambili kunye nemiyalelo yokuba izinto zazivelela. Ideas eziphuhliswe Severtsova II Shmal'gauzen.

Eyona ndlela iphambili yendaleko behlabathi eziphilayo, bodwa zizazinzulu - nto zebhayoloji inkqubela, nokubuy'umva kunye nozinzo. Of izihloko kulula ukuqonda indlela ezi nkqubo kwahluka enye kwenye. Inkqubela ekhokelela kuseko lweempawu ezintsha ezandisa iqondo lohlengahlengiso kokusingqongileyo. Ukuhlehla okuvakaliswa ekunciphiseni ubungakanani qela kunye nokwahluka wayo, nto leyo ekugqibeleni ukuya ekutshabalaleni. Ukuqina kubandakanya ekufumaneni iimpawu ezifunyenwe kunye nokudluliselwa zabo kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana kwi kwemiqathango umi kakhulu.

Ngengqiqo ayemxinwa, elibonisa imigca eziphambili eziphilayo zazivelela, oko kubonisa inkqubela eziphilayo kunye neentlobo zayo.

Kukho iindlela ezintathu eziphambili ukuphumeza inkqubela begazi:

• arogenez;
• allogenez;
• katagenesis.

arogenez

Le nkqubo yenza kube lula ukunyusa izinga jikelele lombutho ngenxa ekumisweni aromorphosis. Sinikezela ukuze ufumanise oko kuthethwa kule kota. Ngoko ke, aromorphosis - ulwalathiso izinto zazivelela ekhokelela utshintsho ngokomgangatho eziphilayo, ekhatshwa ukuntsonkotha ezandayo nokunyusa iipropati oluhambelana. Ngenxa yeenguqu kubume uba ukusebenza kakhulu ngakumbi abantu, baye bakwazi ukusebenzisa, izibonelelo ezitsha ngaphambili intalente. Ngenxa yoko, eziphilayo kwiinkalo ezithile ngengqiqo kungekho iimeko zokusingqongileyo. Kwinqanaba eliphezulu intlangano apha naphaya zabo becala jikelele, enika ukukwazi ukuphuhlisa ingaxhomekeki iimeko ngumsindo.

A elungileyo Umzekelo aromorphosis ukuyiguqula inkqubo yokujikeleza ekuyo: ukuvela zamagumbi endawo ezine entliziyweni, kwaye ukwahlulwa lokuhamba ezimbini - ezinkulu nezincinane. Evolution of izityalo iphawulwa uvale ebonakalayo phambili ngenxa ukuyilwa ityhubhu pollen kunye nembewu. Aromorphoses kukhokelela ukuvela kweeyunithi ezintsha taxonomic: iiklasi, amasebe, iintlobo kunye nivela.

Aromorphosis e Severtsov i amila kakhulu mvelo. Oku kuphawula inkqubela morphophysiological, mvisiswano leyo, kwelinye icala, abakhwetha inkqubela jikelele eziphilayo, sikhatshwe ukwandiswa ebalulekileyo lommandla encomekayo.

aromorphosis social

Ukuqwalasela indlela nasekusungulweni uluntu, ezinye izazinzulu usazisa ingqiqo ka "aromorphosis ekuhlaleni". Ziye ke okhethwe utshintsho jikelele kuphuhliso eziphilayo lwezentlalo kunye neenkqubo zabo, nto leyo ukuntsokotha, bhetyebhetye mkhulu nokunyusa uluntu nokuxabisana. Inani aromorphoses ezinjalo kuquka, umzekelo, ukuvela karhulumente, ushicilelo computer zobuchwepheshe.

allogenez

Olu tshintsho akhiwa kangako kunye nohlobo yehlabathi lika-inkqubela eziphilayo. Bona eli allogenez. Kule kwicala zazivelela (jonga kwitheyibhile engezantsi), kukho umahluko elibonakalayo aromorphosis. Akunamsebenzi ukwandisa inqanaba mbutho. Eyona ngenxa allogenez - it idioadaptation. Enyanisweni, limela utshintsho buso, ngenxa apho umzimba ukulungele ukuziqhelanisa neemeko ezithile. Lo ngumgca organic ngendaleko yenza iintlobo ezifanayo bahlala kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kakhulu ngokwezelizwe.

Imbetha umzekelo yenkqubo efana - intsapho kweengcuka. iintlobo zalo zifumaneka nemozulu ezahlukeneyo. Nganye has a iseti ethile apha naphaya kwindawo yazo, ngoxa kakhulu ngaphezulu naluphi na olunye uhlobo kwinqanaba mbutho.

Izazinzulu achonge iintlobo ezininzi idioadaptatsy:

• kulo ifomu (umz, umzimba zasemanzini owenziwe);
• umbala (apha libhekisela kulingisa zothintelo kunye kombala zokhuseleko) ;
• nokuzalana kwazo;
• kwi intshukumo (inwebu zasemanzini, iintaka iingxowa zomoya);
• ukuziqhelanisa neemeko zokusingqongileyo.

Iiyantlukwano aromorphosis kunye idioadaptation

Ezinye izazinzulu abavumelani Severtsov kwaye musa ukubona isizathu esaneleyo wokwahlula idioadaptatsy kunye aromorphoses. Bakholelwa ukuba indlela apho inkqubela kuhlolwa kuphela emva kwexesha elide emva kokuvela utshintsho. Enyanisweni kunzima ukuqonda oko iinkqubo kwindaleko nesiphumo uphawu omtsha okanye kuphuhliswa isakhono.

abalandeli Severtsova abathanda ukuba ucinga ukuba kufuneka kuqondwe idioadaptatsy komzimba, ukukhula ngokugqithisileyo okanye ukuncitshiswa imizimba ukuguqula. Aromorphoses nabo bamele utshintsho ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso osandul kwaye ukuyilwa kwezakhiwo ezitsha.

catagenesis

kwemvelo kunokwenzeka kwaye lula lwesakhiwo eziphilayo. Nokuvuthwa - inkqubo iyonke ukonakala ekhokelela ukuhla okuququzelela izinto eziphilileyo. Isiphumo iphambili yale kwicala zazivelela (Uludwe ngokuthelekisa iindlela ezintathu ezidweliswe ngezantsi) yi ukuvela ekuthiwa katamorfozov eyayingekaphuhli okanye iimpawu zithatha indawo ezilahlekileyo progressive. Imizekelo eziphilayo badlula inyathelo ukuphela eqhelekileyo, kusenokuba nayiphi sisidleleli. Ubukhulu becala, baye bangakwazi kwintshukumo ezizimeleyo, baye lula kakhulu iinkqubo Wayesoyika kwegazi. Kodwa kukho izixhobo ezahlukeneyo ngozalisekiso olungcono emzimbeni nomkhosi kunye uncamathiselo kwiziphathamandla ezifanelekileyo.

ratio

Eyona ndlela engundoqo kwemvelo oqhagamshelwano phakathi kwaye ngexesha lophuhliso zembali rhoqo indawo omnye. Emva iingunqu ngohlobo aromorphosis okanye angakwazi ixesha xa iqela elitsha eziphilayo uqalisa delaminate ngenxa kuphuhliso iinxalenye zayo ezahlukeneyo kwiindawo zokuhlala ezahlukeneyo. Evolution iqala nge idioadaptatsy. Emva kwexesha, lo utshintsho emfono kukhokelela uvale entsha qualitative.

Ulwalathiso ngendaleko izityalo

flora Modern akayi kubonakala kwangoko. Njengazo zonke izinto, ukuba sele iwupasisile indlela elide yophuhliso. Evolution of zityalo ziquka ekufunyanweni aromorphoses ezininzi ezibalulekileyo. Eyokuqala kwezi yaba ukuvela zefotosinthesis eyayibenza eziphilayo bakudala basebenzisa amandla kwelanga. Ngokuthe ngcembe, ngenxa utshintsho morphology kunye neempawu photosynthesis nayiphi lisiza.

Inyathelo elilandelayo yaba uphuhliso lizwe. Kuba kokugqitywa ngempumelelo "umsebenzi" wathabatha enye aromorphosis - umahluko izicwili. ubulembu wabonakala, izityalo ibihlungu. Ngokubhekele phaya nzima umbutho ngenxa yenkqubo yotshintsho kunye neendlela yokuzala. Aromorphoses ezifana Ovule, iinkozo umungu, yaye ekugqibeleni imbewu uphawuleka gymnosperms, evolutionarily phambili ngaphezu ibihlungu.

Okulandelayo, indlela kunye nezikhokelo nasekusungulweni izityalo ezihamba lithathelwe enkulu neemeko zokusingqongileyo, ukwandisa ukuxhathisa izinto ezimbi. Ngenxa ukuvela kwisingqusho kunye lwegciwane layer kwasekwa izityalo eneentyatyambo, okanye angiosperms, namhlanje kwimo inkqubela eziphilayo.

izilwane

eukaryotes Evolution (iseli eukaryotic uquka core ahombise) kunye uhlobo heterotrophic umbane (hayi ukudala heterotrophs imveliso zomgquba, nge chemo- okanye photosynthesis) Kwakhona xa nisaqala esiqwini umahluko wahamba. Coelenterates ilifa omnye wokuqala omkhulu aromorphoses ngendaleko izilwanyana: kwi ndiseyimbumba akhiwa iileya ezimbini, ecto- kunye endoderm. Kumjikelo kunye ntshulube caba isakhiwo inzima. Bona luphawulwa igqabi wesithathu osandul, lo mesoderm. Aromorphosis Oku kwenza kube lula ukuba baqhubele phambili iyantlukwano izicwili kunye amalungu imbonakalo.

Inqanaba elilandelayo - ukuyilwa umzimba umngxuma ezizisekondari ngakumbi ukulahlula ibe ngamacandelo. Annelids sele parapodium (uhlobo abangekaphuhli kunjalo) kwakunye neesistim igazi kunye zokuphefumla. Ukuguqula parapodial e imilenze ezigoba kunye nezinye utshintsho kukhokelele ukuvela uhlobo arthropods. Emva kokukhululwa kwabo izinambuzane baqala ukuphuhlisa elibonakalayo ilizwe ngenxa ukuvela inwebu osandul. Namhlanje ukuba zitshintshwe kakhulu ebomini kumhlaba.

Ezifana aromorphoses ezinkulu njengoko ekwenzeni Isingqi le uvaleke, le aorta intliziyo esiswini, ziye kwenza uhlobo ukuvela chordates. Ngenxa inani lotshintsho okuqhubekekayo ukwahluka eziphilayo, zincediswa yi yintlanzi, ezirhubuluzayo amniotes. Lwakutshanje ngenxa inwebu osandul elide kuxhomekeka amanzi ekhohlo ukuba yome umhlaba.

Eminye ngendaleko lisiya inguqu kwegazi. Kukho izilwanyana ezinegazi elishushu. Utshintsho apha naphaya ukuze moya wenza ukuba ukuvela zeentaka. Aromorphoses ezifana entliziyweni-zawo ezine yokuduka le arch ekunene aortic, ukunyuka kule zifaka yangaphambili uphinde uthinte nophuhliso, ukuyilwa ingubo kunye namadlala mammary kwaye inani lotshintsho zikhokelele ukuvela ezanyisayo. Phakathi kwabo wema ngaphandle ngendaleko kwezilwanyana placental, yaye namhlanje sikwimo inkqubela eziphilayo.

Kwicala Ukudaleka uhlanga lwabantu

Lo mbuzo imvelaphi kunye ngendaleko yeMinyanya zabantu mihla wafundela de ngokupheleleyo. Ngenxa kwesayensi kwesayensi kunye imizila yemfuza athelekisekayo zitshintshile iingcamango sele bulawula zethu "umthi nentsapho." kwiminyaka eli-15 edlulileyo predominated imbono yokuba nasekusungulweni ezibumnturha ehamba uhlobo yomgama, okt kuqulethe kulandelelwano ngeendlela ezilandelayo phambili ngakumbi: Australopithecus, Homo, archanthropines, Neanderthal (paleanthropic) neanthropines (umntu namhlanje). Eyona ndlela iphambili ngendaleko womntu, njengoko kunjalo kunye namanye eziphilayo, yakhokelela ukuyilwa naphaya ezintsha, ukukhulisa umbutho.

Idatha afunyenwe kule minyaka 10-15 edlulileyo, nangona kunjalo, ukuba kwenziwe uhlengahlengiso olukhulu emfanekisweni sele ikhona. uyafumana ezintsha ukuthandana esulungekisiweyo lubonisa ukuba zazivelela zazintsonkothile ngakumbi. Subfamily Homininae (ibhekisa usapho ezibumnturha) wazibonakalisa kuqulatha kweentlobo phantse ngokuphindwe kabini abaninzi kunokuba wayecinga ngaphambili. Evolution wayengekho enxibe umlinganiswa yomgama, kwaye ezininzi ngaxeshanye ukuphuhlisa imigca okanye amasebe, inkqubela kunye ngunomji. Maxa wambi ehlalisana iintlobo ezintathu okanye ezine okanye ngaphezulu. kule yantlukwano ukuvala ngenxa ukubana yamaqela evolutionarily phambili ngakumbi ezinye, eziphuhlileyo kangako. Ngokomzekelo, ngoku jikelele ukuba Bamandulo Phaya nabantu mihla owayephila ngexesha elinye. Kuqala ke ookhokho bethu, kodwa ke isebe parallel, owathatha abameli phambili ngakumbi hominin.

nguqulelo

Akuthandabuzeki kuhlala aromorphoses eziphambili zakhokelela ukuphumelela subfamily. Le yokuma tye kunye nokwanda ebuchotsheni. Izizathu ukuze kwakhiwe izazinzulu zokuqala ningavumelani. Ukuze ixesha elide oko kwakucingwa ukuba kukho umlinganiselo kuyimfuneko, kuyimfuneko ukwenzela uphuhliso amabala avulekileyo. Nakuba kunjalo, iinkcukacha zakutshanje zibonisa ukuba ookhokho babantu abahamba phezu imilenze ezimbini kwixesha ubomi emithini. kwafika eli khono kubo ngoko nangoko emva yokwahlukana kumgca imfene le. Kolunye uhlobo lwe hominin ekuqaleni ayazamazama orangutan mihla, emi ngeenyawo zombini isebe enye bebambene ngezandla phezu kwezinye.

ukukhula kobuchopho wathabatha kuqhubeka ngokwezigaba eziliqela. Eqala ukuba of Homo (Homo), owafunda indlela yokwenza izixhobo zilula. Ukukhula volume ingqondo ungqamene ukwanda umlinganiselo inyama ekutyeni hominin. Habilis, kubonakala ukuba scavengers. Emva ukwanda ebuchotsheni ukuba nayo kukhatshwa kukunyuka kwenani ukutya kwezilwanyana kunye nokuhlaliswa wookhokho bethu ngaphaya noyinzalelwane belizwekazi lase-Afrika. Izazinzulu lubonisa ukuba ukwanda umlinganiselo inyama ekutyeni lu dityanisiwe imfuneko niwuzalise iindleko zamandla, ewushiya umsebenzi kulondolozo kobuchopho landa. Wavele, isigaba esilandelayo sale nkqubo ungqamene ngophuhliso komlilo: ukutya okuphekiweyo asilophawu kuphela, kodwa kilojoules, ukongeza, ngokuphawulekayo kunciphise ixesha efunekayo ehlafuna.

Eyona ndlela iphambili yendaleko behlabathi ephilayo, ufuna iinkulungwane, uMenzi enezityalo nezilwanyana zale mihla. Movement ukhangele inkqubo ukumelana neemeko zokusingqongileyo kwakhokelela iintlobo elikhulu zezinto eziphilayo yokutshintsha. Eyona ndlela iphambili yokuzivelela ezifanayo kuwo onke amanqanaba eziko, njengoko kuboniswa data of biology, eziphilayo kunye nemfuza.