Yintoni naturalism zobuciko?

Umbuzo othi "yintoni na naturalism" - enye nenzululwazi zinzima, ngenxa yokuba kaninzi oku kubhidaniswe ngokoqobo kwimizobo ngokubanzi kunye yemifanekiso ethile. Ngoko ke, kufuneka ube ngokucacileyo umahluko phakathi kwezi imisinga ezimbini bahlule ngokucacileyo phakathi kwabo, kuba kuchaphazela ukuqonda yokuphuhliswa kwenkcubeko kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-19. Into yokuqala ukukhumbula malunga iimeko kunye nemixholo ngokuvela izimvo ezintsha malunga iingxaki igcisa, umbhali kunye nomlawuli.

Imigaqo ivela

Ukuqonda oko naturalism akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kuthathelwa ingqalelo imeko yentlalo kwesiqingatha sesibini salo leminyaka. Ngelo xesha eziphathekayo kubekho iinguqu ezibalulekileyo kwinzululwazi, nto leyo eyabangela ngamandla nezazi ezinobuchule eYurophu eMelika. Ngeli xesha, isiqhelo lubalaseleyo yaba positivism, nto leyo ibandakanya isifundo endalo kunye noluntu ayisekelwanga izakhiwo ngengqondo abstract, kodwa izibakala eziphathekayo. Ngoko ke, izazinzulu ezininzi wala izifundo sethiyori bafudukela uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha iziganeko ezithile. Lo mgaqo ngokukhawuleza ethathwa linani wamagcisa, ingakumbi, ukuba ayenziwa kwimisebenzi yakhe, umbhali odumileyo Emile Zola. Phantsi ayilogama litsha, igcisa ngoku ezibonisa ubunyani njengoko kwenzekileyo, ngaphandle zenze kunye neendibano, elandela imigaqo ecocekileyo,, inzululwazi HIV zovavanyo.

izifundo

Ufundo ingxaki "Yintoni naturalism" kufuneka baqhubeke uhlalutyo izimvo ezintsha, apho kwenziwa ngabameli lo mkhuba entsha. Baqala ukuchaza nokucacisa uhlobo psychology kwabantu kunye awohluke amalungu ayo, ubuhlanga, kwaye iimeko zangaphandle yobukho. Ukuxelwa kamoya bomntu, yakhe ezintsonkothileyo ngokuphikisana, quest yokuziphatha ayisekho unomdla abalandeli ezintsha mkhuba. Kokukhona baba nomdla zokugula kwabantu, iingxaki zentlalo, umzabalazo rough ukusinda. Kangangexesha elithile, ezi zimvo aye indima ephambili imizobo kunye neencwadi. Naturalism okuluphawu wolwaneliseko yobomi kunye nokungafuni ukutshintsha nantoni na. Ukuba romanticism ufuna izisombululo kwiingxaki babalekela eneneni, ngokoqobo inika ngaphezulu okanye amanyathelo ngaphantsi eziphathekayo ukuphucula emphakathini wabantu, ukuba uhlobo olutsha ima eveza oko engxakini wayo. zemvelo kunjalo, ababhali olwenziwa ecinga ukuba zonke iimpazamo zabo, ihlabathi ngakumbi okanye ezinzileyo ngaphantsi, yaye ngoko, yonke na kuwo ofanelekileyo; nkqu iinkcukacha ndimbi.

iimpawu

siqonde ukuba yintoni na naturalism ukuba ngcono, kufuneka sikhumbule iimeko namaxesha apho kuwo kwavela. Romanticism kunye ngokoqobo akukho ayisekho abanomdla nezazi enobuchule, nto leyo ifuna iintlobo ezintsha yokuthetha iingcinga zabo. Revolution, ubundlobongela, imfazwe, azakubalulwa behlukunyezwa ngokukodwa yaphawula kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-19, ayikwazanga kodwa kuchaphazela ubomi yokomoya yoluntu. Abameli intsingiselo entsha ukunika zonke iindibano, ngokufuthi Ukuboniswa izicaphulo ubomi rough. Eyona uphawu ulwalathiso yaba deestetizatsiya ubugcisa. Amagcisa kunye ababhali ochaze kwaza kwaveliswa izinto ezimbi yobukho bomntu, ekholelwa ukuba ngale ndlela ubonisa yinyani. Ngelishwa, le utyekelo rhoqo kwakhokelela ukubonakala iimveliso, ezo kunzima ukuba bathi entsimini zobugcisa, njengoko azakubalulwa umboniso ingakumbi ekrwada ebukekayo kunye neemilo. ukubaluleka Great eyaqhotyoshelwa umfanekiso umntu ehlabathini lokwenene. Amagcisa anikele ingqalelo imbonakalo yakhe, yaye ababhali - phezu zomzimba nethuku.

basis eceleni

A umkhwa entsha kubugcisa nenkcubeko zange ukuphuma angaqondi. Kwafuneka intanda yakhe, nto leyo waphefumlela abalandeli bakhe. Kubonisa into yokuba obubonakala yokuqala asusela kumaxesha amandulo, xa abanye abefundisi ukuchaza zonke izenzakalo leyinene, kuquka yoluntu kakhulu, indawo yaso yendalo (uEpicurus, abameli ubuStoyike). Kule mihla, le ideology yaphuhliswa emsebenzini zobulumko eziliqela kunye nababhali iincwadi zemfundo. Baveza ukuba undoqo naturalism kuyehla ukuba kususwe zonke iziganeko izibakala ezithile indalo. Abanye ababhali baye bazama ukuqwalasela iingqiqo ethical ekukhanyeni lomzabalazo yomntu yobukho. Ezi bavezwa ngokuba ingqalelo neemvakalelo zokwemvelo abantu kanzima ukuze uphile.

in iprozi

Naturalism ubeka into kwi ncwadi umfanekiso ubhalo yabantu ngokunxulumene inkcazelo iimeko zasekhaya kunye eziphathekayo ubomi. Ababhali icawa ukuba achaze imo ubuntu kwimfuza yayo kunye neempawu nokomzimba. ubuchule ngani ezinye ababhali yaba bexelisa indlela yenzululwazi, leyo, ngelishwa, kwakhokelela ukudinwa bezibonelelo ubugcisa kunye namathuba. Enye elibi eli uhlobo yaba kukunqongophala emibonweni wokugxeka malunga naluphi na uhlobo ideology naluphi na uhlobo eyaziwa ukuba kuba ngumqolo we romanticism kunye ngokoqobo.

Naturalism kwiincwadi wayanyaniswe ikakhulu kunye negama lombhali French Zola. Lo mxholo umsebenzi wakhe umfanekiso disorder ubomi efumileyo. Wagxininisa kwicala umsebenzisi-nkonzo ubukho njengamaqhawe abo. Noko ke, imisebenzi yakhe, nangona uburhabaxa elikhangeleka imifanekiso kunye namabali, kukho bulumko, nto leyo eyenza lo mbhali phakathi oogxa bethu.

Imizekelo kule ncwadi

Abameli naturalism wenza igalelo elibalulekileyo uncwadi ehlabathini. Tengo De Mopassan waba ngummeli eliphambili le ntsingiselo. Yena waba inkosi ukubhala elifutshane kunye uMdali lothotho nezamabali. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba umbhali bazitshitshisela naturalism ecocekileyo, kodwa ngaxeshanye, wafuna ukuphumeza ukuchana phantse amaxwebhu ngomfanekiso iziganeko. Wayinikela uhlalutyo psychology yabantu kwisitulo ukuba ezi zibakala ukusuka kubomi abalinganiswa. Kwangaxeshanye, yena hlukile alwamkele kakhulu yonke into ngeenxa zonke kuye, nto leyo lubonakala imisebenzi yakhe, apho yokugqibela fumene udumo pan-Europe.

in yokudweba

Ngowe-1870 ithathe simise zetekisi Naturalism ubugcisa. Photography Kwakungathi abathile model Amagcisa iphumelele umfanekiso echanekileyo. Kwangaxeshanye, bazama konke okusemandleni abo ukuze ngoyaba into nemizobo wazama ukuthintela ukosuleleka iimvakalelo, leyo, Kakade, alusoloko lusebenza. ngabapeyinti Landscape kunye portraitists bazama ngokungakhethe cala ukugqithisa kumbukeli into ethile ngaphandle zenze kunye neendibano yobuhle. Enye abameli abadumileyo yokudweba indlela entsha yaba French opeyintayo Manet.

Oku kucingwa ukuba ngunozala Impressionism, leyo ngokukhawuleza yayithabathel indlela phantsi ingqalelo kwinkcubeko, kodwa waqala, ngokuchanileyo yokuthathwa kukhutshelwe umfanekiso into. Enye mizobo yakhe edumileyo, oluveza umqeshwa bar, ngobambana e nkcukacha zalo kunye neenkcukacha.

Kwaba yintoni ababefuna naturalism. Photography iye kubalandeli bakhe kulo msebenzi eqhelekileyo.

abanye abameli

Enye iingxaki xa indlela ethathelwa ingqalelo eli kukungabikho ukugwegweleza zobugcisa kunye nemibono. Zebali abalindelekanga phantsi vangama yentanda kunye nokuyihlola kunye nonyango, nto leyo ngumntu ngokoqobo. Noko ke, umkhwa omtsha iye kwiqela lokulungileyo: enomfanekiso othembekileyo ezikhona, nocoselelo kunye neenkcukacha.

Ukongeza kule wegcisa indlela Degas wasebenza. Imizobo yakhe igcwele lula nobunye eyahlula imizobo lombhali umsebenzi kwabo babekhetha ukubonisa izicaphulo ubomi rough obulula. Degas ekhethwayo ukusebenza kunye iipasteli, yintoni wema phakathi kwabantu bexesha lakhe. Iimpawu naturalism kubonakala kakhulu ngemisebenzi Lautrec.

iipowusta yakhe nemizobo ezinye ome kunye ubiza ixesha inkululeko yakhe.

E mfi

Le naturalism kwenkulungwane ye-19 nempembelelo nokudalwa bhanya. Sele abalawuli zokuqala cinema kwakuvela baqala kuphela basebenzise iindlela zakhe practice yakhe. Enye yezi mizobo yaba kukhubazeko yokuqala Romana Zolya "ndoda-isilo". Iifilimu mihla ngokufuthi uyakwazi ukukhawulelana iinxenye zale isimbo, ingakumbi bhanyabhanya amanyathelo kunye films kukududuzela. Ngokomzekelo, i movie "Fight Club", apho eninzi isigcawu zogonyamelo kunye nenkohlakalo. iqala akutsha nje abonisa ukuba le ntsingiselo nangoku abalawuli abanomdla.

Ngokomzekelo, kutshanje kwakhululwa film zemiboniso emfazweni "abangavumiyo ukuya emkhosini", ezele imifanekiso enogonyamelo. Ngenxa yoko, isifundo eziphawulekayo kwi cinema ehlabathini.

Ukuthelekisa nolwalathiso yangaphambili

Umbuzo oko kakuhle umahluko phakathi naturalism ngokoqobo ngokuqhelekileyo ebangela nobunzima kakhulu abantwana esikolweni, njengoko zombini flow xa uqala kuqala, ukuba zininzi izinto esifana. Injongo yabo - ngokutsha iziphumo lokuphila niqiqile injongo ngqo. Amarhamente ndlela azama ukunika umfanekiso yokwenene ubunyani ezingqongileyo, kodwa umgomo wayo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Njengokuba zinjalo kucelwa izinto ezichazwe ziimpawu ekuqhelekileyo ukuba ukuqonda, kushwankathelwe lize lenziwe ngendlela wena. Bemvelo kwakhona ekuqaleni wabuza injongo nokukopisha isenzeko eziqwalaselwa ngabom wala bulumko. Mhlawumbi, oku umahluko osisiseko phakathi naturalism ngokoqobo.

Ukungafani kwisifundo

Zombini ezi ndlela bafuna ukuba lokuyivelisa ngokuthembeka nesenzeko koqobo lwentlalo. Kule nkalo, zingakotshwa uthelekiswa romanticism, leyo, ngokuchaseneyo, ithatha umfundi ehlabathini omhle amaphupha kunye neminqweno. Noko ke, abaxhasi zombini intsingiselo inkcubeko wabona ezahlukeneyo le nyaniso efanayo. Njengokuba zinjalo kwi ukuboniswa yobomi bemihla ngemihla sigxininise ihlabathi ngokomoya, baba nomdla kumzabalazo nobuntu kunye efumileyo indlela yobomi. Bagxila endleleni abantu kwiimeko ezinzima luxwayisa ngokomoya. Bemvelo, kwelinye icala, abanomdla kuphela amalungu kunye neemeko zentlalo, apho, ngokwembono zabo, wayezimisele ubukho bomntu. Ngenxa ezi yantlukwano, ngokoqobo kunye naturalism basebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa graphic. Abo ababambelele ikhosi yokuqala, wasebenzisa ezahlukeneyo zeteknoloji ukuvuselela izinto umdla, ngelixa abameli intsingiselo entsha yokuthintela ngokwabo yinto, uphambuke Izikweko, epithets, kuba babekholelwa ukuba imphazamise abafundi izibakala ezithile.

nezici ezintsha

Xa kuziwa yintoni na naturalism kakhulu engqondweni uqhele umzekeliso ngokoqobo. Lo mkhuba nokundihoy kuphela evumelana ezibonisa ubunyani, kodwa ukuba bagxeke amaphutha ayo. Ababhali badla yaphakamisa imiba zosulele yentlalo echaphazela imixholo yangoku owayephila. Kulo mzekelo, badla bakugculele ezimbi oluntu, esebenzisa ubuchule of uvuthondaba. Kunjalo wathi naturalism. Noko ke, ukuba ababhali-zinjalo baye bazama ukuqonda oonobangela iingxaki zentlalo nezoqoqosho kunye nezisombululo Waze wathi, ababhali ezo kuphela kuhlu kubakho iingxaki into obuvezwa nje lowu izibakala ezithile, leyo, Kakade ke, akusoloko kwanele umfanekiso ngokupheleleyo kwaye Injongo iyelenqe . Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba naturalism - ngendlela oko ibango ku vangama yentanda kunye gabalala. Yena negative kuphela, phantse bamaxwebhu ngqo iphinde izivelise kwakhona into yayo umdla. Mhlawumbi yiloo nto le ndawo yenye ixakayo kwinkcubeko ayizange ihlale ixesha elide.

Kwezobugcisa zasekhaya

Kwilizwe lethu esadlula ngayo amanqanaba ezifanayo zophuhliso lwe romanticism, ngokoqobo. Naturalism, phezu koko, akakakwamkeli ukusasazwa ngokubanzi eRashiya. Abanye ababhali bathi oku awohluke inkcubeko Russian kunye sengqondo, esalatha kwamadoda iqondo eliphezulu ngokomoya. Noko ke, ezinye iinkalo flow kujongwa nangoku kubonakala kwinani imisebenzi uncwadi kunye nezinye bhanya. Ngoko ke, umbhali wencwadi D. N. Mamina-Sibiryak ebhalwe phantsi kwempembelelo ezicacileyo yale isimbo. Umbhali ezotywe ubomi abemi Urals, echaza indlela era utshintsho kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni kubekho utshintsho ukwazi zentlalo, uqhekeza imigaqo yesiqhelo kunye nokuziphatha.

Omnye umbhali - PD Bobrykin - kwacaca copycat ubuchule Zola. Komnye imisebenzi yakhe edumileyo, yena ngqo phantse yezenzululwazi ngokutsha iinkcukacha zobomi zabarhwebi, ubomi iindwalutho, wachaza izindlu zabo. Kumaxesha Soviet, naturalism kwakujongwa isichasi ngokoqobo, ngoko abahlalutyi abaninzi sibajonga kakubi ukuba ubuchule kunye neendlela abameli balo. Ngokwembono yabo, ababhali zigxininise kwicala emnyama yobukho bomntu, ngelixa ubuxoki eSoviet kulinywa ingcamango zezinto ezenziwa luluntu eyakhayo ekwakheni nolobukomanisi.

Kodwa ke, nangona sengqondo ophambene naturalism, ulwalathiso ingqalelo kubonakaliswe cinema eSoviet. Umzekelo, umfanekiso amaqhawe A. Konchalovsky "Sibiriada" yathathwa phantsi impembelelo naturalism. Le tape kuye kwaqatshelwa kwi West. Kulo umboniso, umlawuli lubonise ukuba priglyadnye iinkalo zobomi kwilali kude kude yaseSiberia ekupheleni kwexesha.

inani

Naturalism kwimizobo wadlala indima ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso kwenkcubeko kwisiqingatha sesibini 19 - kwinkulungwane yama-20. Ngeminqweno ababhali kunye namagcisa ukuba kude ezinye iindibano ezisesikweni kunye nemimiselo, ehamba kunye uphendlo esebenzayo yeefomu ezintsha yokuthetha ngeengcinga eziphilileyo kwaye nomnqweno zizalana ngokuchanekileyo kangangoko kunokwenzeka isenzeko ezikhona, yakhokelela entsha izisombululo ezingakhutshelwanga ezikolu ubugcisa zentetho kunye yokomfuziselo. Ezinye abameli yangoku nangoku ukugcina intanda abanye imisebenzi yakhe, leyo, kudityaniswe inkcazelo obuphathekayo yokuphila yabantu abaqhelekileyo uye wabavumela ukuba ukudala imisebenzi endingasokuze iincwadi, ukupeyinta, kunye cinema.