Aluminium mninzi

Ngelo xesha langoku kunzima kakhulu ukuba igama sisinyithi, ukuba intsimi lokusetyenziswa ukuba akhuphisane aluminiyam. Lusetyenziswa impahla yabathengi, kwakunye nezixhobo eziphakamileyo zobugcisa: ogcwele obonisa ukuba akwenzi ngqiqo ngenxa lonikezelo ngokubanzi. Yintoni aluminium ephawuleka kangaka?

Okokuqala, yenye intsimbi iqhelekileyo kolu qweqwe lomhlaba, yaye phakathi kwezinye izinto kuthatha indawo yesithathu (emva lesilicon kunye oksijini). Noko ke, okumangalisayo, ukuya ekupheleni X mna, X kwinkulungwane ukuba bathandwe zegolide nezesilivere. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba ngo-1889 D. Mendeleev thaca esikalini, izikhongozeli ezenziwe ngegolide aluminium. Isizathu soku usendleleni yokuba ngelo xesha kwakungekho iteknoloji ukuvelisa metal kwi isikali mveliso. Kuphela ngo 1855 yayifunyenwe chemical kuthetha vosmikilogrammovy ingot.

technology koko ngcono, kodwa umongo walo ihleli injalo - ukubana imichiza evela izisombululo. Kwaba kuphela ngo-1886, lo gama i-United kunye neFransi ecetywayo indlela electrolytic ezisetyenziswa iimveliso mihla. Le cryolite otyhidiweyo (onge ezimbiwa zendalo) idityaniswe alumina, ubunzima igqithiselwa kwi nosebenzela ngqo, ngenxa yokuba i electrode acacisa metal. Aluminium konga 2.7 kuphela g / cm3, okwenza ukuba enye elula kunenye zesinyithi (sothelekiso, i- mninzi intsimbi kakhulu mkhulu - 7.9 g / cm3). Hi ndlela leyi, zonke iintsimbi ngokwendlela loxinano zabo zahlulwe zibe kokukhanya inzima. Ekubeni ubunzulu oluthile aluminium phantse kathathu ngaphantsi koko wobhedu, kunye Unikezelo lombane obuphantsi kuphela kubini, kulula ukuqonda isizathu sokuba olu lisetyenziswa kubunjineli yombane.

Iingcingo, amavili kunye nezinye izinto zombane, eyenziwe aluminium, akukho kuphela zitshiphu ezenziwe ekhuphisana yayo ngqo, nobhedu, kodwa kwakhona lula ngakumbi. Aluminium konga kwanele ukudala esomeleleyo ngexesha elifanayo iimveliso zeplastiki: impahla ekhitshini . (Nezithetyana zaso, neefolokhwe, nezitya), rolls ngefoyile ye ukusetyenziswa ekhaya, njl Noko ke, ekubeni aluminium bakwazi ukwakha lula aluminiyamu ngezininzi nezinye ngesinyithi, oko uyakwazi ukunika iimpawu ezifunekayo. Umzekelo, i intsila esekelwe kwi-aluminiyam kwaye nezinki luphawulwa ngamandla aphezulu (nganye-1% of wemagniziyam kufuneka ukwandisa amandla nge-30 MPA); ngokuxuba yobhedu-aluminiyam ivumela ukufikelela iipropati koomatshini uphawu kumabakala athile ngentsimbi.

Ukuxinana ze-aluminiyam (ecocekileyo) iitafile ze iimpawu zesinyithi. Njengoko sele kubonisiwe, nto ilingana no 2.7 g / cm3. Kwezinye iimeko kuyimfuneko ukwazi lexinene-aluminiyam, usebenzisa ifomula (umzekelo, ukuba umbandela umzimba wenziwa kuzo). Kukho iindlela ezininzi zokusombulula le ngxaki, kodwa ke isiphumo ichanekileyo unika ubunzima bomzimba ifan'ba umthamo wayo. Ukuba ubunzima yonke into icacile, isixa izinto oversized kube lula yafunyanwa ngokulinganisa kulwelo abafudukayo (khumbula Archimedes negumbi lakhe). Kucacile ukuba akusoloko kusenzeka ukuba enze ngoko nangoko alwaba, ngoko le ndlela ayikho jikelele, nangona unika isiphumo echanekileyo.

Yintoni umdla kukuba abo bafumana ixesha yiSoviet Union, Ababukhumbulanga ubuninzi iimveliso ezivela aluminiyam kwaye aluminium zayo, kodwa ukususela zobukhulu imkile ngoku, ngenxa yeendleko olu liye landa kakhulu. Kutheni? Oku kungenxa yokuba inkqubo electrolytic ku tswala 1 itoni ye-aluminiyam crude kuyimfuneko ukuchitha malunga 15-17 000 kilowatt-iiyure yombane (direct current). Kwaye kulo mzekelo musani ukuthatha ingqalelo iindleko of cryolite ezinqabileyo, ingakumbi xa ukuba kuhlelwe ngokuzenzela.