Ukubonelela iiseli amandla. imithombo yamandla

Ukususela iiseli izinto zonke eziphilayo, ngaphandle iintsholongwane. Bathi yonke into efunekayo ukuze kwiinkqubo ubomi isityalo okanye isilwanyana. Iseli yaye lingalamla ngokwalo ibe umzimba eyahlukileyo. Nokuba njani ukuba isakhiwo ezintsonkothileyo ukuphila ngaphandle amandla? Ngokuqinisekileyo akunjalo. Ngoko ngaba ukuqinisekisa ukuba kukho amandla cell? Oku kusekelwe iinkqubo eziza kuxoxwa ngezantsi.

Ukunika amandla iiseli: ingaba kwenzeka njani?

Zimbalwa iiseli ukufumana amandla avela ngaphandle, izala yona ngokwabo. iiseli Eukaryotic abe uhlobo "izitishi". Kwaye ke umthombo wamandla kwi iseli i mitochondria - organelles ukuthi kungenisa. Yeyona inkqubo weseli nokuphefumla. Ngenxa kuyo, yaye kukho nokugcinwa iiseli amandla. Nangona kunjalo, zikhona kuphela izityalo, izilwanyana kunye nezinye izinto. Xa iiseli oswele iintsholongwane mitochondria. Ngako oko ke, kufuneka ukuba kuqinisekiswe amandla iseli ikakhulu ngenxa yenkqubo yokubola, kwaye wayengasaphefumli.

Ubume mitochondria

It dvumembranny organelle, owayebonakele kwisisele eukaryotic kwinkqubo zazivelela ngenxa nokufunxwa yayo wayeyindoda iiseli prokaryotic. Oku kucacisa into yokuba i-mitochondria thaca DNA yayo kwaye RNA kwakunye ribosomes ayo avelisa le ezinqwenelekayo proteins organelles.

Le inwebu yangaphakathi iye protuberances, leyo ibizwa ngokuba crista okanye emikhulu. Christie kwaye inkqubo weseli nokuphefumla.

Yintoni ngaphakathi inwebu ezimbini, wabiza matrix. It amalungiselelo iiproteni, enzayim kwakufuneka ukukhawulezisa ekudibaneni kwemichiza, kwakunye iimolekyuli RNA, DNA kunye ribosomes.

internal yeselula - sisiseko sobomi

Kuthatha indawo ngamanqanaba amathathu. Makhe sijonge nganye kwezi zolwimi ngokunzulu.

Isigaba sokuqala - yamalungiselelo

Kweli nqanaba, iikhompawundi ezintsonkothileyo eziphilayo ziba lula. Ngoko ke, iiproteni ukubola ukuba acid asidi, amafutha - to asidi carboxylic kunye glycerol, nucleic acid - to nucleotides, kanye carbohydrate - ukuba glucose.

glycolysis

It sigaba anoxic. Ihlala isibakala sokuba into efunyenwe kwisigaba sokuqala, baphuke phantsi ngakumbi. Eyona engundoqo imithombo ye-eneji esetyenziswa yi kwiseli kweli nqanaba - ezo molekyuli iswekile yegazi. Ngamnye kubo likwinkqubo glycolysis abole kwiimolekyuli ezimbini pyruvate. Oku kwenzeka ebudeni ekudibaneni kwemichiza elandelelanayo ezilishumi. Ngenxa yokuba ezintlanu zokuqala, iswekile na phosphorylated, yaye emva koko Wazityanda zibe phosphotriose ezimbini. Kule abasabela ezintlanu ezilandelayo wavelisa molekyuli ezimbini ATP (adenosine triphosphate) kunye molekyuli ezimbini STC (pyruvic acid). iiseli Amandla igcinwa ngohlobo ATP.

Inkqubo lonke glycolysis kube lula ukuba ukuyichazela ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

2ADF 2NAD + + 2H ₃ PO ₄ + C ₆ H ₁₂ Owu ₆ → 2H ₂ O + ^2NAD. + 2C ₂ H ₃ H ₄ O ₃ + 2ATF

Ngoko ke, esebenzisa omnye molecule glucose, iimolekyuli ezimbini ADP nababini acid phosphoric, iseli ifumana molekyuli ezimbini ATP (energy) kunye molekyuli ezimbini pyruvic acid, apho uya kusebenzisa kwi inyathelo elilandelayo.

Isigaba sesithathu - igcwala

Eli nyathelo kwenzeka kuphela xa kukho ioksijini. ekudibaneni kwemichiza kwenzeka kweli nqanaba mitochondria. Ukuba le yeyona ndawo iphambili yokuphefumla yeselula, apho yakhupha amandla kakhulu. Kweli nqanaba, pyruvic acid, idityaniswe ioksijini, ke wanamathela amanzi carbon dioxide. Ngaphezu koko, sisenziwa 36 iimolekyuli ATP. Ngaloo ndlela, sinokugqiba ukuba eyona mithombo yamandla iiseli - glucose pyruvic acid.

Eshwankathela indlela imichiza, kwaye lisuswe iinkcukacha, singakwazi ukuvakalisa yonke inkqubo iseli nokuphefumla omnye equation lula:

6D ₂ + C ₆ H ₁₂ Owu ₆ + 38ADF + 38H ₃ PO ₄ → 6Ngoko ₂ + 6H2O + 38ATF.

Ngenxa yoko, xa uphefumla ukusuka kwenye glucose molecule mpilo amathandathu ezingamashumi amathathu anesibhozo molecule ADP kunye nemali ofanayo weseli acid phosphoric ifumana 38 ATP molekyuli, emasikwini ngohlobo lwamandla agciniweyo.

Ukwahluka enqanda ayo

Amandla ubomi kwiseli lifumana ngenxa nokuphefumla - igcwala glucose, uze emva koko pyruvic acid. Zonke ezi khemikhali kwemichiza ayikwazanga kuqhubeka ngaphandle enqanda - ehlanganisa eziphilayo. Makhe sijonge abo zifumaneka mitochondria - organelles uxanduva yokuphefumla zeselula. Bonke bephela zibizwa ngokuba oxidoreductases kuba imfuno reactions igcwala-ukuncipha.

Zonke oxidoreductases lungahlulwa-hlulwa ibe ngamaqela amabini:

• oxidase;
• dehydrogenase;

Dehydrogenase, ke, azizahlulo aerobic kunye anaerobic. Aerobic iqulathe kwi coenzyme zabo ekwakhiweni riboflavin ukuba umzimba akufumana vitamin B2. dehydrogenase aerobic ziquka iimolekyuli njengoko coenzymes nad kunye NADP.

Oxidases zahlukahlukene kakhulu. Kuqala kwinto zonke, baye bohlulwa babe ngamaqela amabini:

• abo equlethe copper;
• abo apho yinxalenye intsimbi ekhoyo.

I yangaphambili ziquka polyphenol, ascorbate, ukuya yesibini - catalase, peroxidase, cytochromes. Nevuthisayo ngexesha ke, yahlulwe kumaqela amane:

• cytochromes a;
• cytochrome b;
• cytochrome c;
• cytochromes d.

Cytochromes kwaye ziqulathe xa zhelezoformilporfirin zabo ekwakhiweni, cytochromes b - zhelezoprotoporfirin, c - endaweni zhelezomezoporfirin, d - zhelezodigidroporfirin.

Ngaba kukho ezinye iindlela ukuvelisa amandla?

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba uninzi iiseli balamkele ngenxa yokuphefumla yeselula, kukho kwakhona kukho iintsholongwane anaerobic ukuba khona apho kungadingeki ukuba ioksijini. Avelisa amandla eyimfuneko ibila. Le yinkqubo apho iikhabhohayidrethi ezidiliziweyo ngenxa enqanda ngaphandle inxaxheba ioksijini, apho iseli kwaye ufumene amandla. Kukho iindidi eziliqela yokubola, kuxhomekeke kwimveliso lokugqibela ekudibaneni kwemichiza. Kuyinto lactic acid, utywala, butyric acid, acetone, butane, citric acid.

Ngokomzekelo, cinga nje Ukubila utywala. Apha uyakwazi ukuveza lenxaki:

C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ → C ₂ H ₅ Azaba + 2Co ₂

Oko kukuthi, omnye molecule glucose waphula igciwane ukuya kwenye molecule ye-ethanol kunye iimolekyuli ezimbini (IV) monoxide carbon.