Organelle - is ... Imisebenzi, Isakhiwo organelles

Organelle - ukuma rhoqo kwi seli ezisebenza umsebenzi ethile. Ewe kuthiwa organelles. Organelle - oku oko kuvumela iseli ukuze baphile. Ngendlela efanayo kwezilwanyana nabantu zenziwa ngamalungu, ngoko Iseli nganye yakhiwa organelles. Bona zahlukahlukene kwaye azalisekise yonke imisebenzi ezinika ubomi iseli: lo ukutya, kunye nokugcinwa, neyantlukwano.

Zeziphi organelles?

Organelle - isakhiwo ezintsonkothileyo. Ezinye zazo usenokuba DNA zabo RNA. Kuzo zonke iiseli kukho mitochondria, ribosomes, lysosomes, iziko iseli, umatshini (isakhiwo) Golgi apparatus, reticulum endoplasmic (reticulum). Izityalo nazo organelles ezithile cellular: i vacuole kunye plastids. Abanye bathi organelles kunye microtubules kunye microfilaments.

Organelle - lelona ribosome, kwaye vacuole kunye neziko yeseli, kunye nabanye abaninzi. Makhe sihlolisise isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi organelles.

mitochondria

Ezi organelles zinika iseli kunye namandla - abanoxanduva nokuphefumla zeselula. Kananjalo izityalo kunye nezilwanyana, nomngundo. Ezi organelles ezimbini cellular kufuneka imifinya: lwangaphandle kunye lwangaphakathi, nto leyo va intermembrane. Yintoni ngaphakathi iqokobhe, wabiza matrix. Kukho iindidi enqanda - izinto eziyimfuneko ukuze eyanda ngayo imichiza. Le inwebu yangaphakathi iye nezibaya zemihlambi - cristae. Yinto phezu kwabo kwaye inkqubo nokuphefumla yeselula. Ngaphezu koko, e matrix ayo yi DNA ayo (cDNA) kunye mRNA kunye ribosome kakhulu ezifanayo nezo ze- iiseli prokaryotic.

ribosome

Le organelle onoxanduva sokuguqula, apho asidi ngamnye acid ye-protini kuhlelwe. Ubume ribosome organelle lula kunokuba mitochondria - asinawo ndizayo. Le organoid iquka iinxalenye ezimbini (subunits) - ezincinane nezinkulu. Xa aphole ribosome, bahlukene kwaye xa iqala nokulungelelanisa protein - zidityanisiwe. Kwakhona unako ukuza kunye eziliqela ribosomes, ukuba ikhonkco polypeptide, kuhlelwe ngabo, lide kakhulu. Esi sakhiwo ubizwa ngokuba "polyribosomes".

lysosomes

umsebenzi Organelles elolu hlobo azezi ukuphunyezwa ukugaywa yeselula. Lysosomes ilifa inwebu enye ngaphakathi kuzo enzyme - ehlanganisa ekudibaneni kwemichiza. Ngamanye amaxesha ezi organelles hayi kuphela zifunxe izondlo, kodwa kwakhona nokugaya yonke organelles. Oku kwenzeka xa iiseli nokuzila ukudla ixesha elide kwaye ivumela ukuba baphile ixesha elide. Nangona ukuba izondlo nangoku ukuqalisa ukufika, iseli uyafa.

iziko Cell: isakhiwo kunye nokusebenza

Le organelle ubunjwe iinxalenye ezimbini - i centrioles. Le mfundo ngohlobo cylinder, equka microtubules. iziko Cell - a organelle ebaluleke kakhulu. Ibandakanya ekubunjweni edibanise mitotic. Ukongeza, nguye iziko lombutho microtubule.

umfanekiso Golgi

Kuyinto enzima diski-ezimile njengamaqhakuva inwebu ebizwa cisternae. Umsebenzi weli organelle na ukulungiswa, nokwenza nokugcinwa kwezinto ezithile. Kuhlelwe ikakhulu iikhabhohayidrethi, ezo ziyinxalenye glycocalyx.

Ubume kunye nomsebenzi reticulum endoplasmic

Kuyinto uthungelwano iityhubhu kunye neepokotho engqongwe inwebu. Kukho iindidi ezimbini reticulum endoplasmic: kakuhle kwaye alatyuzayo. Phezu kwamanzi, le ribosome okwindawo yokugqibela. reticulum okungenamagingxi-gingxi rough enze imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo. Eyokuqala linoxanduva Yindibanisela iihomoni, ukugcinwa kunye nokuguqulwa carbohydrate. Ngaphezu koko, akukho kumiswa iziqalelo vacuoles - organelles ezithile iiseli zezityalo. reticulum Elihle endoplasmic iqulathe ribosomes kumphezulu wayo, ekuthi kwezo nto kuphume kwikhonkco polypeptide ye asidi acid. Emva koko ke kuya reticulum endoplasmic, yaye kukho into kwasekwa eziziisekondari, emfundo ephakamileyo kunye nesakhiwo koqeqesho lwe kwiproteni (chain ezijijekileyo ngendlela efanelekileyo).

vacuoles

Le organelle kweeseli zezityalo. Bathi inwebu enye. Bandisa incindi iseli. Le vacuole kuyimfuneko ukugcina turgor. Yena ibandakanyeka kwinkqubo kucocwa. Ukongeza, kukho vacuole contractile. Bona eziqulathwe ikakhulu kwiseli abahlala emanzini, ze kusebenze njengento eya efflux pump kwiiseli bolwelo kwemfuneko.

Plastids: iintlobo, isakhiwo kunye nokusebenza

Kwakhona organelle kweeseli zezityalo. Bona kweentlobo ezintathu: leucoplasts, chromoplasts kunye chloroplasts. Eyokuqala zisetyenziselwa ukugcina oovimba ukutya, ikakhulu istatshi. Chromoplasts ziqulathe zombala ezahlukeneyo. Enkosi kubo, izityalo ezinamagqabi emibalabala. Le ezifunekayo umzimba kwindawo yokuqala ukwenzela ukuba zikwazi ukutsala izinambuzane ukuhlakanipha.

Chloroplasts - i plastids ibalulekileyo. Eli nani likhulu kubo emagqabini nezikhondo kwezityalo. Abanoxanduva photosynthesis - nomxokelelwane yokusabela kwemichiza kwinkqubo apho umzimba ufumana izinto zemvelo ezingaphiliyo. Ezi organelles babe ingaphandle ezimbini. chloroplasts Matrix ebizwa "stroma". Uqulathe eyona DNA plastid, RNA, iienzymes, kunye starch ukuvuselela. izakhiwo membranous ngohlobo iinkozo - thylakoids ibekwe chloroplasts. Ngaphakathi kwabo, nangefotosinthesisi. Kwakhona iqulethe yiklorofili, nto leyo uba ngumnxibelelanisi basabele zeekhemikhali. Thylakoids of chloroplasts zidibene ibe mfumba - grana. Kwakhona organelles ezi lamellae ezo thylakoids oqhagamshelwano phakathi ngabanye kunye nokubonelela unxulumano therebetween.

movement organelle

Bona lubonakala ikakhulu ngenxa eziphilayo olunye-ezineseli. Ezi ziquka le misila kunye isiliya. Ixesha langoku yokuqala Euglena, trypanosomes, Chlamydomonas. Kwakhona khona izilwanyana isidoda misila. Isiliya babe ciliates kunye nezinye kwiseli enye.

microtubules

Bona zinika zothutho izinto, kwakunye njengendlela isigxina iseli. Ezinye izazinzulu wawo microtubules ukuya organelles.