Okwesibini US uMongameli Dzhon Adams: A Biography

Dzhon Adams waziwa kakhulu njengoko ngumongameli yesibini US (1797-1801 biennium). ulutsha lakhe wawa lwamaNgesi. Emva revolution, waba mzobo owaziwayo zoluntu kunye namagosa. Ngenxa ukuhamba kwi-ofisi kaMongameli Adams wayeka ukuba azibandakanye kwezopolitiko, yaye kangangeminyaka emininzi babehlala cwaka umhlala-phantsi.

Esakhula

Ikamva ngumongameli yesibini US wazalwa ngo-1735 e-Quincy. Ngemilinganiselo yaseMelika, sase iingcambu ngokunzulu nokuhlaliswa. Ukhokho Adams waya ngasentshona, wafumana akile 40 umhlaba ngokomyalelo kaKumkani uCharles I Stuart.

UJohn wazalelwa kwintsapho wokufama. Kakade ukuba indoda endala, washiya i memoirs enkulu kunye nelifa epistolary. Xa yakhe, umongameli yesibini US wathetha likratshi malunga noyise, ngokumbiza ngokuba 'onyaniseke abantu abaninzi abanyanisekileyo. " Kolonistskoy Ngokutsho ngokwesithethe, lonke usapho sele ukonga imali into ukuthumela unyana omdala kwikholeji. Ngowe-1755, unyaka Adams waphumelela Harvard. inzululwazi ayithanda baqala iilwimi, ingakumbi Latin. Yena ukufunda loo ababhali ezamahala-yokucinga yiEnlightenment, bobabini Milton kunye uVoltaire, kwakunye ezakudala - Plutarch kunye Virgil. Imfundo wenze umsebenzi wayo - Adam wancama umfundisi umsebenzi, ngubani kukhanya kuye emva ekholejini.

Mfundisi kunye nommeli

Xa kwasebuncinaneni bakhe, Dzhon Adams wasebenza njengomfundisi yesikolo. Akazange afune ukuyeka apho waza waqalisa ukufunda umthetho. Ngowe-1758, Adams waba igqwetha, kwaye oku kuye kundenzele igama ngokwabo. Umongameli elizayo wesibini waseUnited States wahlala Boston - enye wemizi emikhulu American ngelo xesha. Kwakukho ubomi ebilayo, nto leyo ithetha lukhulu umsebenzi negqwetha ngenkuthalo.

Career jerk for Adams waqalisa sokhuseleko wamajoni baseBritani abaye enetyala kulandela zaqalwa ezifumene isihloko kwi historiography ye-Boston Massacre. Le kwecala ngo-1770. Ummeli esiphelele ukuziphendulela bayo sihlangulwe isiphelo abantu abaliqela.

Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwezopolitiko

umsebenzi Adams ezopolitiko yaqala ngo-1765, xa eendaba bavakalisa ukunganeliseki kwabo norhulumente waseBritani badlula Zempahla Act. Lo mthetho umisela imisebenzi eyongezelelweyo kwi ikhomishini yonke imicimbi kwi amakoloni aseMelika. Enyanisweni, eBritani kwakhona ukuba imali phezu kwabemi zabo aphesheya. Umthetho wawiswa ukuze uvale umngxuma mali yobukumkani, kwasekwa ngexesha leMfazwe kweminyaka esixhenxe ' eYurophu. Nokugxekwa yale sigqibo kwaye sele uvele print ngumongameli elandelayo ye-USA. Amafoto agcinwe kule myuziyam le Declaration lokuqala Independence nayo iqulethe isiginitsha yakhe.

Emva koko, ngo-1776, Adams wayesele yezopolitiko abadumileyo ezazi kakuhle nezo zomthetho. Le italente yakhe njengomntu oqeqeshiweyo uluncedo kakhulu ngumongameli lwexesha elizayo Continental Congress, apho amathanga IsiNgesi abathetha wagqiba bazishiye kwilizwe labo nonina.

namazwe

Ngexesha yaseMelika yoTshintshiselwano ngoLwazi , Adams wayengekho ngaphambili, kodwa ke ekwenzeni ebaleni zomthetho ozakuzo. Waba ngomnye ababhali-siseko omtsha karhulumente we Massachusetts. Lo mhlaba ke umgaqo-nkqubo welizwe loonyana babantu, yaye, ke, yena nako ukuhlala kude kumashishini asekuhlaleni.

Ngowe-1777-1779 gg. Adams waba US inxusa France kuqala. Bourbon neNgonyama sele iyinto eyamkelwa kokuzimela amathanga ukuze buthathaka ukuma i-United Kingdom. Kingdom yanceda baseMerika kunye nomkhosi. Xa imfazwe yaphela kunye ngokoyiswa amaBritane, isivumelwano soxolo yasayinwa nje naphi na, kodwa eParis. Apho, ngo-1783 waza waya uJohn Adams, ngubani yathatha inxaxheba ekwenzeni iingongoma yesivumelwano. Kule umsebenzi wakhe ozakuzo sele alukapheli. Igqwetha kudlule iminyaka eliqela njengoko inxusa Great Britain, ngoko ngo-1788 ekugqibeleni wabuyela kwilizwe lakhe.

Vice-umongameli

An ukuvela kwi US zasekhaya imeko yezopolitiko Adams Ukhethe kakhulu yimpumelelo. Kanye njengoko ilizwe kwaezo utshintsho lomthetho afunwayo ukwenza i imeko ecacileyo nkqubo. Ngokutsho iziphumo zokulungisa ka1789 wanika US umongameli wayo wokuqala - Dzhordzh Vashington.

Adams umncedisi obhinqileyo bakhe abasenyongweni nomxhasi. Ngoko ayimangalisi into yokuba Washington bahlalise ngamandla, Wabamba esihlalweni uSekela Mongameli - kwindawo yesibini uyilandela.

Head of State

Dzhon Adams (ngubani ngumongameli wesibini waseUnited States) wonyulwa intloko karhulumente ngo-1797, emva kokuphela kwexesha le-ofisi noGeorge Washington. Yaba lesiphithiphithi, ezele iziganeko olukhazimlisiweyo. urhulumente Young American waqhubeka efuna ingqalelo amazwe, nokuphuhlisa iziseko lwangaphakathi bakhulile baba zizityebi.

Phambi capital Adams e Philadelphia, apho, ingakumbi, olugcinwe yi-Continental Congress. Noko ke, ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVIII kwagqitywa ukwakha isixeko entsha eza kuba liziko eziphambili zezi zoluntu. I-White House odumileyo kufika ngexesha isikhundla ilawulwa ngumongameli wesibini waseUnited States. Ngobomi yalo mgaqo-nkqubo yayizele izigqibo ezinzima.

Xa Adams waqalisa imfazwe bezozakuzo kunye eFransi, ochazwa ukungqubana azinakulawuleka lwala mazwe mabini kwi-Atlantic Ocean. Esi siganeko zembali ogama XYZ Unobangela. Isiganeko kwabuchaphazela emoyeni eWashington.

Impixano ne France waye ukugxeka Adams ukuze koFaro olululo Paris. Ngeli xesha, i Jacobites wabhukuqa ukumkani kwaye nkqu nokubulawa kakumkani. Ukongeza, kukho rapprochement kunye United States waya kumdlali welinye icala ongunaphakade waseFransi, Great Britain. Oku kwenzeka nangona ngezikhondo zamehlo endala phakathi lizwe unina kunye nakwiindawo eziphakathi ezingamathanga.

I-Amerika kunye British zisayiniwe Jay iSivumelwano, umqalisi kwawo wesibini US Mongameli Dzhon Adams. La mazwe mabini yaseka urhwebo yaye ukususela ngoko rhoqo abukhali kwazo kwintsebenziswano. Ungquzulwano unani France ixabisa ubudlelwane ezonakeleyo phakathi Washington ne Paris.

kwiminyaka yakutshanje

Adams oyimbangi yinqununu yesinye nkqubo uvulindlela Thomas Jefferson American. Ngowe-1801, waba ngumongameli wesithathu eUnited States. Adams washiya lo mgaqo-nkqubo yaye akukho eside naziphi na izithuba. Kunjalo, waqhubeka ekhuthele kwindawo kawonke ukuthetha xa wayengumntu labucala. Kunjalo Adams oselula baqalisa siziqhelisa ukugcina idayari. Nge yobudala awayeziqwebile impahla esikhulu gqitha. memoirs Bakhe (kupapashwa kamva) ibe ziyindlela ebalulekileyo ulwazi malunga neminyaka yokuqala zempilo eUnited States ukwamkelwa iindlela izigqibo ezibalulekileyo.

Adams wafa ngoxolo 1826 in Massachusetts wakhe. Wayeneminyaka eli-90 ubudala. Inzala iya kumkhumbula njengomnye ongumsunguli eUnited States zooyise, yaba bemeko- kwanohlanga yaseMelika.