Nokufika yokubhala iFenike (Age)

Le mpucuko yamandulo ngoku phantse ulibele, ngokuba ilizwe kakhulu ukusuka ekhohlo ukuya umkhondo zabo. Endaweni yoko, ukuba ngokupheleleyo itshintshe imbali, kumiselwa uphuhliso inkcubeko kunye nenzululwazi kangangeenkulungwane eziliqela ezayo. Nokufika yokubhala iFenike kugqalwa impumelelo enkulu amandla encinane, kodwa kakhulu ezinamandla ngexesha yakhe elwandle. Kodwa izinto zokuqala kuqala.

indawo Imephu

Njengoko yaziwe ngabantu abaninzi, kwabonakala yokubhala eFenike. Kodwa nantsi apho eli lizwe andazi yonke into. impucuko yamandulo ahlala isiqwenga encinci lomhlaba kunxweme olusempuma lweMeditera. ilizwe layo wanqanyulwa abaseleyo zeentaba Lebanese, nto leyo ephantse ifike kufutshane emanzini. Ukuba sithelekisa urhulumente yaseFenike kunye nezinye izizwe zehlabathi lamandulo - eMesopotamiya, Egypt, iPersi, Greece neRoma, kubonakala ukuba midget yokwenene. Kodwa abemi balo baya zonke kumazibuko kummandla weMeditera. ngeenqanawa zayo ihanjiswa i yorhwebo ebalulekileyo, nabarhwebi ekhandiweyo ngokwabo wamkelekile ezingxandeni ezininzi yasebukhosini. Akuzange kwisehlo random loonobumba eFenike. Emva wezimali nkqubo kufuneka kakuhle kwaye elula.

AmaFenike - ngubani na ke?

Namhlanje kuyaziwa ukuba yasungulwa yokubhala eFenike. Xa kwabonakala - kakuhle ngokwaneleyo umbuzo efunda. Kodwa apha abo abahlali karhulumente yolwandle --mbali abazi. ookhokho babo babehlala kula mazwe kwangethuba njengoko BC yesithathu. Noko ke, urhulumente hlobo babengekho, kwakukho abathile imizi apho ubomi ngokupheleleyo. Babezibiza ngalo igama yokuhlala (tiriytsy, amaTsidon), wathi nokuba ikhaya labo ilizwe lakwaKanan. ulwimi lwaya, kufutshane Arabic yanamhlanje, ulwimi yamandulo soonyana baseAsiriya, Akadi, amaYiputa, waba umama wabo.

Ngokutsho ukuba abalobi abaninzi amandulo, kwakukho ngamaFenike of iziqithi Gulf. kakhokho wabo, mhlawumbi esele ekupheleni kwenkulungwane BC yesine. Ngeli xesha, abembi athwale imizila yokuqala impucuko zabo lweMeditera kunxweme.

igama ilizwe

yokubhala uvele eFenike kwiminyaka yokuqala, ekuqaleni lasisiseko senkcubeko yoluntu. Kuyinto oonobumba zawo, iincwadi ezingamashumi amabini kuphela, waba kwase lweenkqubo yokubhala yehlabathi lamandulo. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba kukho iinguqulelo ezininzi ngemvelaphi igama karhulumente. Lokuqala - i ixhaphakileyo, uthi iFenike Liguqulwe lithatyathwa kwisiGrike njenge "Ilizwe ezimfusa." Kuye misela apha idayi ezinqabileyo zase imali eninzi. Kodwa gama linokuguqulelwa nangokuthi "The Land of the Phoenix", isidalwa enisinike ukuba nako ngokutsha ukusuka eluthuthwini. Phoenix wabonakala empumalanga, apho wayehlala khona ngawo. Inguqulelo sesithathu - kakhulu mhlawumbi. Ngokutsho kwakhe, igama urhulumente livela kwigama umYiputa elithetha umakhi weenqanawa.

Njengoko amaFenike babehlala

yokubhala eFenike uvele elinesihlanu-weshumi BC leminyaka. Yaye kude kube lelo xesha, abantu baphila kumhlaba otyebileyo kunye nemveliso. Nangona encinane, kunokwenzeka ukuba akhule amakhiwane, iminquma, iidiliya, iinkomo namantshontsho kunye neegusha. Kwakungekho mfuneko wayinkcenkcesha ngonyawo ngokuzenzela emihlabeni, ekubeni kakhulu iyana amanzi. Ulwandle wayinika iintlanzi nezinye izidalwa kwamanzi. Akumangalisi ke, phakathi kwe-III nkulungwane BC. e. ilali encinane yaba mzi. I inkulu yabo Byblos, Arwad, Tire, baseUgarit, Tsidon, Lagish. Phantse bonke engqongwe ngeendonga ezinkulu, kwaye kumbindi uyitempile nabalawuli zendlu. AmaFenike Ordinary babehlala kwizindlu ezincinci ezenziwe ngodongwe okanye izitena. Ezitratweni baye kwimeko yesiqhelo umsele.

yokubhala eFenike (13-15 BC. E.) Yafika kakhulu kamva. Kodwa ke, abantu bendawo waziva kungekho ndawo. Ngenxa yoku, baqale bathulula edamini ngumntu, ukwandisa siqithi, wakha izindlu multi-ezinemigangatho. yakhiwa ngokusondeleyo kakhulu kwaye Carthage - eyaziwa kakhulu kunye koloni inkulu, leyo ikwazile ixesha elide ukukhuphisana eRoma ngokwayo. Neendonga ayiqabe ngeepateni ezineenkcukacha ze iimilo zejiyometri kunye ezineeribhoni zemibala eyahlukeneyo. It waphawulwa bubukho kwindlela elide kunye okulala. Of izinto nendlu ukusuka AsingomaFenike iitafile eliphantsi kunye nezitulo, nangemichako ezinkulu, iibhedi flat.

abathengisi aphesheya

Nokufika yokubhala kwi abarhwebi baseFenike ngenxa urhwebo eliphilileyo kunye nehlabathi. Kodwa abemi bonxweme empuma yoLwandle iMeditera? abahloli City of kweelwandle baba zizityebi kunene, abembi bafumana eninzi ubungqina boku. Lo mthombo, ebuncwaneni yamaFenike waba yorhwebo: ngeendlela yaseMzantsi mpuma Asia, evela entla, nasezantsi babuthelana ndawonye kule ndawo. Iziqhamo komhlaba kwayona ukuba ukutya, kodwa iinkuni yayigcwele. Kodwa le nto ithandwa kakhulu entlango laseYiputa. Byblos ezinikwa umsedare emarikeni, oki nemisipres, ezithi zisetyenziswe kakhulu imikhumbi. Ukususela amaplanga eyenziweyo iibhokisi ezixabisekileyo wabanumzana yaseYiputa koFaro.

iwayini Ithengisiwe, namafutha omnquma, yaye, ke, ngelaphu emfusa. Kweentlobo ezithile izilwanyana idayi kufunxwa ukuba enemibala uboya nelinen amalaphu e nombala amanene purple. Ezi amalaphu ayenamandla abantu kuphela esisityebi kunene. Ukuveliswa ke omkhulu kangaka ukuba ngokwaneleyo aveliswa kwelo lizwe amalaphu. Ngoko ke, nebiziswa ngabathengisi iimpahla cheap (unpainted) e kwelaseFenike, yaye nantsi sele ukufuna nokuguqula. Kwakhona kwiimveliso ziyasinyanzelisa amagcisa asekuhlaleni zesilivere, nobhedu kunye negilasi. Kwaye lwenziwa urhwebo njengekhonco phakathi empuma nasentshona.

imibhalo yamandulo: iintlelo imvelaphi

Ngoko ke, yokubhala eFenike. Xa kwabonakala, siye senditshilo. Kodwa izazinzulu uyavuma hypothesis ukuba kukho nokuba yamandulo ngakumbi alfabhethi, ethe waba njengesiseko amaFenike. Tsalela it West-isiJuda okanye protosinayskim, kodwa ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, le nkqubo ayikhange yenziwe ziqala.

Le mibhalo yokuqala eyenziwe kwinkqubo yokubhala yaseFenike, umhla kwinkulungwane BC weshumi, nje phambi kokuqala kaTrojan War. Ukuba uyakholwa abaphandi, abahlali eFenike abhala weendawo ukuba ezahlukeneyo zenzululwazi, yaye benza bulumko, uncwadi kunye nembali. Ngelishwa, inkoliso yemisebenzi yabo ziye yalahleka, yaye ukuba asinda kuphela zicatshulwa ezincinane kunye izicaphulo kwiirekhodi ababhali bamandulo.

Kukho kwakhona amacebiso ukuba yokubhala iFenike (umhla omalunga abaqala) sisuka eyayimela umYiputa. Babenokukwazi amaYuda kwaKanan emva kokubuya kwawo ekuthinjweni kwelizwe koFaro. Mhlawumbi aba yinxalenye yabantu ukuba akukho ikhonkxwa, wahlala ekhaya. Ngubani na owaziyo?

inkqubo Iimpawu

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, ukubonakala yokubhala iFenike kubangelwe neemfuno zoluntu. Ngoku xelela malunga nenkqubo kunye neempawu zayo. AmaFenike wasebenzisa umgaqo le ezingoonombini ukuba ibhalwe kwiphepha kuphela consonants. Izikhamiso ingangeni, baze bacinge ukuba umfundi, eshiya umongo. Ezibhaliweyo ukusuka ekhohlo ukuya ekunene.

Ekuphuhlisweni kwawo, lokubhalwa amaFenike amandulo kudlula izigaba ezithathu zophuhliso:

• Imvelaphi okanye LwamaFenike ngangosuku ekuqaleni lwe-alfabhethi (isiqingatha sesibini BC kwewaka lesibini) yoyiswe yelizwe Aleksandrom Makedonskim.
• ixesha Puniysky iqala ukususela kwixesha isiseko Carthage (9. BC. OE) kwaye iphela nge kokutshatyalaliswa ngamaRoma.
• Novopuniysky, olwaqhubeka kwaze ngenkulungwane yesihlanu.

Alphabet ngokuthe izakusuka ekujongeni zamanqaku kuko epigraphic. Ngelo xesha linye unobumba liyatshona kwaye iingqameko, ukufumana ifomu yokugqibela.

Impumelelo ye amaFenike

Nokufika yokubhala iFenike - akukho zonke iimpumelelo nabantu basekuhlaleni. It ingqalelo into bokuba ukuba oomatiloshe kule meko i ajikelezayo Afrika kuqala. Ukuqubha uthathe iminyaka engaphezu kwemithathu. beza abahambi kuqala kuLwandle oluBomvu, weza Black Continent waza waya Gibraltar. Baya sungula urhwebo phakathi East ne West, wazibeka iziseko ezibonakala zaselwandle. Kwaye kakhulu ixesha.