Nitrogen dioxide

Nitrogen imichiza element ne zenani 7 ibekwe 5 iqela le Mendeleev nkqubo ngamaxesha athile. Le igesi diatomic phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo of egalelwe ngokwaneleyo. Xa koMhlaba, okubangela ukuba iikota ezintathu. Ilungu luphawulwa lithi igcwala ilandelayo: -3, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. yinxalenye iikhompawundi ezininzi. Omnye yigesi sayingqombela-brown ityhefu (luphawulwa ukukwazi ukubacaphukisa iphecana yokuphefumla, ibangela nokudumba yemiphunga kwi zoqhaphelo ephakamileyo), ukuba elibukhali, ivumba uphawu ezinevumba - yi nitrogen dioxide. Ifomula yi NO2. Izinyo mass 46,01 g / Mol. Density 2,62 g / dm³. Iqondo point 21 ° C. Xa unyityilikiswa emanzini idityaniswe nayo. I zokunganyangeki Isalathisi se 1.449 (kwi-20 ° C).

Nitrogen dioxide ludlala indima ebalulekileyo chemistry esesibhakabhakeni, kubandakanywa ukwakheka ozone tropospheric. Kwangaxeshanye, yinto umoya enkulu kunye neziphakathi kwi kuyondelelaniswe mveliso ye-nitric acid, leyo bagqibileyo izigidi eetoni ngonyaka ngamnye. Esi sesinye ezininzi kwenitrojeni (kabini iikhompawundi zondle -nitrogen kunye oksijini) kunye namachibi:

• I - N2O nitrogen oxide;

• II - NO nitrogen monoxide;

• III - dinitrogen trioxide N2O3;

• IV - NO2 nitrogen dioxide kunye dinitrogen tetraoxide N2O4;

• V - pentoxide dinitrogen, N2O5;

• trinitramide N (NO2) 3.

Nitrogen dioxide ngokulula kwegesi. Yena inzima ngaphezu komoya. Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo NO2 ugalelwe (malunga ne-1: 1) ukuya into enemibala (dimer yayo) N2O4. NO2 chemistry iqondwa kakuhle.

Ukusabela ne amanzi hydrolyzed, izinto ezimbini kwakhiwa acid (oxide kunye ne-nitric): 2NO2 + H2O → HNO2 + HNO3.

Xa ngayo xa idibene neetyuwa kwealkali olusenyongweni njengoko ezi asidi ezimbini: 2NaOH + 2NO2 → NaNO2 + NaNO3 + H2O.

Yena a oxidant enamandla ekwaziyo oxidizing SO2 ku SO3. Kule ndlela lisekelwe ipropati oxide sulphuric acid. Le NO2 medium izinto ezininzi, kuquka oganikhi khompawundi, isalfure, carbon kunye phosphorus, niyitshise ngomlilo.

Nitrogen dioxide ngokubanzi eziveliswa igcwala-nitrogen oxide ioksijini esesibhakabhakeni: O2 + 2NO → 2NO2

Elabhoratri, NO2 elungiswe ngamanyathelo ezimbini: emzimbeni ka-nitric acid ukuya dinitrogen pentoxide, nto leyo ke ibolile thermally:

2HNO3 → N2O5 + H2O,

2N2O5 → 4NO2 + O2.

Ngenxa yokubola thermal athile nitrate yesinyithi usenokuba NO2 uzilungiselele:

2Pb (NO3) 2 → 4NO2 + 2PbO + O2.

Le oksayidi nga lisekwa ngokuhlanganisa nitric acid (kanzulu) ukusuka nesinyithi (umz, copper):

4HNO3 + Cu → 2NO2 + Cu (NO3) 2 + 2H2O.

Phantsi yempembelelo-nitric acid (kanzulu) tin ukongeza nitrogen dioxide, nebhekile acid, njengoko imveliso ngu-:

4HNO3 + Sn → H2O + H2SnO3 + 4NO2.

Eminye imithombo oksayidi N2O4 (IV) ebibizwa nitrogen tetroxide. Kodwa ke ukuba sibizwe, njengoko ondoqo dinitrogen tetroxide. NO2 ikhona zilingana kunye N2O4 igesi ezingenambala: 2NO2↔N2O4.

Ekubeni le kulinganisela exothermic, oko ishenxiselwe ecaleni NO2 kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu kwaye liyehla - ukuya N2O4. Deamer ludlulele ngurhulumente esiluqilima kubushushu ka thabatha 11.2 ° C. Kubushushu degrees 150 abole: N2O4 → 2NO2, ngoko 2NO2 → 2NO + O2.

Nitric acid ngcembe ukhupha NO2, enika umbala mpawu emthubi uninzi zesampulu le acid:

4HNO3 → 4NO2 + 2H2O + O2.

Nitrogen dioxide lulula ukubonwa yi ivumba nokuba kungomlinganiselo omncinci, inhalation ye kunyuka kufuneka kuphetshwe. Omnye umthombo enokubakho NO2 ukuba lokhu acid nitric leyo yabela NO2 kwiqondo lobushushu ngentla 0 degrees. Iimpawu etheni (nokudumba pulmonary) ngesiqhelo emva inhalation of amathamo lalayo ye iiyure ezimbalwa. Kukho ubungqina obubonisa ukuba sesichengeni ixesha elide ukuya NO2 kwi ezixinene ngaphezu 40-100 mg / m³ kunganciphisa umsebenzi wemiphunga kwandisa umngcipheko iimpawu zifo. Xa izifundo ezithile izazinzulu waseka unxibelelwano phakathi yoxinaniso ka NO2 kunye ngesiquphe nokufa kweentsana syndrome.

Nitrogen dioxide esizicelayo ezininzi kwiinkqubo yokutsha apho umoya lisetyenziswa oxidant.

Kwiqondo lobushushu ephakamileyo, i-nitrogen idibanisa kunye oxygen ukuze-nitric oxide: O2 + N2 → 2NO, ngoko HAYI ke oxidized umoya zenze dioxide O2 + 2NO → 2NO2:

1. Phantsi ingqondo yesiqhelo esesibhakabhakeni yinkqubo icotha kakhulu.

2. Owona mthombo anokubakho NO2 ezi iinjini zangaphakathi yokutsha, izityalo wamandla oshushu kunye, ukuba isiXhosa, okugaya yintlama.

3. Izifudumezi zegesi kunye amaziko nazo imithombo yalo oxide. nitrogen efunekayo esaziswa umoya yokutsha kwemfuneko, nto leyo is kuguquka kwenitrojeni kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu.

4. Kumakhaya Izifudumezi zeparafini kunye nezifudumezi negesi nazo imithombo NO2.

5. nitrogen dioxide eveliswa uvavanyo esesibhakabhakeni nuclear (umbala obomvu mushroom yelifu).

6. Ezinye iindawo yezolimo yayo zoqhaphelo kumphezulu unako ukufikelela 30 g / m³.

7. NO2 kwakhona eziveliswe ngokwendalo yi neendudumo, imvula.