I iNkosana Alba: biography

Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, iNkosana Alba, ogama engobomi ubalisa emininzi iinyani ezinika umdla malunga ngobomi bakhe kunye nomsebenzi, wazalwa ngo-1507. Yaba jikelele Spanish ezaziwayo-kakuhle, kwakunye laseburhulumenteni ethandwayo. Ngenxa inkohlakalo yakhe, igama elithi "Iron Duke".

Ubutsha onegazi Duke elizayo

Fernando De Toledo wazalwa ngo-Oktobha 29, 1508 kwenye iintsapho elidala kunawo ohloniphekileyo amanene of Spain. Uyise wasweleka xa Alvarez de Toledo kwakusekho Eselula, ngoko esi siphendu phezulu utatomkhulu engqongqo. Wenza konke okusemandleni ukuze akhule ukusuka ebukhwenkweni an, mkhonzi wangumququzeleli yamaKatolika othembekileyo wokumkani, kunye nejoni isiyalo. Xa uneminyaka elishumi elinesithandathu INkosana Alba uye wakhonza igosa nemikhankaso loMlawuli uCharles V nxamnye isiFrentshi.

Ukususela ngo 1531 Fernando idlale indima ephambili imisebenzi nxamnye baseTurkey. Ngaphezu koko, yena unyuselwe jikelele emva kweminyaka emibini kwaye wahlukile ekungqingweni, nasekuxinweni of Tunis ngo-1535. Emva Ngokukhusela Perpignan sisifo isisiFrentshi 1542-m, wamiselwa yi uCharles umcebisi wesihlanu zomkhosi ukuba ezihlangwini zakhe, Philippe.

Iimfazwe ezininzi ezaziwayo-kakuhle ezingenamandla ze umhla

I iNkosana Alba wabawisela umthetho amahashe, leyo kakhulu negalelo uloyiso ombuso Mühlberg ngo-1547. Ke kaloku, emva kweminyaka emihlanu, Fernando Alvarez wathabatha phezu umyalelo yonke imikhosi baseSpeyin e-Italy. Noko ke, iNkosana ayikwazanga kuthintela ngokoyiswa amandla ombuso, njengokuba ngenxa oku kuye kwakhokelela shela soMhlekazi ngo-1556.

Philip II, waba nguKumkani eSpeyin, Fernando de Toledo, irhuluneli emiselwe Milan, kwakunye injengele yomkhosi wamajoni Italy. Apho iNkosana Alba uyawalwela imfazwe nxamnye umkhosi kapopu uPawulos yesine, lowo ke sizana French, emantloko lamawaka elinambini Spanish. Xa ndingafuni usihlasela iRoma, ukuba akukho uphindaphindo ka-1527.

Iqhinga le Pope, okanye uloyiso ngokupheleleyo Fernando

UTata sengathi kukhuthaza ngabaphikisi isgqibo, ngethemba lokuba eli xesha uza kunifumana kunye French amajoni, kodwa baseSpeyin bambamba baza bawoyisa kwi-Battle of San Quentin. Kwaye ngaphandle kwenkxaso bemikhosi kulindeleke amajoni kweqiwa boyiswa. Fernando Alvarez wabangela Pope ukuba ukwamkela ihlabathi 1557, okwaye kwabonelela kobunganga baseSpeyin e-Italy iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu.

Kulo nyaka phakathi ngookumkani of Spain kunye France isgqibo esayinwe Cateau-Cambrésis. Nangona yathatha le contract, usingasiqithi waseItali ayekwimeko elide ukuphumla. Kwaye ke isigaba esilandelayo ebalulekileyo ngobomi edume Fernando - iphulo iNkosana Alba ngo-1567 yaye ulawulo kwayo okwalandela eNetherlands, nto leyo eye yashiya uphawu gqitha kwimbali ngenxa yeziganeko okhohlakeleyo kunye wamagazi.

izenzo Bloody edume Duke

Ngo-Agasti 1566 i-Netherlands waba imvukelo iinkolelo, apho kwaba nobudlova okanye yatshatyalaliswa kuphela inani yoonongendi, kodwa iicawa eqingqiweyo yamaKatolika. Ukusombulula iingxaki imiba yoluntu kunye nenkolo Korol filipp II wathumela Fernando wakhokela khetha umkhosi eNetherlands. Apho iNkosana Alba, ogama engobomi ngokubhekele phaya le xesha, washiya nkumbulo kakhulu wamagazi.

Fernando wangena ummandla eBrussels Agasti 22, 1567 waza wamiselwa irhuluneli-jikelele. Ke kwiintsuku ezimbalwa kamva waseka "Igazi iBhunga" ukucinezela qhekeko nemvukelo. Le iBhunga usebenza angqongqo ngqwabalala. Nokuba ezimbini aziingangamsha zibalulekileyo kunye adumileyo elizweni, iigrafu, izahluko yezikhulu Flemish, Egmont kunye Horn, ndabanjwa unxibe ematyaleni. base kamva babulawa.

Le inkqubo yerhafu entsha

Kwakhona nokubulawa babewiselwe engaphezu kwewaka amadoda onke ezintlwini, yaye abaninzi wabaleka kwamanye amazwe ngenxa yezizathu zokhuseleko. Bonke abo enetyala, wabulawa Juni 5, 1568 at the Town Hall Square e Brussels. I iNkosana Alba kunye ngumlinganiswa onzima, wayengaqinisekanga ukuba kwi ubulungisa Flemish. Wakubona njengendlela uvelwano abamangalelwa. Ngoko ke, Fernando Alvarez ekhethwayo uphumezo xa amangqina amaninzi.

Ukugcinwa imikhosi eFlanders kukhokelele kwiindleko emikhulu. Kwaye iNkosana onegazi Alba esigqibeni sokuba liqalise indlela entsha irhafu kumazwe Benelux, ezisekelwe ubukhulu becala kwinkqubo yerhafu iSpanish ngesantya ishumi ekhulwini kwi transfer nganye yempahla. Uninzi kwiphondo ngelo xesha wathenga indlela yakhe phezu ngexesha elinye-intlawulo, waqala inkxalabo nzulu kulo mba, ukuba kulunge amazwe Benelux zisengelwa phantsi.

Elirhoxisa ukuhlawula irhafu, okanye wavukela uphakamo

Abanye abahlali bayala ukuba ahlawule i "izishumi" njengoko Bayibiza irhafu, yaye avusa uqhushululu zanwenwa kuso Netherlands. uWele INkosana Orange, uWilliam i-Silent intetho Huguenot eFransi, ukuze ukubonelela ngenkxaso eyimfuneko, waza waqalisa ukuxhasa abo bavukeli. Yena, kunye amajoni evela eFransi ndathatha Zininzi iindawo.

A Ukungqingwa Haarlem luphawulwa ndlongo omabini amacala. Yena izidanga emuva isixeko nokulahleka malunga namawaka amabini abantu. Ngenxa amaphulo elide emkhosini yaye ingcinezelo ekhohlaleleyo abemi labavukeli ochithe iNkosana Alba, yaseNetherlands yafumana kuye lesiqhulo "Iron Duke".

igama lakhe iye isetyenziswe ze phakathi ngumvukeli kunye nempembelelo ngakumbi abavakalelwa anti-Spanish. Fernando wahlala zithandwa yomkhosi iSpanish, leyo akazange athandabuze umzuzu omnye, bangavele ngokuchanileyo baqikelele isimo zabantu.

Ukubuyela ukuya eSpeyin, okanye kwiminyaka yokugqibela yobomi bakhe

Phezu kwazo impi oluqhubekayo, imeko Netherlands ayikho wakhetha Spain. Emva kwabantu ezininzi, eyathatha iminyaka emihlanu, malunga namawaka amahlanu sokubulala kunye nezikhalazo rhoqo Philip II wagqiba ukwenza lula imeko ngokuvumela Fernando de Toledo, sibuyele eSpeyin.

Duke ngomkhombe e Holland, kusekho eqwengiweyo imvukelo, ngoDisemba 18, 1573. Ekubuyeni kwakhe eSpeyin, Fernando wazifumana ngaphandle ukuzithandisa nokumkani. Noko ke, kwiminyaka esixhenxe kamva, uPhilip II wayalela ekoyiswa Portugal kuye.

Fernando Alvarez watshata ngowe-1527 umzala wakhe Maria Enrique de Toledo. Ukusuka lo mtshato washiya ziindlalifa ezine: Garcia, Fadrique, Diego kunye Beatriz. Kukho nobungqina obubhaliweyo, ukuba umntwana wakhe wokuqala wazalelwa ngaphandle komtshato, leyo kwazalwa intombi zokugaya.

I iNkosana Alba, ifoto apho, kakade, nto ingako enokwenziwa ngumntu nje oqhelekileyo, kodwa eziqhelekileyo nawuphi na mbali esifunda ngabantu abathile abantu abadumileyo, wafa eLisbon ngomhla we-11 Disemba 1582. Fernando amathambo zadluliselwa Alba de Tormes, waza wangcwatyelwa weemonki San Leonardo.