Ngubani kuqala zaboniswa ihlabathi: Magellan uhambo

Buza nayiphi na umfundi ngubani kuqala waquqa ihlabathi, yaye uya kuva: ". Kakade ke, Magellan" Yaye bambalwa abantu baqale ukuthi lawo mazwi. Kodwa Magellan walungelelanisa hambo, abade, uze ugqibezele uhambo abakwazanga. Ngoko ke ngubani Umatiloshe yokuqala ziyijikeleze umhlaba?

Magellan kaThixo Travel

Ngowe-1516, kukho igosa lakomkhulu ayicacanga UFerdinand Magellan weza isiPhuthukezi ukumkani Manuel I kunye ingcamango ukuphumeza isicwangciso Columbus - ukuze zifike Spice Islands, njengoko yayibizwa ngoko ke Moluccas, ukusuka entshonalanga. Njengoko sisazi, Columbus ngoko "nqanda" Melika, nto leyo eye yabonakala endleleni yakhe, wacinga iziqithi mpuma Asia.

Ngelo xesha, i IsiPhuthukezi baye usiya kwiziqithi East Indies, kodwa adlula Afrika ukunqumla Indian Ocean. Ngoko ke, indlela entsha kwezi ziqithi ukuba angafunekiyo.

Imbali wasiphinda ngokwayo bamwa nguKumkani Manuel Magellan uye kukumkani iSpanish waza wafumana imvume yakhe ukuba balungelelanise hambo.

September 20, 1519 umkhosi weenqanawa ezintlanu ngomkhombe kwizibuko Spanish of San Lucar de Barrameda.

Magellan satellites

Akukho namnye eliphikisa into zembali ukuba uhambo lokuqala ehlabathini lonke wenza i qembu ikhokelwa yi Magellan. Ngomhla izenzakalo ndlela le hambo ephawulekayo eyaziwa kumazwi Pigafetta, ngubani ubugcina iingxelo yonke imihla yokuhamba. nxaxheba awo abathetheli ababini, ngokuphindaphindiweyo watyelela iziqithi East Indies: Barbosa kunye serrano.

Ingakumbi kweli phulo Magellan wathabatha ikhoboka lakhe - Malay Enrique. Waye kwikhompyutha iSumatra kwaye sele kudala wakhonza ngokuthembeka Magellan. On uhambo kuye ukudlala indima itoliki xa bafika Spice Islands.

Ikhosi ye hambo

Baphulukene ixesha elininzi ixesha ukuwela Atlantic Ocean idlule lexinene enamatye emxinwa kwaye elide, kamva wafumana igama Magellan, beza abahambi ulwandlekazi entsha. Ngeli xesha, omnye iinqanawa zitshonile, omnye wabuyela eSpeyin. ngesakhiwo ivunjululwe nxamnye Magellan. Ukuqubisana iinqanawa ezifuna ukulungiswa, kunye nezixa ukutya kunye namanzi okusela kwase kuphela.

Ocean wabiza wePasifiki, kuqala ndadibana tailwind elungileyo; kodwa kamva waba buthathaka yaye ekugqibeleni wafa phantsi ngokupheleleyo. Abantu uvinjwe ukutya okutsha, wafa nje kuphela ukulamba, nangona kwafuneka ukutya kunye neempuku, kunye iimasti nesikhumba. Le ngozi eliyinhloko nangokhwekhwe - storm zonke omkhulu yexesha.

bona March 28, 1521 kuphela ifikelele ziqithi, ogama abemi kunye nqa baphendula imibuzo Enrique, abo babethetha ngolwimi lweenkobe lwakhe. Oku kwakuthetha ukuba Magellan kunye noogxa bakhe bafika kwiziqithi East Indies, kwelinye icala. Nokuba Enrique - umhambi yokuqala behamba ngubani ehlabathini lonke! Wabuyela kwilizwe lakhe, sayijikeleza lonke.

End of uhambo

April 21, 1521 Magellan wabulawa ngokungenelela kwimfazwe yamakhaya kweenkokeli kwingingqi. Oku kwaba nempembelelo embi kakhulu namaqabane akhe, ngubani kwanyanzeleka ukuba ukubaleka nje ukusuka siqithi.

Uninzi madoda kwalimala. Weqela umntu-265 aseleyo 150 kuphela, bona kuphela anele ukulawula iinqanawa ezimbini.

Kwiziqithi Tidore, bakwazi ukufumana aphumle, nizalise isitokhwe ukutya, ukuthatha ubulawu ebhodini kunye nesanti segolide.

Endleleni ebuyela eSpeyin waya athumele nje "Victoria" olwenziwe yi Sebastian del Cano. Ukubuyela Lucar izibuko wabuya abantu abangama-18! Aba bantu ngabo kuqala wenza uhambo ehlabathini lonke. Noko ke, amagama zabo azizingenisanga zagcinwa. Kodwa Captain del Cano kunye zokuhamba umkhumbuzi Pigafetta eyaziwa nje ngembali zejografi.

Uhambo lokuqala Russian ehlabathini jikelele

INtloko hambo yehlabathi yokuqala Russian yaba Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern. Olu hambo kwenzeka ngo-1803-1806 gg.

Two umkhumbi - "Ithemba" phantsi umyalelo we Kruzenshtern kunye "Neva 'okhokelwa umncedisi wakhe uYuri Fedorovich Lisyansky - weza evela Kronstadt Agasti 7, 1803. Injongo ephambili ukufunda wePasifiki, kwaye ingakumbi umlomo Amur. Kwafuneka ukuchonga indawo yokupaka lula Russian Pacific Fleet kunye neendlela ezingcono kweendlela yonikezelo.

Le hambo kwaba kuphela kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze kwakhiwe i-Pacific Fleet, kodwa naye wenza igalelo elikhulu kwinzululwazi. iziqithi Entsha uyaziwa, kodwa kwathi tu imephu kolwandle inani ziziqithi azikho kwaukubakho. Ekuqaleni waqalisa isifundo esithe olwandle. Umkhankaso wavula Mezhpassatnye miso kwiPasifiki kunye neelwandle Atlantic, linganisa iqondo lobushushu amanzi, etyuwa, kumiselwa lexinene amanzi ... kwafuneka ukufumanisa izizathu ngokuvutha ulwandle, kuqokelelwa iinkcukacha nabaqala iinkcukacha zesimo sezulu izithako kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kwezilwandle.

utshintsho olumandla olwenziwe kwi mephu Russian Far East emdeni Kuril Islands, Sakhalin, ena Peninsula. Kuba okokuqala kwambatha ezinye iziqithi Japanese ngayo.

Abathathi ohambo baze babe nabo baseRashiya, ngubani kuqala zaboniswa ihlabathi.

Kodwa inkoliso baseRashiya, le hambo uyaziwa into yokuba "Ithemba" waya Japan umkhankaso yokuqala Russian ikhokelwa yi Rezanov.

yesibini Great (Interesting Facts)

I eliNgesi Frensis Dreyk waba ngumntu wesibini ziyijikeleze umhlaba ngo-1577-1580 gg. galleon Yakhe "Golden Hind" yabanjwa okokuqala nakuLwandle lweAtlantiki ukuya Pacific lexinene ovuthuzayo kamva igama emva kwakhe. Le ndlela ithathwa ngokuba nelunzima kakhulu ngaphezu iStrait of Magellan ngenxa izaqhwithi rhoqo, ice floes, utshintsho sezulu ngesiquphe. Drake le ndoda kuqala waquqa ihlabathi, ukuba ajikelezayo Cape Horn. Ukususela ngoko, phakathi oomatiloshe ndaza ndaqalisa isithethe ukunxiba namajikazi endlebeni. Ukuba uphumelele i Drake Passage, eshiya Cape Horn ekunene, icici yayiza kuba sendlebe yasekunene, vice versa.

Ngeenkonzo zakhe, Frensis Dreyk waye knighted Korolevoy Elizavetoy ngokobuqu. Yaba ke kufuneka ukuba litshitshiswe baseSpeyin "Homepage yoyiswe 'zabo.

Ngowe-1766, i Frenchwoman z Barre waba libhinqa lokuqala ukuba kudlulwe ehlabathini lonke. Ukuze wenze oku, watshintsha umntu ndangena enqanaweni yaqinayo, waya ngeenxa hambo ehlabathini, njengesicaka. Xa yatyhilwa nenkohliso, nakuba bonke ubuhle bayo, Barre Ubutyelwe Mauritius waza wabuyela ekhaya kwenye inqanawa.

Uhambo yesibini Russian emhlabeni wonke phantsi kobunkokeli FF Bellingshausen and MP Various idume yokuba ngexesha Antarctica wakhe yafunyanwa ngoJanuwari 1820.