Ngeempawu carbohydrate. Imisebenzi kunye neempawu carbohydrate: itheyibhile

Xa zasendle eziqhelekileyo, izinto ezininzi, ukubaluleka kwayo kunganzima ukuba nemikhuba. Umzekelo, ezi ziquka namandla. Zibalulekile kakhulu njengomthombo wamandla izilwanyana nabantu, yaye ezinye iimpawu wekhabohayidreyiti babe yinto ebalulekile ekrwada izinto kushishino.

Yintoni na?

Oku konke sakhiwo izinto leyo linokuchazwa yi kwifomula cn _(H2O) m. Ukuba zibaluleke kakhulu eziphilayo, idlala indima ebalulekileyo kubomi ngabantu abaninzi abahlala.

Igama eli qela izazinzulu ziye kufika emva kokuba uhlalutyo yokuqala izinto esele yenziwe ukuba iqulethe. Emva koko kwafunyaniswa ukuba izakhi zazo eziphambili zezi carbon kunye namanzi. Kamva kwafunyaniswa ukuba isihloko kujike kube ngqo kakhulu, ukususela iimpawu carbohydrate yokuba umlinganiselo yeehidrojeni oxygen atom kulo efanayo ngokupheleleyo kuloo emanzini. Ngamafuphi, kukho ioksijini, athom ezimbini hydrogen. Ixesha lokuqala uguqulelo Russian igama yaphakanyiswa ngo-1844 nguNjingalwazi K. Schmidt.

ethile wokongeza i-ons

Ukuba kancinci ukutshintsha indlela ngasentla, waphololoza «n» of kwizibiyeli, eli binzana iya kuba kancinci ezahlukeneyo: Jonga (H ₂ O) n. Mhlawumbi, kusenokwenzeka ukuba ngcono uyibonakalisa kakuhle "amalahle - amanzi 'igama.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, izazinzulu ziye ngokuqinileyo ukuba kukho iqela izinto eziye iimpawu carbohydrate, kodwa hayi ncam ne wokubala ochazwe sithi. Kwaye kuba uncwadi amazwe kuvame unako ukuza ngaphesheya elithi "glycidyl", nto leyo ethetha into inye namhlanje, 1844, ekube ichanekile kakhulu.

yokwahlukanisa elula

Yonke iklasi enkulu zemathiriyeli zingahlulwa zibe ngamaqela amabini: glycidyl alula nanzima. Ziziphi iimpawu carbohydrate kwenzeka kuzo? Eneneni, kodwa ke inzima kakhulu:

• izinto ezilula abo leqela ezo nto efanele haydrolisis kunye kumiswa kwimpatho bezinye carbohydrate. Umahluko ophambili kukuba inani athom ioksijini kubume zazo efanayo inani athom carbon. Abiza monosaccharides.
• Ngako oko, le nkcazelo "esimbaxa" ibandakanya zonke ezo glycidyl leyo ukubola yi haydrolisis ukwenza ezininzi carbohydrate. Kakade ke, baya kuba umlinganiselo athom oksijini carbon ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo. Babiza disaccharide. A indima ebaluleke kakhulu yobume ukudlala carbohydrate ezintsonkothileyo, uluhlu apho ngokuyinxenye ezikhoyo kweli nqaku.

Ukongeza, kukho omnye Ukuhlelwa, apho wekhabohayidreyiti zohlulwa ngokwendidi ezintathu. Nazi ke:

• Monosaccharides.
• Oligosaccharides.
• Polysaccharides.

Carbohydrate theyibhile ilandelayo ngokuqinisekileyo kuya kukunceda ukuba ukujamelana iiyantlukwano zabo ezinkulu.

mono- (Mpilo 1)	oligo (<10 iimolekyuli)	poly- (> 10 iimolekyuli)
Aldose, ketose	It nje afaka disaccharides, trisaccharides, njalo-njalo. D.	Kukho iindidi ezimbini: Gomopolisaharidy. Heteropolysaccharides. Ukususela igama uyakwazi ukuqonda ukuba isakhiwo lwangaphakathi molecule kwezi ntlobo zimbini zahluke ngokupheleleyo

Kakade ke, kufuneka emfutshane itafile wekhabohayidreyiti sele ziboniswe, kodwa yayo nje akunakwenzeka ukuba ilingane zonke iimpawu ezithile ukuba eziziimpawu amanye amalungu ale eklasi ebanzi. Ngoko sihlalutya amaqela eziphambili ngamnye ngokwahlukeneyo ukubacacisela ezinye iimpawu ngamnye, izinto zixhaphakileyo. Ngoko ke, yintoni na namandla iiklasi?

monosaccharides

Khumbula ukuba zonke kubo kuba kudidi eziqinileyo, lula nako Kwathi kungena crystalline karhulumente. Ba hygroscopic kakhulu, kakuhle enyibilikayo emanzini ukwenza isiraphu. Khetha kubo ngohlobo ziikristale, akukho nzima kakhulu. izisombululo yabo yokusabela cala, ngokufuthi incasa sweetish. Taste kwegalelo yahlukile: umzekelo, fructose malunga amaxesha 3-3.5 enencasa iswekile kakhulu rhoqo.

Kwifom kwesakhiwo

Zonke ezi zinto - yikhompawundi kwesakhiwo bifunctional, ukwakhiwa kwawo ngokuyimfuneko iquka amathambo carbon, iqela carbonyl kunye hydroxyl eziliqela. Ukuba indima qela carbonyl zika iqela aldehyde, into ebizwa aldose. Ngokunjalo, xa kwimeko ketone "Yibambe ngomsila" kuthiwa ketose.

Ekubeni uhlobo ezi zinto zixhaphakile kakhulu, ukuba inokufumaneka zombini isimo simahla, kwaye ngendlela iifom anhydrite. Ngokubanzi, phantse zonke carbohydrate ezintsonkothileyo ngamaqondo ahlukahlukeneyo, anhydrides of iswekile ezilula, ezo kakhulu zifumaneka nje ngokuthatha kude ezimbalwa (okanye omnye) of iimolekyuli zamanzi (isimaphambili "en" - kungabikho).

Iswekile na omele kakhulu boqobo

Formula omele kakhulu kumba zeqela - C ₆ H ₁₂ O _6. Amaxesha amaninzi kukho ezi carbohydrate plant cells. Kuye nje ngokubanzi, kodwa kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba umzimba kuba ngowona mthombo wamandla kuye (ukuthetha malunga izilwanyana umntu, kunjalo). Enyanisweni, ezi iimpawu ngokubanzi iiprothini, carbohydrate kunye namafutha kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Ithi isetyenziswe ngokubanzi amayeza, amayeza lwezilwanyana, kushishino (kuquka ukutya).

iipropati ngokomzimba

Zeziphi jikelele iimpawu ebonakalayo carbohydrate kweli qela? Imbonakalo - ziikristale ezimhlophe ecikizekileyo, incasa sweetish, enyibilikayo emanzini lula. ukunyuka ukunyibilika kakhulu ukuba isisombululo kufudumeze: ngale ndlela le isiraphu iswekile yegazi.

inkcazelo emfutshane kubume khemikhali

Ukuba ujonga indlela yomgama, ukwakhiwa kwale carbohydrate ngokucacileyo aldehyde elinye kunye namaqela amahlanu hydroxyl. Xa ondoqo crystalline karhulumente, iimolekyuli yayo banokuba kwelinye iintlobo ezimbini (α- okanye β-glucose). Inyaniso yokuba qela hydroxyl lo ke kukhatshwa ukuya atom carbon yesihlanu, ukuba baye a moiety carbonyl.

Ubukho endle

Ekubeni kakhulu incindi yomdiliya yakhe, iswekile udla ngokubizwa ngokuba "yomdiliya iswekile". Phantsi eli gama kuyo eyaziwayo ookhokho bethu. Noko ke, kusenokwenzeka ukuba ukufumana kuyo nayiphi na iziqhamo sweet okanye imifuno, emzimbeni elithambileyo kwisityalo. Kwihlabathi isilwanyana, zikuyo ongekho ngaphantsi: malunga 0.1% igazi lethu - oku iswekile. Ukongeza, unako ukufumana ezi carbohydrate iseli phantse naliphi na iziko lwangaphakathi. Kodwa ingakumbi eninzi kubo esibindini, kuba kulapho processing yenziwa iswekile ibe glycogen.

It (njengoko sele bathi) ngumthombo oxabisekileyo amandla ukuze umzimba wethu, yinxalenye phantse zonke carbohydrate ezintsonkothileyo. Njengoko kwakunye nezinye carbohydrate, kwindalo oko kwenzeka emva yokusabela photosynthesis ukuba kwenzeka kuphela kwiiseli eziphilayo zezityalo:

6Ngoko ₂ + 6H ₂ Owu yiklorofili C ₆ H ₁₂ Owu ₆ + 6D ₂ - Q

Zityalo ukwenza i kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba umsebenzi ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila, baba amandla, efunyanwa ngabo ukusuka elangeni. Ngokumalunga neemeko zoshishino, yomdiliya iswekile ukususela kumaxesha amandulo zingafumaneka wesitatshi haydrolisis evelisa ngayo, apho kuvala reaction buzinze sulphuric acid:

(C ₆ H ₁₀ O ₅₎ n + ft ₂ Owu H ₂ SO _4, t NC ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆

iipropati chemical

Ziintoni iimpawu eekhemikhali carbohydrate of olu hlobo? Inazo zonke iimpawu ezifanayo ukuba sizalwa onombono alkoholi kunye aldehydes. Ukongeza, kukho iimpawu ezithile ezingqalileyo. kuyondelelaniswe First of carbohydrate (kubandakanywa glucose) yaveliswa zezona ngcali zinetalente yemichiza A. M. Butlerovym kunyaka-1861, yaye izinto ekrwada isetyenziswa formaldehyde, kokusasaza kuyo phambi calcium hayidroksayidi. Nantsi indlela kule nkqubo:

6NSON -------> S6N ₁₂ O ₆

Kwaye ngoku khangela ezinye iimpawu namanye amalungu amabini qela, intsingiselo bendalo nto leyo kakhulu ngaphantsi, nangenxa eziphilayo lezifundo zabo. Carbohydrate ezi ntlobo badlala indima ebaluleke gqitha kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla.

fructose

Ifomula yale isomer glucose - Sep _12, O _v. Kanye i "eliphuma" mbi ngohlobo yomgama kunye elibujikele. Liza kuzo zonke abasabela ukuba uphawu le alkoholi polyhydric, kodwa, ngaloo ndlela ezahlukeneyo ukususela iswekile, oko modem neqhinga ammoniacal oxide zesilivere.

ribose

ribose umdla kakhulu phezulu kunye deoxyribose. Ukuba ukhumbula inkqubo encinane eziphilayo, bazi kakuhle ukuba ezi carbohydrate umzimba ziyinxalenye DNA kunye RNA, ngaphandle apho ubukho ubomi kulo mhlaba kunokwenzeka. Igama "deoxyribose" kuthetha ukuba molecule ayo ubuncinane enye oksijini atom (xa kuthelekiswa ribose yayo yesiqhelo). Ukuba efanayo malunga oku iswekile, Unganawo yomgama kunye nesakhiwo elibujikele.

disaccharides

Enyanisweni, ezi izinto kubume kunye nemisebenzi kakhulu phindwa kwiklasi edlulileyo, kodwa ke ngenxa yokuba yenza akukho ingqiqo ukuba nihlale kulo zolwimi ngokunzulu. Ziintoni iimpawu eekhemikhali carbohydrate kweli qela? Abameli ibalulekileyo entsatsheni sucrose, maltose kunye lactose. Bonke bephela linokuchazwa yi kwifomula C ₁₂ H ₂₂ Owu _11, njengoko ezi isomers, kodwa oku akuthethi ezikhawulezileyo umahluko omkhulu kubume. Ngoko ke zintoni namandla ezithile ezintsonkothileyo, uluhlu kunye nenkcazelo apho ungabona ngezantsi?

saccharose

molecule Its ubunjwe imijikelo emibini ngoko nangoko: omnye a-membered amathandathu (α-glucose intsalela) kunye namanye - i-membered ezintlanu (β-fructose abaseleyo). Idibanisa konke oku ulwakhiwo glycoside hydroxyl glucose.

Ukulungiselela ixabiso elipheleleyo

Ngokutsho kwe data alondolozwe yembali, eminyaka ezintathu phambi kukaKristu iswekile evela kwizele bafunda indlela yokuya e-India Ancient. Kuphela kwinkulungwane ye-19 kwenzeka ukuba okuninzi kakhulu sucrose ngaphantsi le iinzame nga kukhutshwa sugar beet. Kwezinye iintlobo iqulathe ukuya kwi-22% ye-carbohydrate, lo gama i-isiqulatho ingcongolo abe phakathi-26%, kodwa oku kunokwenzeka kuphela phantsi kweemeko ukukhula ezifanelekileyo kunye nemozulu entle.

Sele wathi wekhabohayidreyiti lula enyibilikayo emanzini. Oku kusekelwe kulo mgaqo ukufumana sucrose xa kusetyenziswa le izixhobo njongo, diffusers. elimsulwa kunokwenzeka ukuba kwenze, umxube leyo kuhluzeka okucoca ezibandakanya ikalika. Ukususa olusuka kwisiphumo se isisombululo ikhalsiyam hayidroksayidi, sele idlule eziqhelekileyo carbon dioxide. Le kwenze ukuba lihluzwe, kwaye isiraphu Iswekile ngumphunga ngayo amaziko ezizodwa, evelisa iswekile sele eziqhelekileyo.

lactose

Le ekudleni ngesi kwimeko mveliso amasi eziqhelekileyo, apho eziqulathwe ngamafutha abangaphezu kwemfuneko kunye carbohydrate. Iqulethe izinto kukuba okuninzi: umzekelo, ubisi lwenkomo iqulethe malunga 4-5.5% ye-lactose kwi ubisi kwabafazi kunye iqhezu wayo umthamo ifikelela 5,5-8,4%.

molecule ngalunye glycidol luqulathe iintsalela-3 kunye nefom pyranose galactose-iswekile, nto leyo yenze uqhagamshelwano lokuqala kunye carbon atom yesine.

Ngokungafaniyo nezinye iswekile e lactose empahla enye ezizodwa. Oku malunga ukungabikho ngokupheleleyo ukufakwa kwamanzi, kangangokuba kwindawo ulophu ukuba glycine akazange ilithothise. Le propati ngokubanzi asetyenziswe kwishishini loxubo: ukuba yinxalenye ichiza ngokohlobo lomgubo yinxalenye sucrose eqhelekileyo, kuyimfuneko ukuba ukongeza lactose. Yinto yemvelo ngokupheleleyo nibe emzimbeni womntu, ngokungafaniyo ongeziweyo ezininzi ezenziwe ezithintela caking kunye ezimanzi. Yiyiphi imisebenzi neempawu carbohydrate of olu hlobo?

ZeBhayoloji lactose kubaluleke kakhulu kakhulu, ekubeni lactose amaqela ibalulekileyo lesondlo izilwanyana zobisi kunye nabantu. Ke ukuba maltose, iimpawu zayo thile ezahlukeneyo.

maltose

Kuyinto yimveliso eliphakathi efunyanwa haydrolisis bestatshi. Igama "maltose" kungenxa yokuba, xa abaninzi phantsi kwempembelelo lwemithombo (imithombo in Latin - maltum). Kwande kuphela kwizityalo kodwa izilwanyana. Kukuninzi, ekuveliseni lokugaya yinyongo.

Ubume iikhemikhali kunye neempawu

Le molecule ekudleni akhiwa kwiiyunithi α-glucose ezimbini ifomu pyranose kulo, apho amaqhina oqhagamshelwano phakathi yi-athom carbon yokuqala neyesine. Xa Imbonakalo enemibala emihle, crystals ezimhlophe. Incasa - sweetish, kakuhle enyibilikayo emanzini.

polysaccharides

Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba zonke polysaccharides kungathathwa ukusuka kwindawo umbono ukuba imveliso ye amafu of monosaccharides. chemical ifomula yabo jikelele - (C _b H ₁₀ O ₅₎ n. Kweli nqaku siza kujonga otashi njengoko omele kakhulu eqhelekileyo yentsapho.

starch

Oku kuyilwa ngenxa photosynthesis, kukuninzi ifakwe iingcambu kunye iimbewu eziphilayo zezityalo. Ziintoni iimpawu ebonakalayo carbohydrate lo hlobo? Xa Imbonakalo ngumgubo emhlophe kunye crystallinity kakubi ngokukhawuleza, ezingenakunyibilika ngamanzi abandayo. Ulwelo ashushu iyinxalenye isakhiwo colloidal (paste, ijeli). Xa wokugaya zezilwanyana, zininzi enzayim igalelo hydrolyzed alo glucose.

Ingaba kakhulu kuninzi Polymer zendalo, oluthi luqokelelane ukuba nobuninzi iintsalela i-glucose. Kwindalo, ngelo xesha kukho iintlobo ezimbini: amylose kunye amshopektin. Amylose, ukuba Polymer yomgama ziya unyityilikiswa emanzini. Le molecule iqulathe zeentsalela Alpha-glucose eziqhagamshelwe ngokusebenzisa yokuqala kunye carbon atom yesine.

Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba olu Istatshi yokuqala imveliso esibonakalayo photosynthesis yezityalo. Xa ingqolowa kunye nezinye okuziinkozo iqulathe ukuya kwi 60-80%, kanti iitapile -% 15-20 kuphela. By the ukuthetha ngendlela, akuthethi iinkozo starch phantsi neemicroscope nga ukufumanisa ngokuchanileyo iintlobo zezityalo, ngenxa yokuba ezahlukeneyo.

Ukuba ekudleni kusondela eshushu, oko zinemoletyhule enkulu kuya kwehlisa ngokukhawuleza polysaccharides ezincinane ezaziwa ngokuba dextrins. Bona ne starch kuphela iikhemikhali indlela jikelele (C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₅₎ x, kodwa kukho umahluko kwixabiso variable "x" ungaophantsi kuno ixabiso «n» kwi istatshi.

Ekugqibeleni sinikela itafile, nto leyo ibonisa kuphela iiklasi eziphambili carbohydrate, kodwa iimpawu zazo.

Amaqela main	Iimpawu isakhiwo molecule	iimpawu ezikhethekileyo carbohydrate
monosaccharides	Ahluke kwinani athom carbon: Triose (C 3) Tetroses (C4) Pentoses (C5) Hexose (B6)	ziikristale enemibala okanye ezimhlophe, ngokugqibeleleyo enyibilikayo emanzini, ngolangazelelo
oligosaccharides	Isakhiwo ezintsonkothileyo. Kuxhomekeka kuhlobo, equlethe 2-10 elwa iswekile ezilula	Imbonakalo efanayo, kancinane ngaphantsi enyibilikayo emanzini, incasa ngaphantsi sweet
polysaccharides	Ziqulethe uluhlu inani elikhulu kakhulu iintsalela monosaccharide	powder White, isakhiwo crystalline obuthathaka, musa ukuluhlakaza ngamanzi, kodwa abe kulo ubuchule ukudumba. Ukunambitheka-cala

Nantso into imisebenzi neempawu iindidi eziphambili carbohydrate.