Analogue penicillin. Antibiotics iqela penicillin: izalathiso, imiyalelo zokusetyenziswa

analogue penicillin zivulele amathuba amatsha oogqirha kunyango lwezifo ezosulelayo. Zinyamezela kakhulu enqanda of iintsholongwane kunye nokusingqongileyo ngxwaba esiswini, uneziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezimbalwa.

About penicillin

Penicillins - lelona antibiotics oludala. Bona akhawunti ngenxa iintlobo ezininzi, kodwa abanye babo baye balahlekelwa ukufaneleka kwabo ngenxa uxhathiso. Le ntsholongwane ziyakwazi ukumelana yaye babe buthuntu isenzo kwala machiza. Oku kwenza izazinzulu ukwenza iintlobo ezintsha sande, analogue penicillin sinakho iipropati ezintsha.

Penicillins kufuneka zinetyhefu esezantsi emzimbeni, kakhulu isetyenziswa kakhulu kwaye luphawu elungileyo legalelo bactericidal, kodwa kukwalisa kubo kakhulu eqhelekileyo ngaphezu oogqirha ongathanda ngakumbi. Oku kungenxa yemeko kweziphilayo antibiotics. Enye iimpawu ezimbi nazo ziquka ubunzima yokudibanisa kuzo kunye nezinye iziyobisi, ingakumbi neklasi efanayo.

indaba

I ikhankanya yokuqala uncwadi penicillin kwenzeka ngo-1963, xa incwadi Native American amagqirha. Basebenzisa umxube fungi kwiinjongo amayeza. Kuba ngqa ehlabathini bakhanyiselwa bakwazi ukufumana Aleksandru Flemingu, kodwa oku ngenjongo, kodwa ngengozi, njengazo zonke ezifunyaniswe ezinkulu.

Phambi kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II microbiologists British usebenza umba amayeza industrial nangokomthamo ezifunekayo. Ingxaki efanayo isonjululwe ngokunxuseneyo kwaye eUnited States. Ukusuka kule ndawo penicillin yaba ichiza ixhaphakileyo. Kodwa ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziye zaphawulwa kwaye bakwazi ukufaka elinye iqela-ntsholongwane, ezo ngcembe bafaka iqonga. Ukongeza, angenziwa baqala ukuvela ukumelana ukuba iziyobisi, zingabi lula unyango lwezifo ezinzulu.

Umgaqo amanyathelo antibacterial

I-bacteria cell eludongeni ukubunjwa luquka into ebizwa peptidoglycan. Penicillin iqela antibiotics kuchaphazela Yindibanisela kwiproteni, ziyibuyisela umva le lokusekwa enzyme eziyimfuneko. Esi silwanyana ofayo ngenxa nokungakwazi ukuhlaziya udonga iseli.

Noko ke, ezinye iintsholongwane bafunda ukumelana olu hlaselo enogonyamelo. Iveza beta-lactamase, elonakalisileyo i-enzayim ezichaphazela peptidoglycan. Ukumelana nale komqobo, izazinzulu kwafuneka ukudala analogue penicillin ukuba ukuphazamisa beta-lactamase, kakhulu.

Umngcipheko ukuba abantu

Ekuqaleni ixesha-ntsholongwane, oosonzululwazi ukucinga ngendlela zibe yityhefu umzimba womntu, ngenxa yokuba phantse yonke metry ephilileyo luqulathe iiprothini. Kodwa emva kokuchitha inani elaneleyo izifundo ziye zafumanisa ukuba peptidoglycan emizimbeni yethu kukho elincinane, uze ke ngoko, ukuba nayiphi na ingozi embi ukuba ichiza akakwazi.

LwaseNtshona Koloni ziba amanyathelo

Phantse zonke iintlobo penicillins benza ngayo iintsholongwane gram-HIV kuzenza Staphylococcus, iStreptococcus, Ezi ukubola komqala kunye gciwane isibetho. Kwakhona, xa ezinye izinto iquka zonke iintsholongwane, gonococci kunye meningococci, iintonga anaerobic nkqu fungi ethile (umz, yiActinomyces) gram-negative.

Izazinzulu ceba iintlobo ezintsha penicillin, ukuzama ukunqanda iintsholongwane siqhelane kwiipropati zabo bactericidal, kodwa unyango lwezifo nosocomial , eli qela iziyobisi akusekho efanelekileyo. Enye iimpawu olu hlobo antibiotics ezimbi - iibhaktheriya imithana, njengoko emathunjini lomntu loni ziibhaktheriya iso penicillin. Oku Kubalulekile ukukhumbula nini na ukuthatha amayeza.

Iindidi eziphambili (ngezigaba)

izazinzulu Modern zinika penicillins mihla ukwahlulwa ngokwamaqela ezine:

1. Natural, ezo kuhlelwe yi zomngundo. Ezi ziquka benzilpenitsilliny kunye bamazinyo. La machiza kufuneka spectrum emxinwa lomsebenzi, ikakhulu nxamnye iintsholongwane ezimbi-Igram.
2. amalungiselelo Semisynthetic kokuba ukuxhathisa penicillinases. Zisetyenziswa ukunyanga spectrum ezibanzi kwamagciwane. Abameli methicillin, oxacillin, nafcillin.
3. Karboksipenitsilliny (karbpenitsillin).
4. iziyobisi iqela kuluhlu olubanzi izenzo:
   - ureidopenitsilliny;
   - amidopenitsilliny.

ifomu biosynthetic

Umzekelo kufuneka akhokele ezinye kakhulu zithandwa ngalo mzuzu kwamayeza ezithiywe qela. Kakhulu mhlawumbi ukusuka pennitsilinov odumileyo kungathathwa "Bitsillin-3" yaye "5-Bitsillin". Baye bafumanisa iqela antibiotics yendalo kwaye aye phambili udidi yayo, yiyo iintlobo ngokhona kucokisekileyo iindawo zale imithi elwa.

1. "Ekstentsillin". Imiyalelo Sebenzisa ithi le zintsholongwane beta-lactam ngenyathelo ende. Ubungqina obubonakalayo buxela ukuba ukusebenzisa kwabo izifo samathambo etsolo kunye nezifo ezibangelwa treponema (negcushuwa, yaws neelitha). Ifumaneka powder. "Ekstentsillin" umyalelo manual alukho indibaniselwano ne non-steroidal amachiza-ukudumba (NSAIDs), kwakunye nokhuphiswano ukuhlanganyela. Oku kuchaphazela ngokungalunganga ukusebenza konyango.
2. "Penicillin-Fau" libhekisela kwiqela penicillin kulo. Isetyenziselwa unyango lwezifo ezosulelayo Kwiphecana eliphezulu yokuphefumla, isikhumba kunye imifinya yangaphakathi, ukuvuza ngaphantsi, negcushuwa, ngqi. Oku kusetyenziswa njengenyathelo lokuthintela emva kotyando, ukugcina rheumatism kuxolelwe, chorea minor, endocarditis yebhaktiriya.
3. Zintsholongwane "esifo" yi analog eyandulela Ukulungiselela. Ivela ngendlela iipilisi okanye granules. Akunconywa kudityaniswe NSAIDs kunye zokucwangcisa ngomlomo. Lisetyenziswa kumaxesha amaninzi unyango lwezifo ebuntwaneni.

ifomu semisynthetic

Eli qela iziyobisi kuquka iikhemikhali modified antibiotics zivela ngumngundo.

1. Neenqwelwana yokuqala kuluhlu "Amoxicillin". Imiyalelo zokusetyenziswa (ixabiso - malunga nekhulu engange) lubonisa ukuba chiza spectrum ezibanzi umsebenzi kwaye lisetyenziswa kwezifo phantse naluphi na indawo. inzuzo yayo kukuba isitali okusingqongileyo asidi esiswini, yaye emva kokuba ukufakwa kwi xi igazi ingaphezulu kukuba amanye amalungu eli qela. Kodwa musa idealize i "Amoxicillin". Imiyalelo zokusetyenziswa (ixabiso kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo inokwahluka) ilumkisa ukuba ichiza kufuneka ingamiselwa ukuba izigulane mononucleosis, allergies kunye nabasetyhini abakhulelweyo. ukusetyenziswa Long-term kunzima ngenxa yokuba isixa esikhulu ngayo icala.
2. Oxacillin sodium ityuwa yabelwa xa iintsholongwane ukuvelisa penicillinase. Ichiza asidi, oko kuthathwe ngomlomo, oko ako kakuhle emathunjini. Yena salawo ngokukhawuleza yi nezintso, ngoko kuyimfuneko ukuze kugcinwe rhoqo ukufumaneka ayinqwenelayo egazini. Kuphela contraindication - an uxabane. Oveliswa ngokohlobo iipilisi okanye ezineengqayi njenge ulwelo ukuze inaliti.
3. Ummeli lokugqibela penicillins semisynthetic - na ampicillin trihydrate. Imiyalelo yokusebenzisa (tablets) lubonisa ukuba ine spectrum ezibanzi amanyathelo, ezichaphazela zombini gram-HIV kunye gram-HIV iintsholongwane. Ngaba zivunwe kakuhle zizigulane, kodwa isilumkiso kufuneka inikwe abo anticoagulants (umzekelo, abantu ukuphazamiseka kwenkqubo sentliziyo), njengoko ichiza potentiates isenzo yayo.

nazinkinga

Penicillins zithengiselwa ezikhemisti njenge olungumgubo inaliti. Ngako oko, kuba ulawulo efakwa okanye intramuscular, baya kufuneka ipheliswe kulwelo. Kwindawo lwasekhaya lungasetyenziswa amanzi Yek ukuba ngenaliti, isotonic sisombululo sodium chloride okanye novocaine ezimbini-ekhulwini. Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuba ukuvuselelwa isinyibilikisi akufuneki ifudumale kakhulu.

Ziveza, Izimo kunye neziphumo ebezingalindelekanga

Yayibubungqina unyango zintsholongwane zezi iSifo: lobar kunye nenyumoniya lobular, empyema, nokudumba kunye septicemia, endocarditis ziibhakteriya, meningitis, osteomyelitis. Kusekwindla inyathelo tonsils ziibhakteriya, isifo somqala omhlophe, ifiva nebomvu, anthrax, ukuvuza ngaphantsi, negcushuwa, usulelo ubovu isikhumba.

Izimo kunyango yeqela penicillin a bit. Okokuqala, ubukho hypersensitivity ukuya ichiza kunye nezakhi zayo. Okwesibini, ekusekeni lokufunyaniswa sokuxhuzula, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukuba kungafundiswa ichiza kulo kumhlathi spinal. Njengoko ukukhulelwa kunye zisanyisa, kule meko inzuzo ezilindelekileyo kufuneka kakhulu ngaphezulu imingcipheko kunokwenzeka, ngokuba njengomqobo placental ukuba akubonakali ukuba penicillins. Ngexesha reception, iyeza umntwana kugqithiselwa okwethutyana kwenye indlela lokondla, ekubeni ichiza engena ubisi.

Iziphumo ezingalindelekanga zingenzeka kumanqanaba eziliqela.

CNS ziphumo bezingalindelekanga kuba isicaphucaphu, ukugabha, ukuba nochuku, meningismus, unditsho kunye isiqaqa. ziyabagulisa kubonakaliswa njengoko kolusu, ifiva, iintlungu ngokudibeneyo kunye ukudumba. Kukho amatyala bothukile anaphylactic kunye nokufa. Ngenxa yokuba isenzo bactericidal kunokwenzeka candidiasis lobufazi kwaye ngomlomo dysbacteriosis.

ukusebenzisa iimpawu

Amanyathelo kufuneka inikwe izigulane hepatic kakuhle kwaye umsebenzi sezintso xa efakiweyo ukusilela intliziyo. Akukho mfuneko yokuba isincomo ukusetyenziswa abantu ezithandwa negazi lakho, kwakunye nabo uvakalelo cephalosporin.

Ukuba iintsuku ezintlanu emva kokuqalisa unyango akukho tshintsho imeko yomguli andizanga, analogue penicillin ngoko kufuneka ingasetyenziswa nokuba endaweni iqela antibiotics. Ngaxeshanye ngokuqeshwa, umzekelo, iyeza "Bitsillin-3", kufuneka uthathe unonophelo yothintelo lwe superinfection ezinzwaneni. Ukuze wenze oku, bhala ngaphandle antifungals.

Ufuna incazelo ukuze acacisele isigulane ukuba ukuthatha amayeza ngaphandle kokuphazamisa sizathu ngenxa olunikwa iintsholongwane uxhathiso. Kwaye ukuloyisa kufuneka iziyobisi enamandla ngaphezu ezibangela ziziphumo ebezingalindelekanga.

analogue penicillin zibe sele yesilungu. Nangona eli qela yokuqala open-ntsholongwane, nangoku ihlala olufanelekileyo unyango lwe-meningitis, gonorrhoea kunye negcushuwa, abe imisebenzi ngokubanzi ngokwaneleyo amanyathelo kunye neziphumo ebezingalindelekanga inobulali, ngoko inokusetyenziswa ebantwaneni. Kakade ke, njengawuphi na amayeza, xa penicillins kufuneka Izimo kunye neziphumo ebezingalindelekanga, kodwa zincitshiswe amathuba isicelo.