Polymer Natural - ukusetyenziswa nendlela

Uninzi izinto zale mihla zokwakha, namayeza afanelekileyo, amalaphu, impahla, nezinto zokubopha consumable kwimathiriyeli neeplastikhi. Ingaba kukho iqela iikhompawundi yokuba yeempawu. A lot of kubo, kodwa nangona kunjalo, inani Iipholima iyaqhubeka ngokukhula. Emva zonke ekhemisi zokwenziwa bafumana izinto ezintsha nyaka ngamnye ngakumbi nangakumbi. Kulo mzekelo, ukubaluleka ekhethekileyo onke amaxesha yaba Polymer yendalo. Ziziphi ezi molekyuli ezimangalisayo? Ziziphi iimpawu zazo yaye ziziphi iimpawu? Iimpendulo zale mibuzo kweli nqaku.

Iipholima: iimpawu ngokubanzi

Ngokwembono chemistry, i-Polymer uthathwa ukuba zinemoletyhule kokuba ubunzima enkulu beemolekyuli evela izigidi iwaka abambalwa leeyunithi. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle lo msebenzi, kusekho abathile apho iziyobisi ngokugqithisileyo ncam ihlelwa zendalo kunye iipholima. Zezi:

• njalo phindaphinda units monomer, abaqhagamshelwe ngokusebenzisa uqhagamshelwano ezahlukeneyo;
• polymerase isidanga (ngamanye amazwi, inani monomers) kufuneka ibe phezulu kakhulu, kungenjalo ezimbaxa yayiza kubhekwe oligomer;
• izigqibo orientation lwendawo le macromolecule;
• iseti iipropati emzimbeni imichiza ebalulekileyo unique kwiqela.

Ngokubanzi, ubuncwane bendalo polymeric distinguishable ukusuka kwenye kakhulu lula. Omnye kuphela ukujonga olungumgubo yakhe uku bana phandle. Umzekelo woko i polyethylene ezaziwayo-kakuhle, zisetyenziswa kakhulu indlu kunye noshishino. It yimveliso indlela polymerization, apho ungena ezizizembiwa unsaturated yi ethene okanye ethylene. Indlela abasabela ngokubanzi esibhaliweyo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

kha ₂ = CH ₂ → (-CH-CH-) _n, apho n - liqondo of polymerization neemolekyuli ezibonisa neeyunithi monomer zibandakanyiwe kumafa yayo.

Kwakhona nje umzekelo, i Polymer zendalo eyaziwa kakuhle, le istatshi. Ngaphezu koko, kweli qela iikhompawundi bangamalungu amylopectin, kwincindi, iiproteins yenkuku kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi.

Reaction, nto leyo ekhokelele macromolecule ukuba kuyilwa, ezi ndidi mbini:

• polymerization;
• polycondensation.

Umahluko kukuba Kwimeko yesibini, iimveliso indlela kukho ubunzima ezinto ephantsi. Ubume Polymer kuyohluka, kuxhomekeke athom eziquka nto. Kudla kukho iintlobo yomgama, kodwa kukho enemingxuma-ntathu, enzima kakhulu.

Ukuba sithethe bezimpi kunye unxibelelwano apho abayibambe iiyunithi monomer kunye, kunokwenzeka ukuba ukuchonga uhlobo olungundoqo ezimbalwa:

• Van der amabutho Waals;
• chemical ekwakheni (covalent, ionic);
• intsebenziswano elektronostaticheskoe.

Zonke Iipholima ayikwazi zidityaniswe zibe udidi olunye ngenxa yokuba enemo eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo, indlela ukubunjwa enze imisebenzi ezingafani. iimpawu zabo nazo ezahlukeneyo. Ngoko ke, kukho kudidi evumela ukuba wabelane onke amalungu eli qela yezinto ngokweendidi ezahlukileyo. Oku kusekelwe alala imiqondiso emininzi.

ngezigaba neeplastikhi

Xa sithatha isiseko ubume esemgangathweni molekyuli, zonke izinto nga kumiselwa amaqela amathathu.

1. Le zomgquba - ezo eziqulathe carbon, hydrogen, isalfure, ioksijini, phosphorus, initrogen. Oko kukuthi, ezo zinto ezo biogenic. Imizekelo polyethylene ubunzima, Polyvinyl chloride, ezinepolypropylene, rayon, nenayiloni, Polymer yendalo - protein, nucleic acid njalo njalo.
2. Elementorganic - sisincoko enjalo equka ezinye nendaba ezingaphiliyo kunye elementi biogenic. Amaninzi ke lesilicon, aluminiyam okanye titanium. Imizekelo macromolecules ezinjalo: iglasi eziphilayo, steklopolimery, izinto edityanisiweyo.
3. Ezingaphiliyo - lulo isiseko umxokelelwane lesilicon athom endaweni carbon. Le radicals kwakhona babe yinxalenye amasebe osecaleni. Bavula njengokuba kutshanje phakathi kwinkulungwane XX. Isetyenziswa amayeza, ulwakhiwo, ubunjineli kunye namanye amashishini. Imizekelo abicah, cinnabar.

Ukuba wohlula Iipholima e imvelaphi, kunokwenzeka ukuchonga ezintathu iqela labo.

1. Iipholima Natural ukusetyenziswa zigazi ngokubanzi wenziwe endala. Ezi macromolecules ngendalo apho umntu enze umgudu. Bona iimveliso yohlobo abasabela. Imizekelo: neyesilika, uboya, iiproteins, nucleic acid, starch, kwincindi, isikhumba, umqhaphu kunye nabanye.
2. Artificial. Ezi macromolecules ukuthi zidalwe ngabantu, kodwa ngenxa nucleoside zendalo. Oko ukuphucula nje utshintshe iimpawu i Polymer ekhoyo zendalo. Imizekelo: irabha zokwenziwa, irabha.
3. Wokwenziwa - ezi Iipholima, ukudalwa kuphela umntu obandakanyekayo. nucleoside Natural kubo. Izazinzulu ukuphuhlisa iindlela synthesizing izinto ezintsha ezahlukileyo ukuya nokuphuculwa komsebenzi. Ngaloo zizalwa le khompawundi zokwenziwa polymeric zonke iintlobo. Imizekelo: polyethylene, ezinepolypropylene, rayon, ifayibha acetate kunye like.

Kukho nenye inkalo, leyo sisiseko ukungcola izinto kweli qela. Le reactivity kunye nokumelana thermal. Yaba iindidi ezimbini le parameter:

• thermoplastic;
• thermosets.

Eyona yamandulo, kubalulekile ingakumbi ezixabisekileyo isengumceli Polymer yendalo. iimpawu zayo ezikhethekileyo. Ngoko ke, thina esilandelayo khangela kuyo le didi macromolecules.

Yeyiphi into i Polymer yendalo?

Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo, kuqala khangela ngeenxa zonke kuwe. Singqongwe? Eziphilayo emhlabeni thina zatya inyama, ukuphefumla, ziyazala, entlahleni lize livelise iziqhamo nembewu. Yaye ukusuka kwindawo beemolekyuli ngayo? Oku kumane ezifana:

• protein;
• nucleic;
• polysaccharides.

Ngoko ke, lo Polymer yendalo, nganye kwezi zinto zingasentla. Ngoko ke, kubonakala ukuba ubomi ngeenxa zonke kuthi, kukho Bulelani kuphela ukuba babekho kwezi iimolekyuli. Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, abantu babesebenzisa udongwe, ukuhlanganiswa kunye nezisombululo ukubomeleza nokwakha amakhaya, vulu ephothiweyo, uboya, esetyenziselwa ekudaleni cotton impahla, isilika, uboya nesikhumba izilwanyana. Iipholima zendalo organic bahamba kuzo zonke izigaba lasungulwa kunye nophuhliso, nangeendlela ezininzi wamnceda ukufezekisa iziphumo esinalo namhlanje.

kanye uhlobo unika bonke kubomi babantu ngathi tofotofo kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, lo irabha uyaziwa, oko wacacisa nezakhiwo zawo ezimangalisayo. Umntu uye wafunda ukusebenzisa ukutya istatshi, kwi zobugcisa - kwincindi. Polymer Natural kwaye camphor, nto leyo nayo eyaziwa ukususela kumaxesha amandulo. Emahlamvini, iiprotheni, nucleic - yonke imizekelo iikhompawundi ethathelwa ingqalelo.

Isakhiwo neeplastikhi zendalo

Not onke amalungu ale yeklasi iikhompawundi kufuneka isakhiwo esifanayo. Ngenxa yoko, iipholima zendalo kunye zokwenziwa ingahluka kakhulu. molecule awo utsaleleka ukuze ukuba kukho inzuzo kakhulu lula ngokunxulumene ne-eneji. Noko ke, iintlobo ezininzi zendalo bayakwazi ukudumba nesakhiwo yabo kwinkqubo yokutshintsha. Kukho ezahlukeneyo eziliqela zixhaphakileyo lobume chain:

• linear;
• branched;
• stellate;
• eflethini;
• nylon;
• tape;
• ikama.

Abameli macromolecules Artificial nezenziwe kufuneka ubunzima elikhulu kunene, kukho inani elikhulu-athom. Zidalwa ngempahla ezinqwenelekayo ngqo. Ngoko ke, ubume babo lalenze isicwangciso emntwini. Iipholima zendalo bavame mhlawumbi yomgama okanye njengonombombiya kubume.

Imizekelo macromolecules zendalo

Iipholima Natural nezenziwe zikufutshane kakhulu omnye komnye. Emva kokuba kuqala waba isiseko owesibini. Imizekelo utshintshwano ezinjalo abaninzi. Nazi ezinye zazo.

1. iplastiki yesiqhelo emhlophe njengamasi - oku yimveliso abalufumene unyango lwe neselulosi ne-nitric acid kunye nokongeza camphor zendalo. Le polymerization reaction kukhokelela lukhuni ke Polymer ifunyenwe kwaye ukuguqulwa ukuya kwimveliso oyifunayo. A plasticizer - camphor, eyenza ikwazi ukuthambisa xa itshiswa utshintshe isimo sabo.
2. silk acetate, cuprammonium ifayibha, viscose - yonke imizekelo nebomvu, imicu, ezo zifunyenwe ngokusekelwe kwincindi. Amalaphu ezenziwe yomqhaphu yendalo nelinen azikho Yomelelani, brilliant, kulula ndezela. Kodwa nucleoside lokwenziwa kwezi zintswelo wobubi, eyenza usebenziso yabo nomtsalane kakhulu.
3. ilitye ezingezizo, izixhobo zokwakha, imixube, yesikhumba - kwakhona imizekelo Iipholima zivela ngezinto zendalo.

A into nto leyo Polymer zendalo, kwaye zingasetyenziswa ifomu yalo. Imizekelo enjalo zininzi kakhulu:

• rosin;
• amber;
• starch;
• amylopectin;
• kwincindi;
• uboya;
• uboya;
• cotton;
• silk;
• isamente;
• udongwe;
• lime;
• protein;
• nucleic acid kunye njalo njalo.

Kucacile ukuba phambi kwethu udidi zithako inkulu kakhulu, phantse ezibalulekileyo ngenxa yabantu. Ngoku makhe siqwalasele ngokweenkcukacha ezithile abameli Iipholima zendalo, leyo ethandwa kakhulu ngelo xesha.

Okwenziwa noboya

Formula zendalo silk Polymer ezintsonkothileyo, ngokuba nokubunjwa kwayo ngemichiza kubonakaliswa macandelo alandelayo:

• fibroin;
• sericin;
• amafutha;
• amafutha.

Ngokwakhe protein ezinkulu - fibroin, kukho ubulungu ngeentlobo ezininzi acid acid. Ukuba ikhona kwi ikhonkco polypeptide, iya kukhangela ngolu hlobo: (-NH-CH ₂ -CO-NH-CH (CH ₃₎ -CO-NH-CH ₂ -CO-) _n. Kwaye oku nje inxalenye yawo. Ukuba simele sicinge ukuba isakhiwo esebenzisa van der Waals ujoyina na sericin protein entsonkothileyo kakhulu molecule, zixubene kunye Ukumila eyodwa wax kunye amafutha, siyaqondakala isizathu sokuba kube nzima ezibonisa ifomula silk yendalo.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, enkulu le mveliso onikezela China, kuba iindawo zawo ezivulekileyo, kukho yemvelo ukuba umlimi engundoqo - silkworm. Ngaphambili, ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, isilika yendalo kuthakazelelwa kakhulu. Ukuthenga impahla kuye yodwa ezindilekileyo, abantu abazizityebi. Namhlanje, uninzi iimpawu inwebu ulihlwempu. Ngokomzekelo, yena magnetized ngamandla kwaye Ndayishwabanisa, ukongeza, sesichengeni ilanga ithe ayenechaphothi yayo buze. Ngoko ke, engasekho usebenzise yezabelo zokwenziwa kwayo.

Iwulu - kukwayinto entle Polymer yendalo njenge imveliso imisebenzi ebalulekileyo ulusu nasemadlaleni sebaceous zezilwanyana. Ngokusekelwe kule mveliso protein knitwear eyenziweyo, leyo, efana isilika, kuyinto material exabisekileyo.

starch

starch Natural bubomi imveliso Polymer zezityalo. Bathi aliveze ngenxa inkqubo yefotosinthesis inokuqokelelana kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zomzimba. yakheke chemical:

• amylopectin;
• amylose;
• alpha-glucose.

Isakhiwo lwamabala wesitatshi uya branched kunene, ophazamisekileyo ngengqondo. Ngenxa amylopectin ifakiwe, ikwazi ukudumba emanzini, abe ebizwa ngokuba yi-paste. Le isisombululo colloidal isetyenziswa ubugcisa kunye noshishino. Medicine, ishishini ukutya, ukuveliswa lodonga yokuncamathelisa - oku kwakhona ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi.

Phakathi izityalo equlathe zesixa wesitatshi kungathiwa:

• amabele;
• amazambane;
• irayisi;
• kwengqolowa;
• lanyuka;
• oats;
• buckwheat;
• bananas;
• namabele.

Ngenxa yale biopolymer ukubhaka isonka, yenza ipasta, ukupheka ijeli, okuziinkozo kunye nezinye iimveliso zokutya.

kwincindi

Ngokwembono chemistry, iyeza - yinto Polymer ogama yokuqamba oluvakaliswe ifomula (C ₆ H ₅ O _{5) n.} Monomer unit chain beta-glucose. indawo ephambili yomxholo neselulosi - ke iindonga iseli kwezityalo. Kungenxa yoko le nto iinkuni - ngumthombo oxabisekileyo yale ezimbaxa.

Kwincindi - a Polymer zendalo ukuba unalo isakhiwo lwendawo yomgama. It isetyenziswe ukuvelisa ezi ntlobo zilandelayo kweemveliso:

• Intlama nePhepha imveliso;
• Uboya eyenziweyo;
• iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kwimicu ezenziwe ngumntu;
• cotton;
• iiplastiki;
• msi umgubo;
• imiboniso bhanya-njalo.

Kucacile ukuba ixabiso layo kwimizi-mveliso omkhulu. Kule ayimbumba zinokusetyenziswa kwimveliso, kufuneka ibe ukuqalisa ukuba simunce kwizityalo. Oku kwenziwa kuphekiwe rhoqo somthi izixhobo ezikhethekileyo. uqhubekeko phambili, kwakunye wezenzi ezisetyenziswe ukuba ukwetyisa zahlukile. Kukho iindlela ezininzi:

• sulfite;
• nitrate;
• i soda;
• sulfate.

Emva impatho enjalo, imveliso isaqhubekeka ukungcola. Xa intliziyo yalo lignin kunye isiHindi. Ukuze yokuzifumana, le yintlama iphathwa chlorine okanye kwealkali.

Xa abantu, akukho ehlanganisa ezinjalo eziphilayo ukuthi zikwazile ndoyidiliza le biopolymer ezintsonkothileyo. Noko ke, ezinye izilwanyana (ezitya utyani), naphaya kulo. isisu sabo ukuzinza iintsholongwane ezithile ezenza kube nzima ngayo kubo. Endaweni eziphilayo bafumana amandla ubomi yokuhlala. Olu hlobo ngokuncedisana kuluncedo kakhulu ukuba omabini amaqela.

irabha

Le Polymer bemveli ixabiso lwexabiso lezoqoqosho. Kuba okokuqala kokuba echazwe ngu Robert Cook, owathi kwenye ngohambo lwakhe bamfumana. Kwathi like this. Emva igqampe kwi siqithi apho bomthonyama ababehlala ingaziwa kuye, kukwamkelwa ngobubele ngabo. ingqalelo yakhe ezitsalwa abantwana basekuhlaleni, abadlale engaqhelekanga isifundo. Lo mzimba ungqukuva nto bakucaphukele ukusuka emgangathweni atsibe phezulu emoyeni, emva koko wabuya.

Cela abantu bengingqi malunga noko yenziwa kulo yokudlala, Cook wafumanisa ukuba oku Ukuguqulwa kolwelo ijusi emthini - Hevea. Kamva, kwafunyaniswa ukuba oku irabha biopolymer.

Khemikhali uhlobo compound eyaziwa - na isoprene, zendalo izalwe polymerization. Formula irabha (C ₅ H _{8) n.} iimpahla zazo, ngenxa apho ke ngoko kakhulu, ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• luthambe;
• kwalo;
• ukwahlukanisa sombane;
• manzi.

Noko ke, kukho izinto kuneengxaki. Xa iimeko ebandayo iba buthathaka kwaye inkumnkum, kwaye nobushushu - yokuncamathelisa viscous. Kungenxa yoko le nto kukho imfuneko yokuba Yindibanisela analogue babangenagama eyenziweyo okanye zokwenziwa. Namhlanje rubbers ezisetyenziswa kakhulu zobunjineli izicelo mveliso. Iimveliso ezibaluleke kakhulu ezisekelwe phezu kwabo;

• irabha;
• yaba sisithabathaba.

amber

It is a Polymer yendalo, ekubeni intlaka na isakhiwo, eziphili imilo yayo. isakhiwo Spatial - yezitena Polymer amorphous. Kakhulu olunokutsha, oko phemba nedangatye bomdlalo. It has iipropati chweba. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu kwaye ezixabisekileyo umgangatho, nto leyo esetyenziswa izacholo. Izihombo ngokwesiseko evuthiweyo Intle kakhulu kwaye imfuneko.

Ukongeza, i-biopolymer ezisetyenziswa iinjongo zonyango. Ngenxa enokuba kubhaliwe yenziwa sandpaper Ipeyinti aqabe imiphezulu ezahlukeneyo.