Ifowuni ephantsi kwamanzi ye-APS: ifoto, inkcazo, iifanekiso

Kwisihlandlo sangaphambili, abantu basebenzisa izixhobo njengesixhobo esiyintloko. Kwiminyaka ye-1950, ngokuza kwezinto zokuqala zetyhuba, kwacaca ukuba umgijimi unokuhlala ekulweni kwamanzi xa egcina umchasi wakhe ekude. Ngenxa yoko, i-knife yatshintshwa yi-harpoon phantsi kwamabhunqa angaphantsi kwamanzi, aphumelele kuphela ekuzingeleni okanye ekukhuselweni kwi-sharks. Esi sixhobo sinexabiso eliphantsi lokukhawuleza, uluhlu, umyinge womlilo kunye namandla abulalayo. Kwakunzima ukujamelana notshaba oluqeqeshwe ngokusetyenziswa kuphela isibhamu se-harpoon. Kule nkalo, kumazwe amaninzi, umsebenzi wokwakha uqalisiwe ukudala ukuphinda kwamanzi izibhamu eziphantsi kwamanzi. Enye yazo yayisibhamu esenziwe ngokuzenzekelayo esenziwe yi-Soviet gunsmiths ye-APS.

Eli nqaku liqulethe ulwazi malunga nale sixhobo zamanzi kunye nezinye izinto ezifanayo ezisetyenziselwa abagijimi bokulwa kwamanye amazwe.

Imbali

Ngo-Oktobha 1955, kwavela intlekele eyingozi kwiSevastopol Bay yaseNovorossiysk, ngexesha lokulwa. Kwexesha elide phakathi kweengcali kukho uluvo lokuba imbangela yokungonwabi iyisabatha. Nangona kwakungekho mqondiso wokuphazamiseka kwangaphandle kule meko, iziganeko zango-1955 zaphoqelelwa ukuba umkhosi uqikelele ngombuzo: njani amaqela angama-maritime ama-sabotage angabalwa ngokufanelekileyo? Ngama-1960, iiyunithi eziliqela zokubhukuda kwamabutho zaqulunqwa kwi-USSR, apho ii-gunsmith zaseSoviet zenza i-system ye-weapon ngokuzenzekelayo yamanzi (iifoto zezixhobo zichazwe kwinqaku).

Abaphuhlisi

Umsebenzi wophando nophuhliso wenziwa kwi-TsNIItotmash ishishini ePodolsk phantsi kolawulo lukaVV. Simonov. I-version yokuqala ye-APS yahlanganiswa ngumyili we-PA Tkanev. Ukususela ngo-1975, i-APS iveliswa ngokukhawuleza kwimveliso yeengalo eTula. Ngokwesiko, le mibhobho yasemanzini yayixhobile ngamasosha aseMSoviet akhethekileyo. Namhlanje, esi sixhobo samanzi sisetyenziselwa abagijimi be-Russia kunye ne-Ukraine.

Ziziphi ubunzima abadibanisi abajamelana nazo?

Kwinkqubo yokuyila iingalo ezincinci zamanzi, abaphuhlisi bejamelene nengxaki ebakho ukukhuselwa kwamanzi aphezulu. Ngenxa yokuwa kwayo kwimibhobho yemodeli yokuzenzekelayo kunye neyokuzenzekelayo, i-steam yaqokelela, eyabangela ukuba isikhali singenakusetyenziswa. Xa udala isakrenam isikhali esisodwa esikhethekileyo se-APS, ezi zinto zibini ziqwalaselwe.

Uluhlu lweengxaki

I-APS yezixhobo ngokuzenzekelayo zamanzi zisetyenziselwa njengezixhobo ezizimeleyo ngabashukumi be-scuba abafowunelwe ukudubula emacaleni naphantsi kwamanzi. Eyona nto iklanywe ngokukhethekileyo kwesi sixhobo, abaqulunqi baye baqulunqa i-cartridge eneenjongo ezikhethekileyo (i-cartridge marine cartridge) eyi-5,6 mm engama-mm, equlethe inaliti (arrow) uhlobo lwebhokisi, ubunzima balo abudluli kwi-15 g. Ngaphandle, ibhola iyafana nekhonkco ephindwe kabini. Inxalenye yayo yeentloko iqulethe intambo yecavitation, eyenzelwe ukunika ibhola:

• Ukunyakaza okuzinzileyo emanzini.
• Ukulondolozwa kwamandla kumgama omde.

Ngenxa yokungabikho kwemibhobho yebhanki kwisigxina ngokuzenzekelayo ngexesha lokuhamba kwendiza, ukudalulwa kwebhanki kukhishiwe. Xa udubula phezulu, le nhlamvu ayiyi kuzinzisa kwaye ihlasele ithagethi kumgama wee-100 ukuya kwiimitha, ebeka umda wokulwa kwamanye amazwe kwiindawo eziselunxwemeni.

Ukuze benze imisebenzi yokulwa, abagijimi basebenzisa izibhamu kunye neepistoli ze-SPP-1 (i-submarine), efana nomshini, efanelwe ukudubula kunye ne-MPS cartridges kunye ne-MPTs (i-cartridge ye-carri ekhethekileyo eyenziwa ngabagijimi bokulwa ukulungisa ukudubula).

Ngenxa yezenzo zokuzenzekelayo kwi-APS, ukunyanzelwa kwamanzi angenayo ngaphakathi kwenkqubo kuyanqotshwa. Ngenxa yoko, isithuthi somnxweme ngokuzenzekelayo sisisigxina singasetyenziselwa ukuqhuma ngaphantsi kwamanzi kwiimitha zokuhamba kwendlela. Amandla okubulala aloo nhlamvu kunye nesantya sokuqala (365 m / s) ngokwaneleyo ukubetha ingilazi ye-0.5-cm yeglasi kunye nokubetha intshaba egqoke kwi-wetsuit.

I sixhobo

Ekuveleni komntu owamkela umshini wokuzenzekelayo umshini ozenzekelayo, umatshini wesitampu usetyenziswa. Nangona kunjalo ukuba ezi zingalo ezincinci zijoliswe ekusebenziseni phantsi kwamanzi, zihluke kakhulu kumatshini wesampuli yomhlaba. I-APS ifakwe i-mechanical recharging mechanism, eyenziwa ngenxa yamandla wegesi e-powder eziphuma kumbhobho ngexesha lokudubula.

Isixhobo sineenkqubo yokuphazamiseka, okuvumela umqhubi ukuba aqhubise umlilo kunye kunye nokuqhuma okuqhubekayo. Ukuze kwenziwe ukulungiswa kwimodi yomlilo, umatshini uxhotyiswe ngumguquleli okhethekileyo. Indawo yendawo yayo yindawo ekhohlo yommkeli.

Ngombulelo wetsimbi yentsimbi yesitoreji esikhathekayo, umatshini kulula ukuyisebenzisa. Kwiimeko ezihambelayo, le nto iqhutyelwa ngokukhawuleza kwi-receiver, kwaye oomatshini banokuqhotyoshelana kumacandelo ezithuthi ezingaphantsi kwamanzi. I-APS yenzelwe ama-2,000 ama-shots phantsi kwamanzi. Ubuncedo bayo emoyeni bubungama-180.

Zisebenza ngaphantsi kwezixhobo zamanzi?

Ngethuba lokudubula, i-APS yokuvala ibuyela emuva ukuze ivule umgqomo, yikhuphe ikhatyriji ekamelweni ize uyikhuphe. Ukubuya kwentwasahlobo phantsi kwezenzo zesakhelo sesilayidi sixinekile, sishukumisa ukucima kwaye sisetyenziselwe indlela yokuqhayisa emlonyeni wokulwa. Emva kokuba i-trigger igxininiswe entwasahlobo, indlela yokubuyisela iqala ukusebenza. Kwindlela yokunyuka kwayo ngokuncediswa kwebhotti, iimpawu ezilandelayo zithunyelwa kwivenkile ukuya ekamelweni kwaye igodlo lombhalo luvaliwe. Ibhokisi lebhokisi lixhotywe ukulwa okukhethekileyo, eziye zenzelwe ukuvalela ibhotela. Ukuvalelwa kuthathwa njengento epheleleyo, ukuba i-bolt kunye nokulwa kwayo kuhamba kulezi zixhaso. Isakhelo sokuvala, ukuqhubela phambili, udibanisa nomdubhu, onokuncedwa ngumdlali-mqhubi aphule i-primer yeempahla, ngenxa yokuphelelwa kwesibhamu.

Ukulwa

Indawo yokugcinwa kweekridiji yayiyi-bhokisi-uhlobo lwephepha eliphindwe kabini elinomlinganiselo wokufikelela kwizixhobo ezifikelela kuma-26. Ukwahlukana kweenqwelojidi kwivenkile kuqhutyelwa kusetyenziswe iplani ekhethekileyo. Iivenkile ziqulethe i-spring grips ekulungisa izixhobo eziphezulu kwisibhamu esenziwe ngokuzenzekelayo. Iziganeko zezixhobo eziphantsi kwamanzi, iingcali zithi, azikho ehlabathini. Nangona kunjalo, kuyaziwa ukuba ngokuhambelana nokuphuhliswa kwezixhobo zezixhobo zeSoviet kwamanye amazwe, kwenziwa iinzame zokudala izixhobo eziphantsi komhlaba.

QBS-06

Ukususela ngo-2006, ezi zixhobo zincinci zincinci zixhotywe ngabanqamli be-Republic of People's Republic. I-QBS-6 yi-automatic submersible, apho i-diver ekwazi ukubetha iithagethi zamanzi ezingaphantsi kwamanzi naphambili.

Umgqomo wesi sixhobo uvalelwe nge-rotary bolt, isibambo esiphezulu kwicala lomshini. Kwimveliso yommkeli, kufakwe ishidi lentsimbi. Ngokungafani ne-Soviet APS, imodeli yaseTshayina ineplastiki yangaphambili. Ngokukodwa iiglavu ezigqokeyo zilungele ukusebenzisa i-QBS-6, iibraces zokuqala zenziwe ngokubanzi. Iingqumbo ezingabheki. Oomatshini baxhotyiswe ngamagcisa egadi. Ukuba kuyimfuneko, banokongezwa. Izixhobo zifumaneka kwibhokisi yebhokisi yeplastiki, eyenzelwe iikhodijiji ezingama-5.8 mm. Amashishini aphantsi kwamanzi aphantsi kwe-QBS-6, izixhobo zokujonga izinto ezingagunyazisiweyo ziye zaphuhliswa.

Iimpawu zendlela yaseTshayina

Uluhlu olusebenzayo lomlilo i-QBS-6 luxhomekeke kubukhulu bokucwiliswa. Xa usebenzisa i-submachine izibhamu kwindawo engama-5 m, ububanzi besikhali singama-30 m, kwaye kwi-20 m imitha-i-cartridges isebenzayo kumgama we-20 m. Ukuba umdaka ugeze umgama wama-40 m, ububanzi be-gun e-submachine bu-10 m. Emhlabeni, kodwa oku kubandakanya ukwehla kokuchaneka kweentsimbi kunye nobomi bomshini. I-QBS-6 isebenzisa ingqiqo kunye noyilo olufanayo njenge-Soviet submarine machine automation APS.

Abalingani be-NATO: BUW-2

Ngowe-1971, iRiphabliki yaseJamani yaseJamani yavelisa ibhasi le-BUW-2 elingaphantsi kwamanzi. Iimpawu zaza zaba yi-bullets ezisebenzayo, ezibonakaliswa ukuzinza kwe-hydrodynamic. Iikharriji ziqulethwe kwisibini esisodwa sebharri ezine. Ububanzi ngaphantsi kwamanzi abudluli kwiimitha ezili-10, emoyeni - 250. Izixhobo ezineenaliti zensimbi zingama-4,5 mm. Ubude babo buvela ku-3 ukuya kwi-6 cm. Ukongeza kwiingalane zifakwe kwiibhola eziqukethe izinto ezinobuthi. Isondlo senziwa kwivenkile elinamandla ezinama-15 ukuya kuma-20.

P11

Inkampani yaseJamani eHeckler Koch ngokukhethekileyo eyenzelwe abagadi beemfazwe bahlakulela ipasto engaphansi kwamanzi P11. Esi sixhobo sixhotywe ngebhloko yokutshintshwa, apho iinqununu zitholakala khona, izixhobo zazo ezenziwa kuqala kumveliso, kwaye ukuhlawulwa kwakhona kungenziwa kuphela kwiindibano zokusebenzela ezizodwa. Emva kokuba zonke iintlawulo zidutshulwe, iibhloko ziyakususwa kwipistoli. I-P11 ibonakaliswa yintlawulo yokutshaya kombane kwaye ixhotywe nge-electronic trigger eqala umtya wesigareli sombane ngamnye. Njengomthombo wamandla, amabhetri angu-9-volt (iziqwenga ezimbini) zisetyenziselwa. Indawo yendawo yabo yindawo egxininisiweyo kwisibambo.

Ngenxa yobukho beendlela zombane, ukuzala okulula kunikezelwa. Ukudubula amabutho akhethiweyo angaphantsi kwamanzi amabhasi a-7.62 mm, afakwe izixhobo ezinobununu. Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo ziqulethe ibhola ekukho inkokheli engundoqo. Izixhobo zokubhoboza izixhobo zixhotywe ngebhokisi elimnyama, eline-core core. I-pistol inomlinganiselo osebenzayo womlilo, ifikelela kumitha ezili-15 ngaphantsi kwamanzi kunye no-30-emoyeni.

Namhlanje, le mibhobho engaphantsi kwamanzi ixhobile nabagijimi bemfazwe baseJamani, e-Italy, eFransi, eNorway, e-United States nase-Great Britain.