Nengxaki Bosnian ka 1908-1909. kunye neziphumo zayo zezopolitiko

Ngo-Oktobha 1908, Austria-Hungary ehlonyelwe i Bosnia eselumelwaneni naseHerzegovina, nto leyo esisizathu sokuba eYurophu waba phezu elunxwemeni imfazwe enkulu. Kwaqengqeleka iinyanga eziliqela, i-World Endala bephethe bated umoya ukukhuthazana. Salandela imizamo oonozakuzaku nabezopolitiko ukuba uphephe intlekele. Ezi ziganeko baziwa ngokuba crisis Bosnian. Ngenxa yoko, amagunya amakhulu ayiphumelelanga ukuba uyavuma, yaye enziwe mpuluswa imbambano. Noko ke, ixesha iye yabonisa ukuba KwiiBalkans i ingongoma onokudubula of Europe. Namhlanje, umbhodamo Bosnian ibonwa nje Njengengabula-zigcawu ngokuphathelele leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi.

ngumba

Emva kokugqitywa imfazwe Russian-Turkish ka-1877 - iminyaka 1878. Berlin sokunikezela kwinkomfa yamazwe ngamazwe, nto leyo ezikhuselwe ngokusemthethweni kongqinelwano entsha imikhosi kwiiBalkans. Ngokutsho kwinqaku 25 le sivumelwano, ongene ikomkhulu eJamani, Bosnia, nto leyo ngaphambili ababekolo Ottoman, ahlala Austria-Hungary. Nangona kunjalo, esi sigqibo umngeni elivela eSerbia. Eli lizwe nje ugwetyelwe, wakhululwa kuso kolawulo Turkish, kunye norhulumente yayo ndoyika ukuba ngolwabiwo uBukhosi Habsburg kungakhokelela ekubeni ekugqibeleni Austrians bambambe Belgrade.

Ezi sasingekho kumhlaba wayo. I Habsburgs ukuba kangangexesha elide baye bakha abaqokeleli umfanekiso amazwe Slavic (nokuxubana accounted for-60% yabemi Austria-Hungary). Ngenxa soku sasikukuba ukuba ookumkani eVienna basilele zimanyane phantsi intonga yakhe Germany (Prussia wenza) ekugqibeleni waphethulela ingqalelo yakhe ukuya ngasempuma. Austria sele kulawulwa Bohemia, Slovenia, Croatia, Slovakia, Bukovina, Compostela, Krakow yaye akazange afune wanibeka phezu kwawo.

senze

Emva 1878 Bosnia wahlala phantsi umsebenzi we Austria, nangona ubume balo elisemthethweni ekugqibeleni igqitywe. Le mba kwixesha elithile iye yalityaziswa. Liqabane ephambili Serbia kwezopolitiko ngezizwe Russia (kwakhona Slavic kunye nelizwe Orthodox). E St. Petersburg, ngokucwangcisiweyo bakhusele imfuno eBelgrade. Empire kunokubeka uxinzelelo phezu Habsburgs, kodwa akazange akwenze oko. Kwaye onxulumene wokutyikitywa kwesivumelwano zontathu ka-Russia, iJamani Austria. Amazwe wanikela omnye isiqinisekiso of non-ndlongo xa imfazwe.

Le nkqubo ubudlelwane ifanele ka-Alexander II kunye Alexander III, ngoko umbhodamo Bosnian yalityalwa ngokufutshane. "Union of uMlawuli Three" Ekugqibeleni uwa ngo-1887 ngenxa ungquzulwano phakathi Austria neRashiya ezinxulumene eBulgaria kunye eSerbia. Emva kwale ikhefu e Vienna wayeka yeleyo naziphi na izibophelelo Romanovs lowo. Ngokuthe ngcembe e Austria wakhula ziimvakalelo ngokwandileyo zobumfazwe expansionist ukuya Bosnia.

Iimfuno Serbia ne Turkey

KwiiBalkans zisoloko imbiza enkulu esinabantu enemibala uhlanga. Iintlanga ziye ixubene omnye komnye, yaye kwaba nzima ukufumanisa apho endihleli ezweni kolawulo yesininzi. Oko kwakunjalo Bosnia. Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XIX,-50% yabantu yayingamaSerb. Baba Orthodox, kwaye Bosniaks - Muslims. Kodwa ukuphikisana zazo zangaphakathi mzamo phambi usongo Austria.

Enye icala ungquzulwano yaba Ottoman. Urhulumente Turkish anayo eminyaka wahlala kwingxaki kwezopolitiko. Ngaphambi kokuba lo bukhosi babephuma lonke kwiiBalkans yaye iHungary, kunye imikhosi yayo kabini wawungqinga eVienna. Kodwa ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XX nangenxa yozuko kunye nobukhulu akukho mkhondo ihleli. I Ottoman yabamba stub encinane yomhlaba eThrace kwaye eYurophu angqongwe ngamazwe ezinobutshaba Slavic.

Ngaphambi nje kokuba nengxaki Bosnian yenzeka ehlotyeni ka-1908 i-revolution Young Turk aduma Turkey. Umthunyelwa मेसेजिंग ngamandla kangako, kwaye urhulumente omtsha kwakhona kakhulu baxele amabango abo owayesakuba kwiphondo Balkan.

Iintshukumo bokuphathisana Austria

Austrians ukuba ekugqibeleni bahlomela Bosnia, kwakuyimfuneko ukuba nje ukulungisa kuphela Turks, kodwa amagunya amaninzi yaseYurophu: Russia, France, iBritani, Italy ne eSerbia. urhulumente Habsburg, njengesiqhelo, wagqiba bavumelane kuqala kunye amagunya Old yeHlabathi. Iintetho nezikhulu kula mazwe kwakhokelela Alois von Aehrenthal, ngubani waba ngumlungiseleli amazwe.

Eyokuqala sengozini ngenxa abavela. Bakwazi ukuqinisekisa inkxaso Austria-Hungary kutshintshiselwano ngenxa yokuba eVienna akayi kuyiphazamisa imfazwe babo eTurkey ngenxa ilifa Libya. Ekugqibeleni Sultan wavuma ukunikezela i Bosnia emva kokuba wathembisa imbuyekezo ubungakanani nezigidi ezi-2.5 leeponti. Ngokwemveli Austria lixhasa eJamani. UWilhelm II ngokobuqu ababecinezela Sultan, owaba nempembelelo enkulu.

Talks Russia and Austria-Hungary

nengxaki Bosnian ka-1908 ukuba kuphela intlekele ukuba eRashiya wamelana nokudliwa. Ngako oko, uthetha-thethwano Aehrenthal kunye Aleksandra Izvolskogo (Kwakhona uMphathiswa weMicimbi yangaPhandle) mide ingakumbi nokuba nzima. NgoSeptemba, amaqela bafikelela kwisivumelwano lokuqala. Russia wavuma nokudliwa Bosnia, lo gama Austria wayethembise ukuba aqonde ilungelo iinqanawa Russian military kudlula ngokukhululekiyo okubandezeleka Sea Black balawulwa Turkey.

Enyanisweni, oko kwakuthetha ukuba ukungahoywa nezivumelwano yangaphambili eBerlin ngowe-1878. Le meko nzima kukuba Isvolsky thethwana ngaphandle ugunyaziso ukusuka phezulu, kwaye Aehrenthal wadlala umdlalo kabini. Le nezifundiswa, bavuma ukuba nokudliwa kuya kwenzeka kamva, xa kukho ithuba elimiselweyo. Noko ke, kwiintsuku ezimbalwa emva kokumka yakhe Izvolski kwingxaki Bosnian. ungquzulwano International wamqumbisa Austria, leyo Oktobha 5 babhengeza nokudliwa kwiphondo ingxabano. Emva koko Isvolsky wala imbeko isivumelwano.

Indlela abasabela ngayo nokudliwa

Ukunganeliseki kunye nesigqibo abasemagunyeni Viennese va Russia, iBritani kunye neFransi. sele La mazwe wadala Entente - manyano sibhekiswe Germany kwaye kuqinise sizana wayo othembekileyo, Austria. E Vienna wawa baqhankqalaze amanqaku.

Kodwa Britain neFransi akazange athathe amanye amanyathelo ngokukhawuleza. Umba Bosnian eLondon yaye Paris baphathwa diki kakhulu ngaphezu ingxaki kwezinto kwiStraits.

Ukuhlanganisa e Serbia and Montenegro

Ukuba nokudliwa West "wabaginya 'e Serbia evela Vienna iindaba kwakhokelela zizidubedube yoluntu. October 6 (ngosuku emva nokudliwa), abasemagunyeni yabhengeza ngokugaya.

Yena lowo wenziwa kwi Montenegro eselumelwaneni. Kuzo zombini amazwe Slavic babevakalelwa kukuba imfuneko ukuya awayihlangula zokuphila eBosnia yayingamaSerb, bahlaselwa ulawulo Austria.

yintaba

October 8, uRhulumente waseJamani esazisa Vienna ukuba kuthe axhobileyo ingxabano bukhosi uyakwazi ukubala kwinkxaso ummelwane wayo wasentla. Esi senzo kubalulekile ukuba militarists kwi Habsburg neNgonyama. Yinkokeli yepati alilungu "silwe" ibinguye oyintloko Staff Conrad von Hettsendorf. Ukufunda malunga nenkxaso waseJamani, wacebisa ukuba uMlawuli Franz uYosefu ukuba ukuthetha namaSerb kwisigxina amandla. Ngoko ke abe ekusongeleni uxolo kwingxaki Bosnian ka-1908 kunye namagunya emikhulu uthi ezincinane baqalisa ukulungiselela imfazwe.

amajoni Austrian baqala ukuya kumda. Isizathu kuphela kungekho ukuze kuhlasela ukuqondwa amagunya ukuba Russia uya kuma phezulu Serbia, nto leyo eya kukhokelela iingxaki ezinkulu kakhulu kunokuba "uloyiso elincinane".

nengxaki Bosnian ka-1908 - iminyaka 1909. ngokufutshane apha kweli nqaku. Ngokuqinisekileyo, yachukumisa izinto ezininzi kakhulu kwi kwezopolitiko.

Iziphumo kunye neziphumo

Urhulumente Russian litshilo ukuba eli lizwe ayikho ilungele imfazwe kwi miba mibini nxamnye eJamani Austria, ukuba isekhona kwaba kwasekupheleni, uya kuxhasa namaSerb. Inqununu iNkulumbuso uPyotr Stolypin. Akazange afune imfazwe, esoyikela ukuba kuya kukhokelela omnye revolution (kwaye oko kwenzeka kwixesha elizayo). Ukongeza, kuphela nje kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo eli lizwe woyiswa yi-Japanese, awalithethayo malunga nemeko buhlungu zomkhosi.

thethwano iinyanga eziliqela bahlala esithubeni. Yaba ikhondo awalithabathayo eJamani. Ambassador Russia Friedrich von Pourtalès awawumisela St. Petersburg mandikhethe: noba Russia recognize nokudliwa, okanye uqale i imfazwe nxamnye eSerbia. Kwakukho enye indlela kuphela ukuyeka ingxaki Bosnian ka-1908 - 1909, iziphumo apho ixesha elide bavumelana kwiiBalkans.

Russia Siyabandezelwa eSerbia, kwaye yokugqibela wayiqaphela nokudliwa. Ngaphandle kwegazi yaphela nengxaki Bosnian ka-1908 abachaphazelekayo iziphumo zakhe zezopolitiko kamva. Nangona yonke into yaphela kakuhle, impixano phakathi namaSerb kunye Austrians umfutho kuphela. I nokuxubana akazange afune ukuphila phantsi kolawulo Habsburgs. Ngenxa yoko, ngowe-1914, e Sarajevo, umgrogrisi Serbian Gavrilo wayengazi wadubula ukusuka ngompu wabulala yindlalifa ukumkani yaseOstriya Franz uFerdinand. Lo mcimbi yaba siganeko kokuqhambuka kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II.