NeNgonyama bakhanyiselwa eRussia

"Kumkani awaqondayo" eRashiya ebizwa-nkqubo karhulumente, apho lwenziwa yi uKumkanikazi uCatherine II, owayelawula ngowe-1762-1796 gg. Xa indlela lobunkokheli kwakhe ilizwe swi imigangatho ke Koloni. Yintoni le nkqubo absolutism bakhanyiselwa? Prussia, ukumkani Habsburg, France - bonke bala mazwe, ezifana eRashiya, ke ngqo kwikhosi. Kwakugcwele ekuqhubeni iinguqu, nokuphucula inkqubo karhulumente kunye nokupheliswa ezithile survivals wobukhosi.

Power wahlala ngokupheleleyo ezandleni umlawuli yedwa kweli lizwe. Olu phawu le ntswela eliyintloko ngokwahlula-nkqubo absolutism bakhanyiselwa. Habsburg ezasebukhosini, eRashiya kunye nezinye imibuso emikhulu yaseYurophu laqalisa kwindlela kwezomhlaba ngenxa yokwanda yongxowankulu. Utshintsho zazilawulwa ngokuqinileyo ukusuka phezulu, kwaye ke ngoko akazange abe yinxalenye

ziimbaxa

neNgonyama Russian ukukhanyiselwa beza phantsi kwempembelelo inkcubeko French, uMenzi izimvo uCatherine II, neqembu layo yaye inxalenye enkulu yabantu abafundileyo zelizwe. Kwelinye icala, ukuba ukumila kweli yokuziphatha yeengcungcu, isinxibo yaseYurophu, iinwele kunye neminqwazi. Noko ke, iintsingiselo French zazibonakala kwimozulu yokomoya yezikhulu.

Abarhwebi abazizityebi kunye nabathengisi, kwakunye namagosa aphezulu baqalisa aqhelane yentshona yaseYurophu elinikelayo inkcubeko, imbali, intanda, ubugcisa kunye noncwadi phantsi uPetros I. Kule ngexesha uCatherine inkqubo wafikelela kwinqanaba incopho. Oku akhiwa begazi - Sisiseko lwentlalo ukumkani nexesha elongezelelweyo kwisithuba absolutism bakhanyiselwa. Iincwadi kunye neendwendwe bezingaqhelekanga izikhulu wabeka iingcamango okuqhubekayo. abantu abazizityebi kufuneka bahambe rhoqo eYurophu, ukuhlola ihlabathi, ukuthelekisa umyalelo Koloni kunye nokuziphatha kunye Russian.

Catherine "Imiyalelo"

UCatherine II wangumlawuli 1762. Wayesele German ngokuzalwa, waba imfundo yaseYurophu kunye nemikhwa kwakuhambisana French zobulumko enkulu. Oku "umthwalo ingqondo" sichaphazele indlela karhulumente. UKumkanikazi wayefuna ukuguqula karhulumente kwaye wenze kakuhle ngakumbi yaye mihla. Ngoko kwakukho neNgonyama bakhanyiselwa uCatherine 2.

Xa lowo 1762, umcebisi Nikita Panin uKumkanikazi wamnika utshintsho drafti Imperial Council. Sikatata ixoxe ukuba inkqubo endala karhulumente akukho kakuhle ngenxa yokuba ivumela ukuvela kweenkokeli eziphezulu. Le nguqulelo absolutism ukuya neNgonyama bazi walala yokuba Catherine angabuchasi bangaphambili abalawuli era postpetrovskoy xa kwezopolitiko yokulawula ngamagosa ezahlukeneyo.

Ngokubanzi Panin ecetywayo ekudalweni sicelwe. UCatherine wenqaba msebenzi wakhe, wagqiba ukongeza olu xwebhu. Ngoko ke wazalwa isicwangciso ngokutsha Uzizalise kOsenyangweni mthetho yangaphambili. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo koko ndandifuna ukuphumeza uKumkanikazi - indlela elawula lizwe. Ukulungiselela le njongo ke kuyimfuneko kwakhona ngokupheleleyo imithetho emidala kwaye kongezwa ezintsha.

Kungekudala uCatherine waseka iKhomishini ukudaleka Code entsha. Njengoko nezincomo uKumkanikazi wakhe waqamba "Igunya". Kwakukho amanqaku angaphezu kwama-500, nto leyo yaqulunqa imigaqo esisiseko kwenkqubo yezomthetho eRashiya. uxwebhu uCatherine wabhekisela kwizibhalo yawona omkhulu ixesha: uMontesquieu, Beccaria, uJustus, Bielefeld. Xa "Imiyalelo" wawubonisa konke oko kwaba neNgonyama bakhanyiselwa eRashiya. Iimpawu, umxholo, ukubaluleka kolu xwebhu babuyela kwiimbono elichubekileyo yiEnlightenment.

Catherine iingxoxo senkolelo kude ulawulo-melo kakhulu yaye ngenxa yoko azisebenzi ngoko yintoni ubunyani Russian, njengoko ngesibetho iimfuno yezikhulu nelungelo - engundoqo inkxaso ngamandla karhulumente. Enye indlela okanye omnye, kodwa uninzi ukuxambulisana kakumkani lahlala kuphela ngaphakathi iminqweno emihle. Kwelinye icala, kwi "Imiyalelo" UCatherine lathi Russia - igunya yaseYurophu. Ngoko yaqinisekisa ikhondo lezopolitiko, eyasungulwa Peter I.

Zomaleko yabantu Russian

UCatherine II wayekholelwa ukuba neNgonyama bakhanyiselwa eRashiya yayisekelwe kwisahlulo leklasi oluntu. karhulumente Ideal wabiza imodeli absolutist. UKumkanikazi wamchazela ukunyaniseka kwakhe ukuya 'yendalo' ilungelo lokulawula yedwa, kunye nabanye - ukuba kulawulwe. Catherine postulates sigwetyelwe Ngokubhekiselele imbali eRashiya, apho lobuzwilakhe yaba iingcambu kakhulu.

YoMlawuli ebizwa na umthombo kuphela amandla, kodwa ngokomfanekiso uyagxininisa, lonke uluntu. Akazange abe naziphi na izithintelo, ukongeza zezimilo. Lo mlawuli, wacinga Catherine, kwafuneka ukuba babe nonyamezelo, ukuqinisekisa 'ukuba aph ka ngamnye. " neNgonyama ukukhanyiselwa lwalujoliswe abayithinteli inkululeko yabantu, kwaye ulwalathiso amandla kunye nemisebenzi ukufikelela kwimpumelelo eqhelekileyo.

UKumkanikazi wabahlula uluntu Russian zibe iyaxela ezintathu eziphambili: asebukhosini, noohlohlesakhe abangaphuhlanga kunye nabalimi. Inkululeko Wabiza ilungelo lokwenza oko ngaphakathi komthetho. Isixhobo engundoqo wathi imithetho karhulumente. Baye zakhiwa yaye zakhiwe ngokulandela "umoya zabantu", oko kukuthi nomqondo. Konke oku kukunikezela neNgonyama enakhanyiselwa ngayo Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XVIII. UCatherine II abalawuli yokuqala Russian wathetha ngemfuneko ekubhekeni umthetho mthetho. Wacinga le njongo ingundoqo karhulumente na isohlwayo-mthetho, kunye nokuthintela ulwaphulo-mthetho zabo.

umnotho

iintsika Economic apho waphumla i neNgonyama bakhanyiselwa, unelungelo lokuba kwipropati kunye nezolimo. Imeko esingundoqo nempumelelo welizwe uCatherine wabiza umsebenzi onzima zonke iiklasi Russian. Ubiza ezolimo isiseko kwezoqoqosho, uKumkanikazi akazange dissemble. Russia kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XVIII yaba lilizwe nzulu kwezolimo, apho icandelo ngokuphawulekayo emva yaseYurophu.

kwiidolophana ezininzi ebukumkanini uCatherine II wabhengezwa isixeko, kodwa enyanisweni yonke imizana ezifanayo kunye efanayo nokuqeshwa kunye nenkangeleko. Kulo ntswela kukho Russia kulimo kunye solusapho. Nokuba nemizi ndicinga ngale labemi ezisezidolophini lizwe yayingekho ngaphezu kwe-5%.

kushishino Russian, ezifana kwezolimo, uye wahlala wobukhosi. Mveliso kunye manufactories ngokubanzi ngabafakwa uviko, ngokuba umsebenzi waseburhulumenteni abasebenzi zibiza iinkampani ukuba i-odolo. Ngelo xesha, eNgilani, sele iqale Industrial Revolution. Russia amazwe Iimveliso ikakhulu semi-igqityiwe nezinto zendalo ekrwada. phantse Kugqityiwe uqoqosho impahla akazange enze zonaniso lwangaphandle.

Court and Religion

Izahluko zokugqibela "Imiyalelo" UCatherine ziye zanikelwa ukuba iinkundla. neNgonyama bakhanyiselwa eRashiya, ngamafutshane, ayikwazanga basebenzisane kunye noluntu ngaphandle kwale kasompempe. Cala kakhulu, nto leyo kunqunyukelwa ukuqonda uKumkanikazi. Catherine kuye amagunya imisebenzi emininzi amaziko. Ngokukodwa, inkundla kwafuneka akhusele-siseko enkululeko ngokwenkonzo isebenza kubo bonke abahlali Russia. Isihloko yonqulo Catherine abachaphazelekayo kwaye imbalelwano yakhe. Wayengumntwana iqela ukuguqulwa kunyanzeleke ukuba, ubuKristu abantu ezingezo-Russian kweli lizwe.

neNgonyama ukukhanyiselwa - yimeko ngokuqinileyo kukubambelela imimiselo nemithetho. Kungenxa yoko le nto iKomishini iye yavalwa Isisekelo Catherine izimvo likaxakeka. UKumkanikazi kwakhona wamelana ingcinezelo lenkululeko yokuthetha. Noko ke, oku akuzange kumthintele nozihlisela impindezelo phezu kwabo, ngokoluvo lwakhe, iincwadi zakhe awusebenzisileyo kwi ukuze uluntu.

umbuzo Sasungulwa

Byi engundoqo elijongene ukumkani bakhanyiselwa eRashiya, kwaba ikamva serfdom. Xa xesha uCatherine II indawo wakukhonza abalimi kwaye ithe irhoxisiwe. Kodwa yathotyelwa kwimeko serfdom ukugxekwa kakhulu kumacandelo komphakathi. Le ububi loluntu kuye into Nikolaya Novikova iimagazini satirical uhlaselo ( "isipaji", "moya", "opeyintayo"). Kanye Radishchev, akazange alinde ukuba utshintsho olukhulu laqalisa ukusuka phezulu, kwaye entolongweni Schlisselburg enqabeni.

Besimo serfdom nje kuphela indawo ikhoboka nabuntu ye abalimi, kodwa ukuba kukhubaza uphuhliso loqoqosho bukhosi. Inkululeko ngamafa yimfuneko ukusebenzela inzuzo yabo. Sebenza le ndawo, ukuze azithwale azisuse isivuno kunye neengeniso, a priori ayikwazanga olusebenzayo. Ekwandiseni ulwazi abalimi kuphela emva kokukhululwa kwakhe ngo-1861. Yibone bakhanyiselwa Catherine 2, ngamafutshane, akabanga nabuganga ukuthabatha eli nyathelo ukuze kulondolozwe uzinzo yangaphakathi, na ukungabikho impixano phakathi kukarhulumente kunye nabanini-mhlaba. Uguqulo eseleyo uKumkanikazi Village ngoko wahlala intle kuphela. Kwaba ngexesha lokulawula kwakhe - ixesha le amakhoboka kakhulu abalimi. Kakade, unyana uCatherine UPawulos I ziyintsikelelo kuncitshiswe, waba lweentsuku ezintathu.

Le ukugxekwa lobuzwilakhe

rationalism French kwaye izimvo yiEnlightenment walatha neengxaki kwezi fom feudal karhulumente. Ngoko ke wazalwa ukugxekwa yokuqala lobuzwilakhe. neNgonyama bakhanyiselwa, Noko ke, nje uhlobo kwamandla mda. States yamkele iinguqu, kodwa kwafuneka zivela phezulu kwaye musa kuchaphazela eyona nto ibalulekileyo - le lobuzwilakhe. Kungenxa yoko le nto xesha Catherine II kunye bomhla wakhe ngokuba ilixa absolutism bakhanyiselwa.

Eyokuqala agxeke esidlangalaleni umbhali lobuzwilakhe Alexander Radishchev. ode Yakhe "Inkululeko" yaba mbongo lokuqala revolution eRashiya. Emva kokupapashwa "Journey ukusuka St. Petersburg ukuya eMoscow» Radishchev wathunyelwa ekuthinjweni. Ngoko ke, ukumkani ukukhanyiselwa Catherine 2, nangona kubekwe njengelizwe eqhubela phambili, akuvumelekanga ukutshintsha inkqubo yezopolitiko abakuthandayo.

ukubunjwa

Ngeendlela ezininzi, utshintsho ukusuka absolutism ukuya neNgonyama bazi kweza ngomsebenzi zezazinzulu ezibalaseleyo. isikhanyiso Oyintloko Russian ngenkulungwane XVIII inzululwazi yaba uMikhail Lomonosov. Ngo-1755 waseka University eMoscow. Ngelo xesha linye utopianism lemfundo apase namagumbi Masonic, ebe uthandwa kakhulu phakathi yezikhulu.

Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XVIII, uthungelwano olutsha kwizikolo zabucala apho abantwana bafunda wabanumzana, abarhwebi, abefundisi, amajoni, raznochinstva. Bonke bephela, kuthiwa uphawu eklasini. Apha, njengokuba iindawo, ukugqithisela waba ezandleni yezikhulu. Kubo wavula zonke iintlobo lwezindlu, apho imfundiso lwaqhutywa yi zemigangatho yemfundo eNtshona yaseYurophu.

ukuwa zokulungisa

umsebenzi yemithetho uCatherine II khomishini ilungileyo ubonisa ubudlelwane phakathi kwala magama "neNgonyama lungundoqo" yaye "absolutism bakhanyiselwa." UKumkanikazi wazama ukwenza urhulumente eyayiza kuba njengabo imifuziselo eziye yachazwa iinkcuba ezinkulu yaseYurophu kwinkulungwane XVIII. Nangona kunjalo, le ntswela silele into yokuba imfundo kunye neNgonyama ingundoqo ayikwazanga ingahambelani. Nokubuyisa amandla yedwa, Catherine ngokwakhe kwaqhwalelisa uphuhliso lwamaziko karhulumente. Nakuba kunjalo, utshintsho olukhulu ziye ezingasonjululwanga nawuphi na umlawuli yaseYurophu yiEnlightenment.

Mhlawumbi Catherine, ndize ndithi, ndakufika sihambe phambili inguqu, ukuba ababa mbalwa iziganeko ezinkulu kwesiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XVIII. Eyokuqala kwenzeka eRashiya ngokwayo. Sithetha kwimvukelo Pugachev owatshabalalisa le Urals kunye nommandla iVolga ngo-1773-1775 gg. Uqhushululu e-bume Cossack. Emva ifihle maleko zesizwe kunye nabalimi. Ngamakhoboka iindwalutho Manor ibubutyobo, wabulala ngabacinezeli izolo yakhe. Xa ukuphakama kwimvukelo phantsi kolawulo Emelyana pugacheva baba izixeko ezininzi ezinkulu, kuquka Orenburg kunye Ufa. UCatherine asekunene bayazoyika inkulu ngenkulungwane yokugqibela yemvukelo. Xa amajoni wawoyisa Pugachev, kwafika abasabela ngayo amagunya kwaye inguqu sebeyekile. Kwixesha elizayo, ixesha uCatherine baba "Golden Age" yezikhulu, xa ufikelele ubungakanani iphezulu lungelo.

Ezinye iziganeko eziye ngayo izimvo uKumkanikazi, baba ezimbini revolution: empini kokuzimela amakoloni aseMelika kunye French Revolution. Last wayichitha ukumkani le Bourbons. UCatherine umqalisi le manyano anti-French, nto leyo ibandakanya onke amagunya emikhulu yaseYurophu kunye efanayo indlela absolutist yobomi.

Imizi abemi

Ngowe-1785 yanyatheliswa Iileta izixeko lomenzi apho UCatherine eyayilawula ubume abahlali basezidolophini. Baye yahlulwe yaba ziindidi eziliqela kwi iwonga ekuhlaleni kunye nempahla. Iklasi yokuqala "iingangamsha abemi zasezidolophini yokwenene 'sengqondo belilelakhe ilifa lokwenene, ngokunjalo abefundisi kunye nezikhulu. Oku kwalandelwa ngabarhwebi inhlangano, amagcisa zobugcisa, basemzini nonresident, abahlali Posada. Ngokwahlukeneyo zabelwe ngabemi baziincamisa. Aba bantu abaneziqu eyunivesithi, abanini ngoonobumba abakhulu, zasebhange, abanini nqanawa.

Isimo amalungelo umntu oxhomekeke. Ngokomzekelo, abemi abemi banikwa ilungelo lokuba igadi, iyadi ilizwe labucala kunye nomqeqeshi. Njengoko kuchaziwe kwi mnqophiso abantu amalungelo okuvota. Burgesses kunye abarhwebi wamkela iziqalelo karhulumente. Diploma emiselweyo ixesha ukulungiselela iintlanganiso abemi achumileyo kunye nempembelelo kwiminyaka emi-3. Yasekwa ngonyaka amaziko imbalo yezomthetho - oomantyi. Indawo ethe yasekwa ngenxa lokufunda nokubhala, eyaqhubeka de-1870, oko kukuthi, de utshintsho ka-Alexander II.

amalungelo zobunene

Ngaxeshanye Charter kwizixeko lwapapashwa ebaluleke nangakumbi Charter ukuya yezikhulu. Olu xwebhu liye laba uphawu yonke lama Catherine II kanye neNgonyama enakhanyiselwa ngayo xa iyonke. Waba izimvo eziqulathwe kule Manifesto inkululeko yezikhulu, owamkelwe ngowama-1762 phantsi Peter III. Charter ku Catherine uthi ukuba abanini - ziingcungcu kuphela ezisemthethweni zoluntu Russian.

Liqhawe yenziwa ilifa, kwenye kwaye isicelo intsapho iphela amanene. Lose intshisakalo kwakhe kuphela kwimeko ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngoko Catherine Iqinisekile kwi yokusebenza yakho ingcamango yokuba ukuziphatha zonke, ngaphandle kokukhetha, zithandwa kwafuneka ukutshatisa indawo yazo.

Ngenxa kubanini bayo 'ukuzalwa amanene "baxolelwe isohlwayo sokubetha. ubunini babo kwandiselwa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kwempahla kunye, okona kubaluleke kakhulu, ukuba ngamakhoboka. Iingangamsha maxa ngokuthanda ukuba oosomashishini, umzekelo, inxaxheba kurhwebo olwandle. Abantu abazizidwangube babevunyelwa ukuba mveliso. On the basebukhosini abazange ukwandisa irhafu zobuqu.

Iingangamsha ezinokuvula uluntu yabo - yiNdibano Noble, kunye amalungelo ezopolitiko kunye nezimali zazo. imibutho enjalo zivumelekile ukuthumela iiprojekthi kumkani iinguqu kunye zinguquko. Assembly wamisa qho sobummandla kunye ebotshelelwe kwiphondo. Ezi oorhulumente aba iinkokheli wabanumzana, injongo obunikezelwe iRhuluneli.

Incwadi yokubulela yagqitywa inkqubo ephakamileyo yokuphakanyiswa kwezindlu zabanikazi bezindlu. Olu xwebhu lubhalwe ukuba yizicukumnqa ezazibhekwa njengeyona nto eqhubayo eRashiya. Kulo mgaqo wonke ubukhosi obumiselweyo besizwe esekelwe. Impembelelo yabahloniphekile yancipha phantsi komzukeli kaCatherine Catherine I. Lo mbusi, njengendlalifa, owayephikisana nonina, wazama ukuphelisa zonke izinto ezintsha. UPawulos wavumela ukuba afake isijeziso esibukhosini, wawayeka ukuba adibane naye. Izigqibo ezininzi zikaPawulos zapheliswa phantsi kwonyana wakhe uAlexandria I. Nangona kunjalo, kwi-XIX yeXesha elitsha, iRashiya sele ifake isigaba esitsha sokuphuhliswa kwayo. I-absolutism ekhanyisiweyo yayihlala isimboli sexesha elilodwa-ukubusa kukaCatherine II.