MHK - nto ... World Art. MHK: Renaissance

Kunzima ukuba awuvumelani kangakanani lidlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu kwimbali vutshila naliphi na ixesha. Kugweba wena; phezu izifundo kwimbali esikolweni emva isihloko ngasinye azinikele ekufundweni imeko yezopolitiko kunye yezoqoqosho ehlabathini nangaliphi na ixesha ngexesha elinikiweyo, abafundi bayakhuthazwa ukuba ukulungiselela iingxelo ubugcisa eli xesha.

Kwakhona kule khosi esikolweni ngexesha yakutshanje kuqalwa kukho ikho into MCC. Ngoko akukho nje ukuba, ngenxa yokuba nawuphi na umsebenzi wobugcisa yenye vangama aqaqambe kwamaxesha apho yayiyilwe, kwaye ikuvumela ukuba ujonge imbali yehlabathi ngokusebenzisa amehlo uMdali, owasinikayo ukuba ubomi imveliso kulo.

definition wezamasiko

inkcubeko yehlabathi, okanye zishunqulelwe MCC - uhlobo inkcubeko yoluntu, nto leyo esekelwe kwi yokuzala oluzekelisayo noluyilayo oluntu kunye nabantu, kwakunye ziyaphila kunye nohlobo ezingaphiliyo ngokusebenzisa indlela ezisetyenziswa ngobugcisa abaqeqeshiweyo kunye amasiko abantu. Kubalulekile kananjalo nesenzeko kunye neenkqubo zokwenza ngokomoya, idala, isasaze yaye sele uyincutshe ekudlaleni izinto eziphathekayo kunye nemisebenzi yobugcisa ezinexabiso kubuhle. World Art ibandakanya imizobo, imifanekiso, ilifa zokwakha kunye ezikhumbuzo kwezobugcisa kunye nokuchwela, kwakunye kwiyantlukwano abantu, wadala amalungu ngamanye imisebenzi yayo.

MHK indima njengesifundo academic

Ngethuba lekhosi yokufunda inkcubeko yehlabathi ngayo ukhutshwa umanyaniso ngokubanzi nokuqonda inkcubeko yonxibelelwano kwindawo yokuqala kunye zeziganeko zembali naliphi ixesha, kwakunye ezentlalo.

Njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili, inkcubeko yehlabathi eyamkela zonke umsebenzi wengcibi yokuluka okuye abantu ngonaphakade benza. Le ncwadi, yeqonga, umculo, ubugcisa obubonwayo. Siye sifunde zonke iinkqubo ezinxulumene zombini indalo kunye nokugcinwa, nonyebeleziso, indalo kunye novavanyo bezenkcubeko elilifa lethu. Ingahlali sibukela kunye neengxaki ezinxulumene ekubonelelweni wobomi ngakumbi kwinkcubeko yoluntu kunye noqeqesho kwiiyunivesithi ngokufanelekileyo ziingcali.

Njengoko isihloko MCC - eli isibheno inkcubeko ubugcisa yonke kunokuba iintlobo yayo ngamnye.

Le ngcamango ka nguva yin'wana yenkcubeko

eziqaphelekayo Cultural okanye yipharadaym ngokwenkcubeko yinkolelo entsonkothileyo multifactorial, equlathe umfanekiso umntu othile njengento ephilayo ngexesha elithile yaye ekwenzeni lo msebenzi, yaye uluntu kunye nobomi enye, ubomi isimo kunye engqondweni, inkqubo ixabiso.

paradigms Cultural ukubuyisela ngabanye ngenxa uhlobo ngokukhethwa zendalo nenkcubeko impefumlelwano components zemveli kunye ezintsha, leyo ethwele wena. MCC njengoko khosi lizibekele Injongo yesi sifundo kwaye ezi nkqubo.

Yintoni Renaissance

Elinye ithuba ibalulekileyo kuphuhliso inkcubeko le Renaissance, okanye imvuselelo, umthetho leyo kwafuneka XIII-XVI eminyaka. kwaye aphawula ekuqaleni New Time kwexesha. Phantsi kangangoko mkhulu kwenkululeko zobugcisa.

Emva kwethuba ukwehla esezansi zobugcisa kuMbindi Ages kwaye evuselela ubulumko ngezinto zakudala yokuluka. Yaba ngeli xesha ngengqiqo yokuba 'imvuselelo "lisetyenziswa Rinascita, igama Italian, kamva kukho kunoogxa ezininzi ngeelwimi zaseYurophu, kuquka French Renaissance. Yonke indalo ngobuciko, ngobugcisa ngokuyintloko ezibonwayo, uba "ulwimi" bendawo ikuvumela ukuba ukwazi iimfihlelo endalo kunye kusondela kuyo. Master izalana lemvelo aliqonde; kodwa idla ubuninzi bayancokola, ukuzama Zizigqithile Ephakamileyo. Iqala uphuhliso eziqhelekileyo kuthi ingqiqo ubuhle, iinzululwazi zendalo kunye nolwazi lukaThixo lonke ixesha ukufumana into enivumelana. Ngexesha Renaissance, kunye nobugcisa iba elebhu, netempile.

periodization

Ukuvuselelwa yahlulwe kumaxesha eziliqela. In Italy - ekhaya yase - amaxesha eziliqela ziye zachongwa, leyo kudala kusetyenziswa ehlabathini lonke. It Protorenessans (1260-1320 GG.), Partially afakiweyo duecento (XIII c.). Ukongezelela, kwakukho ixesha trecento (XIV c.) Quatrocento (XV c.) Cinquecento (XVI c.).

A periodization jikelele ngakumbi ezahlula era kwi Early Renaissance (XIV-XV iinkulungwane.). Ngeli xesha, kukho intsebenziswano of trends ezintsha kunye ngalinye, nto leyo lithuthwa ngokuyilayo. Ngapha koko kukho nexesha kuMbindi, okanye High, waza emva Renaissance, indawo ekhethekileyo ukuba uhlawule banomkhwa, luphawulwa iingxaki Renaissance iimfundiso inkcubeko.

Kwakhona, kumazwe afana France kunye eNetherlands, liphuhlise indlela ebizwa ngokuba yi- Northern Renaissance, apho indima enkulu eyadlalwa ngongasekhoyo Gothic. Njengoko imbali MCC uthi imvuselelo kuboniswa eMpuma Yurophu: i-Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, kunye nakumazwe aseScandanavia. Spain, i-UK kunye Portugal baye esekwe kumazwe kunye Renaissance inkcubeko yabo yokuqala.

Amacandelo zefilosofi nezenkolo le Renaissance

Ngokucamngca enjalo abameli intanda eli thuba, ezifana UGIORDANO Bruno, uNikolay Kuzansky, Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, Paracelsus, babe ezifanelekileyo kwi-MCC umxholo ubuchule zokomoya, kwakunye kumzabalazo ilungelo ukubiza umntu "uthixo yesibini" uhlanganise amadoda kunye naye.

Ezifanelekileyo, njengoko kuwo onke amaxesha, ingxaki sezingqondweni nesazisi, nokholo kuThixo amandla aphezulu. Thatha indawo njengoko kwizibhambathiso, alungise, yaye izimvo heretical kulo mbuzo.

Umntu ajongene nazo ukhetho, kwaye iBandla elo xesha, kuphuculo iquka Renaissance nje kuphela i-MCC. Kananjalo imvuselelo yokuziphatha kwabantu, ezityalwe neenkokeli imidlalo zonke iinkonzo zonqulo, ukususela wabaseki UHlaziyo ukuya bamaKatolika.

Eyona umsebenzi ngexesha. A amagama ambalwa malunga zobuntu

Siphambili ngexesha Renaissance siyibeke kwezemfundo komntu omtsha. Igama lesiLatini humanitas, okuvela kulo igama elithi "nobuntu" lilingana igama lesiGrike elithi "imfundo".

Njengenxenye Renaissance zobuntu ikhuthaza umntu ukuqinisekisa ukuba ilifa kubalulekile ixesha yobulumko yamandulo ukufumana indlela eya self-ulwazi self-ukuphucuka. Apha kukho ngxubevange intle kakhulu ke wayenokunikela amanye amaxesha ashiye uphawu lwawo kwi-MCC. Renaissance wathabatha ilifa yamandulo yamandulo, ikhowudi zonqulo nezehlabathi zamaxesha aphakathi udumo, yaye amandla nobuchule bengqondo yomntu ye-New Age, ngokudala uhlobo entsha ngokupheleleyo kwaye ebonakala okuzalisekileyo inqubo.

Renaissance kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zezinto ezenziwa luluntu sobuciko

Ngeli xesha, imizobo nolulahlekisayo naturopodobnye ngokubuyisela i icon, waba embindini ezintsha. komhlaba ngenkuthalo kwathiwa, ukupeyinta ekhaya, ngobude. Sasaza umbhalo libhalwe intsimbi kunye neenkuni. Ukusebenza amagcisa imizobo ibe uhlobo ezizimeleyo ingqondo yemveli. Umfanekiso nature nolulahlekisayo zikhoyo umzobo omkhulu.

Bokwakha, baphenjelelwa ihlombe ingcamango labazobi phambili ethandwayo ukuba ngokomlinganiselo kwiitempile, amabhotwe ezivunywa zokwakha, esenza ugxininiso emhlabeni, horizontals ngokombono baziqokeleleyo phambili.

Renaissance iincwadi lubonakala ngokuba uthando Latin njengolwimi abantu abafundileyo, ecaleni kunye neelwimi zelizwe kunye lwabo. Ukuba iintlobo ezaziwayo ezifana kwinoveli picaresque kunye inoveli zasezidolophini, imibongo zobuqhawe kunye neenoveli ephakathi knightly adventure-umxholo, uvuthondaba, imibongo yasemaphandleni kunye nothando. Xa kwincopho ukuthandwa zemiboniso idrama phezu imidlalo nezinto ezininzi iiholide sixeko kunye extravaganzas inkundla oluchumileyo, ukuba imveliso ibe kuyondelelaniswe bala iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa.

Umculo busanda polyphony zomculo engqongqo. Kama zesakhiwo, imbonakalo iifom yokuqala Sonatas, ikhamera, abandwendweli, kunye mnyakazo ubugagu. umculo wengqesho usondele iintsomi, oko nangokomyinge vukhongeri. Kukho ukwahlukana umculo weentambula njenge iintlobo ezahlukeneyo, kwaye ke ixesha iphezulu - nokudalwa iingoma solo ngokupheleleyo-epheleleyo incoko, amabali kunye oratorios. Endaweni ngetempile opera kuza, lowo uthatha indawo lezobugisa nezenkcubeko zomculo.

Ngokubanzi, intuthuko enkulu iba kwaba kanye oko ukungaziwa aphakathi esikhundleni ngumntu ngamnye, ubuchule yombhali. Kulo mba, inkcubeko ihlabathi lihamba ukuya kwinqanaba elitsha.

Renaissance Titans

Akumangalisi ukuba imvuselelo ebalulekileyo sobugcisa liyi- ukusuka uthuthu nako ukuthatha indawo ngaphandle abantu ukudala indalo yabo inkcubeko entsha. Kamva, baqala ukubizwa ngokuba 'Titans "ngegalelo abayenzileyo.

Protorenessans wayemele Giotto, kwaye ngexesha Quatrocento zichasene Mazachcho ngokundilisekileyo ombambazelayo umsebenzi eyakhayo engqongqo Botticelli kunye Angelico.

Avareji, okanye High, le Renaissance elimelwe Raphael, uMichelangelo kwaye ke uLeonardo da Vinci - artists eziye lenkundla kwi Ekuveleni New Age.

I Renaissance umyili odumileyo Bramante waqalisa, Brunelleschi kunye Palladio. Brueghel Elder, Van Eyck kunye Bosch - ngabapeyinti Dutch le Renaissance. Holbein Omnci, Dürer, Cranach, uMdala yaba wabaseki German Renaissance.

Uncwadi eli thuba ukukhumbula amagama afana masterov- "Titans" njengoko Shakespeare, Petrarch, ingawenzi, Rabelais, banika ihlabathi amazwi, romance, yeqonga, abenze igalelo ekwakhiweni kweelwimi zoncwadi kumazwe abo.

Alithandabuzeki elokuba, Renaissance iye negalelo kuphuhliso kwiindawo ezininzi zobugcisa wabanika amandla okuqhubela ekuyilweni ezintsha. Akwaziwa wayeza kuba yintoni imbali inkcubeko yehlabathi, ukuba kwakungelula ixesha. Mhlawumbi namhlanje art classical ibingayi yabangela lelihle kunene, kwiindawo ezininzi uncwadi, umculo nobugcisa ayizukubakho konke konke. Okanye mhlawumbi konke sasidla ukunxulumana zobugcisa zoqobo, wayeza kuvela, kodwa iminyaka emininzi okanye kwiinkulungwane kamva. Enoba Ke kaloku kwathi, imbali akuthethi lingayinyamezeli mood esimo. Kwaye izicacele enye kuphela into: nanamhlanje esizithandayo imisebenzi eli thuba, kwaye kwakhona kubonisa ukubaluleka kwayo kubomi benkcubeko eluntwini.