Metal Radioactive kunye neempawu zayo. Yintoni na le metal kakhulu radioactive

Phakathi kwazo zonke iziqalelo nkqubo ngamaxesha athile, kuninzi bubobabo banjalo, abantu abaninzi bathi luloyiko. Nendlela Yayingekho enye indlela? Ngenxa yokuba radioactive, nto leyo ithetha isoyikiso ngqo impilo yabantu.

Zama ukuqonda ukuba yintoni kanye izinto ziyingozi kwaye yintoni abamele, uze ufumanise ukuba yintoni imiphumo zazo eziyingozi emzimbeni womntu.

Ingcamango jikelele eqela lweziqalelo radioactive

Eli qela libandakanya iintsimbi. A lot of kubo, ukuba ibekwe kule nkqubo ngamaxesha ngoko nangoko emva kukukhokela ukuya iseli yakutshanje. Isibaluli apho samkelwe ukuba ilungu elithile zelo qela radioactive - kukuba layo ukuba ethile ubomi enesiqingatha.

Ngamanye amazwi, le ukubola radioactive - inguqu ezingundoqo metal kwenye, ukulawulwa, nto leyo sikhatshwa ukukhutshwa radiation sohlobo oluthile. Xa oku kwenzeka ethile uguqulo kwezinye izinto.

metal Radioactive - nguye lowo Isotope ubuncinane omnye akakho. Nokuba iintlobo yonke bekuya kuba emithandathu, yaye mnye kuphela kubo iya kuba umthwali yale propati, into yonke ziya kuqwalaselwa eqhumayo.

udidi lwemitha

Eyona embodiments eziphambili radiation ophuma kwi ubola zesinyithi zezi:

• alpha-amasuntswana;
• lokubola yamasuntswana beta okanye neutrino;
• utshintsho isomeric (gamma ray).

Kukho iinguqulelo ezimbini kubukho izinto ezinjalo. Lokuqala - i zendalo, oko kukuthi, xa metal radioactive efumaneka kwindalo kunye indlela elula phantsi kweempembelelo imikhosi yangaphandle iguqulelwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ngokuhamba kwexesha (ebonisa radioactivity yayo ibola).

iqela lesibini - is zamntu zizazinzulu iintsimbi ekwaziyo ekungafuneki ngokukhawuleza kunye nokukhululwa oluninzi radiation enamandla. Oku kwenziwa ukuze zisetyenziswe kwiindawo ezithile. Lokulinganisa, apho ziveliswa ngayo zenyukliya utshintshwano isiqalelo mnye endaweni enye, ebizwa synchrotron.

Umahluko phakathi kwe ezinyuliweyo isiqingatha-iindlela ezimbini ezicacileyo: kuzo zombini iimeko ngokuzenzekelayo, kodwa kuphela metal zamntu wavelisa kulinika reactions senyukliya inkqubo deconstruction.

Iziseko ityumbe ezifana atom

Ekubeni uninzi iziqalelo elinye okanye amabini kuphela izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo ezi radioactive, wasiwa ukubonisa xa uhlobo oluthile ngokwe, hayi iyunithi lonke liphela. Umzekelo, abakhokelayo - yinto izinto nje. Ukuba uthathe ingqalelo thina ukuba - a metal radioactive, ngoko kufuneka ngokuba oko, umzekelo, "ukukhokela-207."

Kwisiqingatha ubomi ze amasuntswana ziyahluka ngokubanzi. Kukho izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo apho zikhona imizuzwana 0,032 kuphela. Kodwa ke kunye nabo kukho kwakhona ezo izigidi zeminyaka ukuba ndidilize, ndineemfesane emhlabeni.

izinyithi Radioactive: uluhlu

Uluhlu olupheleleyo lwazo zonke ukubayinxalenye amaqela lweziqalelo kunokuba isimanga ngokwaneleyo, kuba zonke zimalunga 80 iintsimbi. Oku ngokuyintloko zonke, emi lwezakhi emva bakhokele, kuquka iqela lanthanides kunye actinides. Oko kukuthi, bismuth, ಪೇನ್ ipheyini, astatine, radon, francium, Radium, uRutherford njalo-serial numbers.

Ngasentla umda labucala iseti yabameli, ngamnye kubo kananjalo izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo. Noko ke, abanye babo ukuze babe nje eqhumayo. Ngoko ke kubalulekile, yintoni iintlobo na into imichiza. metal Radioactive, okanye mandithi enye ntlobo zalo isotopic babe phantse zonke ilungu itafile. Umzekelo, ukuba:

• calcium;
• selenium;
• ചിഹ്നം uphawu;
• Tungsten;
• osmium;
• bismuth;
• indium;
• potassium;
• rubidium;
• zirconium;
• eYurophu;
• Radium kunye nezinye.

Ngoko ke, kuyacaca ukuba izinto ukubonisa iimpawu imisebe, abaninzi - uninzi enkulu. Ezinye zazo ezikhuselekileyo elide kakhulu kwisiqingatha-ubomi kwaye zifumaneka kwindalo, omnye zamntu ngabantu ezahlukeneyo iimfuno kwezenzululwazi neteknoloji kwaye kuyingozi kakhulu abantu zomzimba.

Radium Feature

Igama element siyinikwe discoverer layo - i Curies, Pierre and Marie. Aba bantu kuqala wafumanisa ukuba omnye izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo intsimbi - Radium-226 - oku lolona hlobo esitalini, uye iimpawu ezikhethekileyo yemisebe. Oku kwenzeka ngo-1898, yaye into enjalo yaziwa kuphela. Ezineenkcukacha izifundo zakhe nje ukwenza amaqabane ekhemisi.

Le etymology elithi kuthatha zawo ulwimi isiFrentshi, leyo kuvakala ngathi Radium. Iyonke 14 ezaziwayo ulungiso isotopic le element. Kodwa ke iintlobo iyizinzise lwamanani ubunzima:

• 220;
• 223;
• 224;
• 226;
• 228.

ifomu imisebe kuthiwa uye 226. Ngu ngokwayo, Radium - into imichiza kule nombolo 88. I weight atomic [226]. Njengoko into elula ekwaziyo ukusinda. Oku a metal ubuhle-white radioactive ukuba iqondo lokubila malunga 670 ⁰ C.

Ukusuka kwindawo eekhemikhali kwimboniselo ivelisa iqondo sezingeni eliphezulu lomsebenzi iyakwazi zakudibana:

• amanzi;
• asidi organic ukwenza izakhiwo ezizinzileyo;
• oxygen yenze oxide.

Izakhiwo kunye Izicelo

Kwakhona Radium - element yemichiza yakha uthotho neetyuwa. Eyaziwa yayo nitrides, kloride, sulfates, nitrate, carbonates, phosphate, chromates. Kukho kwakhona ityuwa kabini kunye Tungsten kunye beryllium.

Isibakala sokuba Radium-226 kunokuba yingozi empilweni, discoverer yayo Per Kyuri wafunda ngoko nangoko. Kodwa ndakwazi ukubona oku, xa wenza uphando: imini Wahamba Associated eliphezulu ityhubhu ingalo uvavanyo zesinyithi. Kwindawo udibana nesikhumba wabonakala telephium, balahle loo Isazinzulu ngeke ngaphezu kweenyanga ezimbini. Ukususela amalinge zabo phezu mba lomfazi imisebe asimshiyanga; ngoko ke wafa, zombini ukusuka idosi enkulu radiation.

Ukongeza esinentlawulo engenaxabiso, kukho iindawo ezininzi apho Radium-226 esetyenziswa kunye nezibonelelo:

1. inqanaba lamanzi kolwandle Indicator offset.
2. Oku kusetyenziswa ukuqinisekisa isixa uranium eweni.
3. Okuqukiweyo kwimixube zokukhanya.
4. Xa iyeza asisetyenziswa ukuze kwakhiwe radon yezonyango maqula.
5. Asetyenziswa ukususwa izityholo zombane.
6. Nalo kubanjwe ekhupha siphaku kumalungu kunye ezivuzayo welding iinkcukacha.

Neplutoniyam kunye ezineeathom yayo

Le nto iye yafunyanwa kwi novalo zobunzululwazi waseMerika kwinkulungwane XX. Kuye bodwa kuqala uranium ekrwada, apho lenzeka ukusuka neptunium. Last kulo mzekelo - ngesiphumo ngumongo uranium. Oko kukuthi, ukuba zonke zidityaniswe bodwa utshintshwano efanayo eqhumayo.

Kukho ezininzi izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo nzile intsimbi. Nangona kunjalo, uhlobo ziqhelekileyo kwaye ebalulekileyo lweprakhthikhali neplutoniyam-239. Ezaziwayo ngayo eekhemikhali yentsimbi:

• oksijini,
• asidi;
• amanzi;
• alkalis;
• halogens.

Iimpawu ezibonakalayo ze neplutoniyam-239 sisinyithi ntlanzi kunye indawo ukunyibilika 640 ⁰ C. Iindlela eziphambili ifuthe emzimbeni - ukuyilwa ngcembe ngumhlaza, sokuzuza ngethambo kunye yoqheliso wentshabalalo okunene kubo, isifo semiphunga.

Field lokusetyenziswa - ubukhulu becala kushishino yenyukliya. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba kuwohloka yegram enye neplutoniyam-239 yabelwe isixa ubushushu leyo enokuthelekiseka kunye neetoni 4 amalahle elinyukayo. Kungenxa yoko le nto kusifikeleyo oku hlobo metal kunjalo ngokubanzi asetyenziswe ngayo. Nuclear-grade neplutoniyam - umthombo wamandla e-reactor zenyukliya kunye Ziyaqhubeka mbawula. Yena isetyenziswa ukuvelisa izixhobo zokugcina amandla ombane, inkonzo yakhe unako ukufikelela kwiminyaka emihlanu.

Uranus - umthombo radiation

Le nto iye yafunyanwa ngo ka1789 yi ekhemesti evela Germany Klaproth. Noko ke, ukuba ukuhlola iimpawu zayo bafunda ukusebenzisa indlela kubo practice abantu zilawulwa kuphela kwinkulungwane XX. Eyona iphambili lokwahlula kukuba uranium radioactive ikwazi zokubumba ukuba ukubola ngokwendalo isiqalo:

• Khokela-206;
• Interface;
• neplutoniyam-239;
• Khokela-207;
• xenon.

Endalweni, but is a umbala ukukhanya ongwevu, kukho indawo yokunyibilika phezu 1100 ⁰ C. Senzeka kwizimbiwa ezibandakanya:

1. Autunite.
2. Uraninite.
3. Pitchblende.
4. Autun.
5. Tyuyanmunit.

Kukho ezintathu Isotope ezinzileyo yendalo ngokuzenzela kuhlelwe-11, kunye neenombolo ubunzima ukusuka 227 ukuya 240.

Ishishini lisetyenziswa uranium radioactive, nako iba ngokukhawuleza kunye kuphuma amandla. Ngoko ke, lisetyenziswa:

• ku geochemistry;
• imigodi;
• zamandla zenyukliya;
• ekwenziweni kwezixhobo zenyukliya.

Ifuthe emzimbeni womntu ayahlukanga ukusuka kuxoxwe odlulileyo - ulwandiso metal kukhokelela ukuba idosi kwimitha ukwanda kunye zisenzeka zomhlaza.

izinto transuranic

Eyona metal ibalulekileyo, wema emva uranium kwi lwezakhi zezo eziye osandukulivula. Nje ngo-2004, waphuma ukukhanya ngaphandle imithombo engqina ukuzalwa element ukukhanya 115 kwinkqubo ngamaxesha athile.

Baba metal kakhulu radioactive zonke ezaziwayo umhla - Ununpentium (Uup). iimpahla zazo fundanga kude kube ngoku, ngenxa yokuba nakwisiqingatha ubomi imizuzwana 0,032! Qwalasela uze uchonge iinkcukacha lwesakhiwo kwaye ingakumbi phantsi kweemeko ezinjalo ngayo nje akunakwenzeka.

Noko ke, imisebe yalo amaxesha amaninzi mkhulu manani kwi element kwipropati yesibini - neplutoniyam. Noko ke, esetyenziswa practice Ununpentium kunye "slow" comrade bakhe etafileni - uranium, neplutoniyam, neptunium, ಪೇನ್ ipheyini kunye nezinye.

Enye element - unbibium - isondlo zikhona, kodwa ukubonisa phantse izazinzulu abavela kumazwe ahlukeneyo akakwazi ukususela 1974. Lilinge lokugqibela yenziwa ngo-2005, kodwa akazange kungqinwe ekhemisi libhunga jikelele.

thorium

Kuye kwavulwa kwinkulungwane XIX ngu Berzelius waza wasithiya emva uthixo kubaphangi Aqui. Ngaba okwanamhlanje metal eqhumayo. Olu phawu babe ezintlanu izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo-11 yayo.

Isicelo iphambili ngamandla enyukliya ayisekelwanga ukukwazi ayikhuphi izixa ezikhulu ngamandla obushushu kwi ukubola. Olona phawu ukuba thorium isiqalo ekwaziyo lokubamba neutron baza basenza neyuranium-238 neplutoniyam-239, nto leyo eye kungena ngqo kunye ngayo yenyukliya. Ngoko ke, lo thorium kunganxulunyaniswa kwiqela zesinyithi ethathelwa ingqalelo.

ಪೇನ್ ipheyini

Way metal white radioactive phantsi inani 84 kwisixokelelwano ngamaxesha athile. Kuye kwavulwa ziintlolazwe ezifanayo wangumququzeleli radioactivity nayo yonke into enxulumene nayo, umfazi wakhe UMaria Pierre Curie ngo-1898. Eyona iphambili le nto ukuba ikhona ngokukhululekileyo malunga 138,5 iintsuku. Oko kukuthi, le nakwisiqingatha ubomi intsimbi.

Kwindalo, afumaneka nokwakhiwa uranium kunye nezinye izimbiwa. Oku kusetyenziswa njengomthombo wamandla, kwaye zinamandla ngokwaneleyo. It is a intsimbi ngobuchule njengoko isetyenziswa ukwenziwa kwezixhobo zenyukliya. Inani ngokungqongqo limited yaye iphantsi kolawulo karhulumente ngamnye.

Kwakhona ukuze ionize emoyeni, ukuphelisa umbane ezingashukumiyo kwelo gumbi, ekwenziweni heater kunye nezinye izinto ezifanayo.

Impembelelo emzimbeni womntu

Zonke izinyithi radioactive uyakwazi ndzulu ulusu yoluntu yaye inokuqokelelana ngaphakathi emzimbeni. Bona ke kakubi kakhulu kwazona Iimveliso inkunkuma, musa kuvela ukubila.

Ngelixesha ekuqaleni kungena yokuphefumla, yokujikeleza kwegazi, luvo, ibangela utshintsho vuhlayiseki kuzo. Ukusebenza iiseli, nto leyo ebangela ukuba isasebenza kakuhle. Isiphumo ukuyilwa yamathumba yingozi, kuvela zomhlaza.

Ngoko ke, metal eqhumayo nganye - ibe yingozi enkulu abantu, ingakumbi xa sithetha ngabo ngendlela ecocekileyo. Musa angawachukumisi kunye nezandla kwaye bahlale egumbini nabo ngaphandle ukhuseleko olukhethekileyo.