Isakhiwo Russian zenzululwazi. Complex Scientific-Technical eRussia: iimeko, iingqikelelo kunye namathuba ophuhliso

Complex Scientific of Russia uhamba kwixesha elinzima. Ekubeni xesha perestroika, isakhiwo sayo rhoqo ukuba uhlelwe, kutshitshiswa, anavuma, olulungiselelwe - ngokutsho iingxaki ezikhoyo ngoku kweli lizwe kunye noluntu, kwaye kwisakhono ezo nkokheli babiziweyo ukusombulula ezi ngxaki.

inzululwazi Russian kunye Okukodwa wophuhliso lwawo

sphere Modern yenzululwazi, kwakunye nayiphi na inkqubo ojolise ekuhlaleni izele lweemfazwe eziphikisanayo zezakhiwo. Ngelo lixa nempembelelo ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso olunokubakho karhulumente lwenzululwazi zokunika kwezoqoqosho ziyaphunyezwa nguRhulumente. Ngokutsho kwezinye abahlalutyi, umbhodamo systemic iye kubethwa abaninzi yemizila, kubandakanywa kumazwe aphuhlileyo kakhulu, lo nkobe buhlungu Russian kwesayensi. Kodwa kukho isizathu sethemba - ilizwe lethu liye isoloko ukoyisa amaxesha obunzima ngenxa enokuba lwangaphakathi nkqi, kuquka kumacala eqhubela phambili.

Uphuhliso zenzululwazi eRashiya lwaqhutywa ngo amanyathelo, ngenxa yokuba ilizwe kubonakala ehlasela "abaqhekezi", ngoko ngokukhawuleza aqokelelwa emva kwemfazwe kunye nokutshatyalaliswa ngayo nayo uyothuka zangaphakathi - revolution kunye nenguquko. Soloko indlela ekhethekileyo ukwakha umsebenzi wabo, Russian Academy of Sciences - kuxhomekeke "ukungalingani" ezikhoyo yelizwe imikhosi kunye namathuba ekufuneka zisuswe. Xa sijonga emva, siyabona ukuba iingxaki kwesayensi Russian kwavela hayi namhlanje, kodwa kufuneka uzisombulule - ngokucwangcisiweyo yaye ngokudibeneyo.

ilizwe kwesayensi: isakhiwo kunye nokusebenza

Imisebenzi engundoqo yenzululwazi - kwingqikelelo neendlela zenkqubela phambili, iziphumo zoviwo kunye nophuhliso ezingundoqo zophando olusetyenziswayo xa kwikhosi ephambili kwimisebenzi nezesayensi.

Ubume kwesayensi kuquka yonke imibutho ukuba indlela enye okanye omnye umsebenzi kwixesha elizayo, yaye "okulungileyo ilizwe lakho." kwesayensi Russian ke ukubunjwa mnye-sifuba equka kwiinkalo ezahlukahlukeneyo, ukudala iiteknoloji ezintsha ukuvelisa ulwazi olutsha. Kwingingqi Central kweli lizwe becala isiqingatha yonke imibutho zophando, ukusebenza ukuya kuma-70% yenani labasebenzi (abaphandi - abantu kwimfundo ephakamileyo, abaviwa kunye noogqirha of Sciences) waza wenza-75% yeendleko zasekhaya uphando.

Kwindlela eqhelekileyo yokusebenza nolunempumelelo kwiinkalo zenzululwazi akunakwenzeka ngaphandle esisigxina nokwakha isakhono lwezenzululwazi nobuchwepheshe, apho kwenziwe inkqubela ixhomekeke umthamo ngemali evela mali onke amanqanaba - oku kungqinwa mkhuba ehlabathini. iingxaki Scientific linxibelelene kakhulu iingxaki zoqoqosho. Ngokutsho kumlawuli we-Institute for Strategies loQoqosho B. N. Kuzyka, ulwazi ngalo mzuzu uqoqosho isiba ebalulekileyo zicwangciso kuphuhliso lamazwe eziphambili ehlabathini, yaye eli xesha mngeni kwilizwe lethu.

amandla Scientific eRussia mihla: uphuhliso lwemimandla zophando ezintsha

Umceli-mngeni engundoqo elijongene nawo "iingqondo phambili" - nasekuphuhliseni inzululwazi eRashiya, ukwakhiwa kunye nokugcinwa yocwangciso inkqubo-ekujoliswe inengqondo isiseko ngonzululwazi sokuba ulawulo lwe uphuhliso zonke iinkqubo kwi kwesayensi Russian.

Ngenxa kuqikellelo ixesha elide lwezenzululwazi nobuchwepheshe, kwakunye neziphumo esweni entsonkothileyo enokuba lizwe yenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe (uvavanyo amathuba kwimibutho zophando ngamnye basombulula ingxaki) waphuhliswa uluhlu ezikhethekileyo imiyalelo ephambili lophuhliso lwenzululwazi kunye ezintsha kunye ezineenkcukacha iindlela ezimiselweyo ukuphunyezwa kwazo.

Kuba kwimimandla yophando yakutsha nje iquka iindawo ubugcisa yama: zezenzululwazi kunye biotechnology, ulwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe bonxibelelwano, izinto ezintsha, kwakunye umda kwesayensi-mveliso, uvumela ukuba nokulungelelanisa kubuchwepheshe ezingundoqo kunye nempumelelo kwezi ndawo zikhankanyiweyo. Ngenxa kuphuhliso iindlela ezintsha zobugcisa, ilizwe lethu ungaphumelela kakhulu inguqu ukuya kwinqanaba entsha, kuba ihlabathi ukuba utshintsho olukhulu kumanqwanqwa kwezoqoqosho nasekutsaleni kwacetywa 2020-2025.

Scientific-Technical Complex: eziphambili

Complex Technical Scientific isekelwe phezu iingqikelelo malunga uphuhliso lwexesha elide inzululwazi nobuchwepheshe nezokhuselo, ukhuseleko kunye nophuhliso olufanelekileyo lobugcisa mveliso eRashiya. Kwimisebenzi yayo, isakhiwo inika nangesicwangciso umsebenzi esinengqiqo kunye nolawulo olululo ukugeleza isakhono zonke iindidi zamashishini lwenzululwazi-technical kunye noshishino-zobugcisa.

iingxaki obusetyenziswayo kwisigaba lwenzululwazi-yezobugcisa umsebenzi, nto leyo ngoku - kweli xesha linzima ukuyilwa kwihlabathi multipolar - luhamba phambili, zezi:

• ukuyilwa ingqikelelo-nkqubo emkhosini-technical, yenzululwazi kunye novavanyo yezentlalo noqoqosho ngamathuba ophuhliso kwihlabathi izixhobo mihla (iminyaka 10-25);
• Uhlalutyo lobuchwepheshe ezisisiseko kunye ebalulekileyo yomkhosi bamazwe angaphandle kwaye ukuyilwa uluhlu lwemisebenzi ukuphucula izakhono nezixhobo zalo emkhosini;
• beqhuba izikhali yoyilo inkqubo ukwenzela ukuqinisekisa uphuhliso lwabo elungeleleneyo;
• ngokusekwa kwenkqubo karhulumente leeprojekthi ngezikhali kunye nokusekwa komyalelo yokhuselo karhulumente, ehambelana neemeko ezintsha kwezoqoqosho, kuba elizayo;
• ukuphunyezwa ngokwenkqubo zethuba elifikelela ku-2020 ezikumgangatho ophezulu ukuphuculwa omkhosi, nezinye iintlobo umkhosi, ngokobuninzi zomkhosi namaqumrhu (ukuthembela zokuthintela inyukliya kunye ngokubanzi-nenjongo force).

kwesayensi netheknoloji kunye iingxaki yomsebenzi wakhe

kwesayensi-zobugcisa kusekelwe kwiteknoloji phezulu yaye buhlobene kwicandelo lezoqoqosho. Ngenxa yokuba ngenkulungwane xxi, imfuno isizukulwana ngolwazi, ezintsha kunye nobuchule nophuhliso ophezulu-ngqo kuyavuza ukusuka kuqoqosho, imigudu izazinzulu neenjineli, eyenzelwe ukoyisa lokwahlulwa bodwa ndadala iziseko ezintsha:

• ukusebenza nokusebenzisa ngezicwangciso-nkqubo karhulumente kwinkalo yemisebenzi zenzululwazi isicelo (Science, Technology kunye Innovation); ngesisombululo iingxaki yotshintsho zeteknoloji kwicandelo loqoqosho ;
• ekufezekiseni ukukhula ngokukhawuleza zokukhokhela iimveliso zobuchwepheshe ophezulu kunye nemveliso kakhulu-ukuqhubekekiswa;
• uphuhliso lwezibonelelo yemisebenzi ezintsha (uphuhliso kwaye ixhase umsebenzi parks ezintsha nobuchwepheshe, iipaki ubugcisa, amaziko yokufundissa ngeteknoloji kunye namaziko elebhu);
• ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezihlangeneyo ze-mbini sebenzisa izinto abakwaziyo ukuziqhelanisa neemfuno lentengiso zombini emkhosini kunye neemveliso ezithwala; ukusetyenziswa ngobuchule ngayo ubugcisa ezimbini-ukusetyenziswa eziphuhliswe ngaphambili kunye nokudalwa ezintsha.

Ngokwemveli, i "Yomelela 'icala leqela le Russia yenzululwazi kunye zeteknoloji - ubugcisa enyukliya laser; inkqubela ebonakalayo kuphunyezwa zizazinzulu zethu kuphuhliso nasekusetyenzisweni zobugcisa izinto ezintsha, iinkqubo basafunda. Funa utyalo ebonakalayo imikhosi kwaye kuthetha ukuba kuzuzwe ngemithamo-kumgangatho wehlabathi, nano- kunye opto-elektroniki irediyo, ubuchwepheshe bee-computer kakhulu lixesha kwaye ifuna ukutshintshwa izixhobo mveliso mihla. Ezi kuqala lobuchwepheshe uphuhliso ezixhaswa bachaphazelekayo - kuba becala, Kakade ke, uRhulumente (inkqubo federal ekuthiwa-- iinkqubo federal).

Scientific Complex Ezemfundo: uguquko nongquzulwano

Okwangoku, ingqikelelo "kwesayensi-zemfundo" libhekisela iseti nemibutho kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, abo bathatha inxaxheba kwimisebenzi kumacala ahlukeneyo: efanelekileyo imfundo, uphando, inzululwazi, ubuchwepheshe kunye nokusungula. Oku kuquka iiyunivesithi social networking iqabane, amaziko ophando kunye nemfundo, amaziko emfundo.

Uphando kunye neziko imfundo yeli lizwe - yinto "umthombo lokuSetyenziswa kwaMandla oLuntu", ngoku njengenxalenye kuqoqosho emarikeni, "ngesihloko kobudlelwane market", umenzi kunye umniki zenzululwazi, zemfundo, ezintsha iimveliso, iimpahla kunye neenkonzo. Ikhondo yezoqoqosho yangoku lizwe ngokulandelelana, ifuna ukuba impendulo ngexesha kunye nokulungisa eengcali "ngeengcali" "emxinwa", oko kukuthi, abantu akabanga 'ulwazi kunye nezakhono "kodwa abe' ubuchule 'kwaye' imithombo yamandla iimbono ezintsha, lobuchwepheshe kunye neeprojekthi. "

Ngelishwa, iimfuno ezenziwe kwinkqubo yemfundo, kwakunye neenkqubo ezibangelwa inkqubo yotshintsho engathethekiyo, nto kodwa ukuzisola, abangele. Inqanaba yoqeqesho (leyo, Noko ke, kamva awuzange usebenze okukhethekile yabo) liphantsi kakhulu. Kakade ke, le meko kwasekwa hayi kunyaka omnye, kodwa wadalwa ngokuthe ngcembe. Ukuba sesikolweni, kwabo basafikayo eyunivesithi kuza ningekalungi (kodwa abanamanqaku aphezulu ukuhlolwa!), Yaye "aphilileyo" khetho kunzima ukuba 'ukunika' into ezintsha.

Oko kuya kuthabatha benze uphando kunye nabasebenzi zemfundo lizwe zilungiselelwe kakuhle? Imfundo yinto ebalulekileyo yokwakha isiseko koqoqosho ezintsha. Ngelo langoku nqanaba kuyimfuneko ukunikela ingqalelo ngenxa uqeqesho ngokwenene ukucinga, ngabasebenzi abanezakhono bawaziyo awohluke neemeko zentlalo noqoqosho zizicaka zoluntu. Kufuneka sivume ukuba umsebenzi "ulawulo olusebenzayo" akukho ngokunxulumene ubunyani ukuba kufuneka itshintshwe bezifo abayaziyo awohluke lomsebenzi intsimi yabo, kuwo onke amanqanaba, yaye awenze kumgangatho karhulumente kulo. Kuyimfuneko ukuba banikele ingqalelo inkqubo yokuqhubeka emfundo, kubandakanywa zesidanga kunye nophuhliso lobungcali, gnokokungqinelana iincwadi zezifundo kunye nokubonelela ngokwazi ukufikelela kulwazi kuwo onke amanqanaba abafundi.

Scientific Industrial Complex: eziphambili kunye namathemba

kwesayensi yorhwebo njengoko isethi yemisebenzi yoqoqosho loqoqosho lwesizwe kakhulu enxibelelene nemisebenzi izakhiwo ezithile mveliso, ezahlulwe ngokungqinelana kunye neenqobo kwicandelo loshishino:

• agro-imboni;
• imboni wokhuselo lowo;
• aerospace;
• atomic, amafutha kunye namandla;
• eliphezulu-obuchwepheshe amashishini acid-zamayeza, ekuzakuqalwa nemichiza namashishini; lezixhobo yenzululwazi, imveliso ye ezintsonkothileyo izixhobo zonyango ;
• Ukwakhiwa imveliso, izakhiwo umatshini-isakhiwo kunye ezifana. D.

Isiphumo ngokupheleleyo uphuhliso oluzinzileyo ukumanywa kwimibutho yenzululwazi ezimbaxa kunye namashishini industrial usebenzisa isakhono segmentation yenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe. Esi sakhiwo kwenza kube lula kancinci ukuya notshintsho indlela zophando lwezenzululwazi kunye nobunjineli phambili kunye nendalo zobugcisa, ukuba benze njengoko apha naphaya ukulungiselela iimfuno zamashishini akhoyo kwimizi-mveliso. Yenziwe ngu olu hlobo nemibutho yophando ezisebenzisanayo (ezifana Centre "Kurchatov Institute") kunye namashishini (cluster amandla atom) kwi kwingongoma nganye ezintsha ekwaziyo zokubonelela elilelona parameters kunye Imijikelo kwinkqubo yotshintsho leqela le lizwe lwenzululwazi-mveliso.

Ukwanda kolwazi kunye nonxibelelwano mihla iya bandise umda iinkonzo ophezulu-zobugcisa kwintsimi elinikelayo - impilo, imfundo, icandelo lezezimali.

Kwesayensi uphando: impahla phezulu kunye ongaphantsi

Uphando Complex lidibanisa imibutho leyo ukuqhuba umsebenzi wophando ukufumana ulwazi olutsha isicelo kunye nokusetyenziswa aluncedo ukwenza imveliso entsha - imveliso okanye ubuchwepheshe.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, imibutho ezo zibizwa ngokuba "Research Institute", kodwa entsonkothileyo ikwaquka indawo zogcino, amaziko ezahlukeneyo zenzululwazi kunye nolwazi, uhambo zendawo abanamava, amasebe amacandelo, amacandelo kunye neenkonzo, imibutho zophando kunye nokuvelisa kunye iilebhu, kunye Observatory, njengezitofu igadi, isikhululo lwezilwanyana, iisampulu ezahlukeneyo zovavanyo (umz, i mbawula International reactor uvavanyo).

umsebenzi Scientific, uvavanyo, akulinge kwezi mibutho kwi izixhobo ezikhethekileyo. Umzekelo, uphando nesinqanawa naseRussia njengohlobo yingxam engundoqo kwinkqubo yokhuseleko yesizwe karhulumente kummandla uphando, uphuhliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezibonelelo izimbiwa ezilwandle isebenzisa ukusebenza kwayo inkundla ohambelana, uuba lixhotyisiwe ngezixhobo eziyimfuneko kunye nezixhobo.

Utshintsho le Russian Academy of Sciences

Ukudalwa the Academy of Sciences - ubungqina ngqo zinguquko uPetros I kunye Catherine I (1725), ezijolise ekolulweni ukuzimela lwezoqoqosho nopolitiko Russia. Lo mlawuli uyakuxabisa isakhono ingcamango yenzululwazi, ukubaluleka kwemfundo kunye nenkcubeko esemgangathweni ukuchuma karhulumente. Yenziwe ngu Academy ekuqaleni ezihlanganisa imisebenzi yophando kwiziko lemfundo (eyunivesithi kunye high school). Kwixesha elizayo - phantse amathathu eminyaka - umsebenzi ziinzululwazi Academy waba kwimeko phinda isakhono eli lizwe. Kwanele ukukhankanya amagama izazinzulu ezaziwayo-kakuhle ezinjalo owayesebenza phakathi kweendonga zayo, njengo Euler, M. V. Lomonosov, S. P. Pallas, KG Razumovsky.

"Gaps" kumsebenzi we-RAS yaqala ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVIII, xa waqalisa kugxekwe inkanuko ngokugqithisileyo intuthuko yeengcingane, samoizolirovannost, ikheswa evela ngxaki ezingxamisekileyo kweli lizwe kunye ngokubanzi - 'lingeloncedo'. Kunye nenani-1870-80. Academy kwatsala ingqalelo zoluntu ngokunxulumene ukungavumi ngamabhaso ibhaso academic zezazinzulu Mbasa Mechnikov, IM Sechenov kunye D. Mendeleyev. Bayiphosa ilothe emangalelwa "anti-Russian 'ingqalelo kwesi sakhiwo zenzululwazi.

Emva kokuba Revolution USSR Academy of Sciences ijolise ekubeni zobunjineli zophando olusetyenziswayo - yonke impumelelo zoqoqosho zesizwe zadalwa phantsi kolawulo lwakhe. Nangona kunjalo, kwisithuba ukusuka 90. khulu lokugqibela, yaye ngoku i-Russian Academy of Sciences kwenzeka kwimo esisigxina ntlekele. isakhiwo uyanda kwaye ekuqaleni emsebenzini, koko kukufa ngesiquphe.

Ukususela ngo-2013 lixesha yokuvuselelwa olunzulu ngokuhlanganisa i-Russian Academy of Sciences. Kakuhle eli wohlaziyo, ngokutsho D. A. Medvedeva, - "ukuvumela izazinzulu ingqalelo kakhulu kwinzululwazi kunye nophando, ukuze amkhulule ukusuka non-core ulawulo asethi imisebenzi kunye neenkonzo zoluntu". Noko ke, uluntu lwezenzululwazi wasigweba ngamandla iindlela ukuba uRhulumente sele ecetywayo, ngenxa yokuba "yokuba ebekwe ngokohlobo ezinkulu nezonakalisayo." Ngoko ke, lo lahlukene olucetywayo, kodwa ke eneneni - ngumbutho ngokungenabulungisa zezakhiwo ezahlukeneyo RAS, nto leyo eya kukhokelela le Complex lwenzululwazi naseRussia njengohlobo inkqubo "self-yokuhlela" ngozi.

Xa ileta eya V. Putinu Academician Zhores Alferov waphawula ezo impumelelo ebalaseleyo eziye zavela kwilizwe lethu Bulelani Russian Academy of Sciences: "nokudalwa ikhaka yenyukliya; amandla enyukliya neenqanawa yenyukliya; ukuhlolwa kwaye Route noLwandle Northern; ESiberia kunye East Far kunye nombutho apho amaziko ophando amatsha; radar kanye semiconductor 'revolution "kunye nabanye abaninzi." uguquko olusebenzayo kuyimfuneko, kodwa kuphela ngoncedo oosonzululwazi aphambili kunye nengafihliyo kwezigqibo ngaphakathi isakhiwo - yiloo nto ifundiswayo emva koqhankqalazo, nesuka ngoJulayi 2013

iindawo Ingxaki kubomi bezenzululwazi Russian nemfundo

Eyona Umsebenzi kuluntu lwezenzululwazi - ngokubonelela uncedo ingcali epheleleyo kurhulumente koko kwezi nkalo ziziiprayorithi. iingxaki Kucacile ukuba eme nxamnye imvelaphi kuphuhliso kwisakhiwo mihla yenzululwazi Russia zimi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

- iintsilelo kwezoqoqosho, umthondo zibe izangqa ulawulo "abaphathi olusebenzayo" urhwaphilizo imibutho abanganyanisekanga eyenziweyo (umz: "Skolkovo" Fund);

- iindlela etshabalalisayo oguqukayo inzululwazi kunye nemfundo, ingakumbi, kuphuculo olucetywayo RAS, amathemba ngenxa yokwaphuka amandla lwenzululwazi ngamaziko RAS kunye lizwe liphela;

- Corporate neyolawulo kuphenjelelwa lophuhliso lwenzululwazi kwamali of: jikelele;

- kunye gwenxa kwemali kukho ukunqongophala mali uphando ophezulu-zobugcisa.

Ngenxa yoko, ukuba ukusombulula ingxaki yesayensi - akunjalo abaphengululi nje, kodwa abahlalutyi, abezoqoqosho, kunye namagosa karhulumente.