Manganese (chemical element): mihlaba kunye isicelo, ukwalathelwa iqondo igcwala, olunomdla

Enye intsimbi ibalulekileyo sobhedu manganese. Ukongeza, kuba ngokuqhelekileyo element kakhulu engaqhelekanga, nto leyo ehambisana kunye namanqaku anika umdla. Kubalulekile ukuba izinto eziphilayo, oko kuyimfuneko ukulungiselela aluminium ezininzi, imichiza na. Manganese - into imichiza, ifoto leyo kungabonwa ngezantsi. Yaba iimpawu kunye neempawu zakhe kuxutyushwa kweli nqaku.

chemical element uphawu

Ukuba sithetha yemanganizi njengento yenkqubo ngamaxesha athile, into yokuqala kufuneka ibe ziimpawu isikhundla sakhe kuyo.

1. Le ise kwixesha yesine enkulu, iqela wesixhenxe, i-sub-amaqela.
2. inani lothotho - 25. eKalagadi - isici, nesigxina umphakathi leyo ilingana no atom-25. Inani elektroni yi neutron efanayo - 30.
3. Ixabiso le mass atom - 54,938.
4. Isikhundla chemical manganese element - mn.
5. igama Latin - manganese.

Ifunyanwa phakathi chromium kunye nesinyithi, nto leyo echaza ukufana yayo nabo iimpawu zomzimba kunye imichiza.

Manganese - into kwemichiza: metal lotshintsho

Xa siqwalasela enikiweyo uqwalaselo atom electron, ifomula yayo kuya kuba ifomu: 1 2 ^{2 2 2} 2p ⁶ 3 3p ⁶ 4 ² 3d ^5. Kuyacaca ukuba element ingxelo contact - yinto metal kwenye d-ntsapho. electron emihlanu kwintetho 3d-sublevel malunga uzinzo-atom, nto leyo esibonakaliswa iipropati yayo chemical.

Njengoko intsimbi ukunciphisa le manganese, kodwa inkoliso iikhompawundi yayo uyakwazi ukubonakalisa womelele ngokwaneleyo namandla oxidizing. Oku kungenxa izidanga ezahlukeneyo igcwala kunye valences, eba into esebenzayo. Olu phawu kule yentsapho zesinyithi.

Ngenxa yoko, manganese - imichiza element, ibekwe phakathi kwezinye athom, nokuba iimpawu zayo ezizodwa. Khawucinge nje ngoko la izakhiwo zolwimi ngokunzulu.

Manganese - into imichiza. degree igcwala

Sele wachaza indlela ngekhompyutha ye atom. Ngokutsho kuye, lwesi sakhi uyakwazi ukuba ezinhle igcwala ithi. Zezi:

• 0;
• -phinde ngo 2;
• 3;
• 4;
• 6;
• 7.

Le Valence ye atom yi IV. Eyona iyizinzise zezo zinto apho amaxabiso kwenzeka manganese-phinde ngo 2, +4, +6. Ngezinga eliphezulu igcwala ivumela iikhompawundi ukuba iioksidenti namandla. Umzekelo: KMnO _4, MN ₂ O _7.

Zithako ngezinto ezimbini ukunciphisa aba hayidroksayidi, manganese (II) iye iipropati amphoteric, ngakumbi ubukho esisiseko. degrees esiPhakathi kwezalathisi igcwala zenze compound amphoteric.

History of izovela

Manganese - into yemichiza eye yavulwa kwangoko, kodwa ngokuthe ngcembe yaye zizazinzulu ezahlukeneyo. Noko ke, ngokunxulumana, abantu basebenzisa ukususela kumaxesha amandulo. manganese oxide (IV) yasetyenziswa linabantu neglasi. Enye Italian lathi Ukongeza kule compound iipeyinti umbala wabo nemfusa kwi imveliso eekhemikhali ngeglasi. Kunye nale, ukwimo enye kunceda ukuphelisa turbidity ngeglasi bebala.

Kamva e Austria Isazinzulu Qaim nokuphepha wafumana iqhekeza manganese sisinyithi, alunywe lobushushu pyurolizit phezulu (manganese oxide (IV)), nepotashi kunye namalahle. Noko ke, le isampuli waba oluninzi ubumdaka, ukuze kupheliswe ukuba akhohlwa, ngoko ke ukuvulwa zange zenzeke.

Kamva enye ingcali yenzululwazi kuhlelwe njenge umxube apho elivisa okwabangela metal ecocekileyo. Yaba Bergman, wafumanisa lo nickel element. Noko ke, oko kuzisa loo mbandela ngaphambi kokuba isiphelo ke ukuba abe.

Manganese - into imichiza, ekwakusetyenzwa kwaye idla ngohlobo kwento elula okokuqala waphumelela Karlu Sheele ngo-1774. Noko ke, wawenza I. Hahn, ogqibe inkqubo ukunyibilikisa piece metal. Kodwa abazange bakwazi ukwahlukana ngokupheleleyo kuyo yonke ukungcola kwaye ufumane i-100% kwisivuno.

Kunjalo, kuba eli xesha kokufunyanwa atom. Ezi izazinzulu efanayo ziye bazama ukunika igama njengoovulindlela. Bathi manganezium gama ekhethiweyo. Noko ke, emva kokuba kwafunyanwa magnesium yaqala ukudideka kunye negama manganese latshintshelwa nomsinga (H. uDavide, 1908).

Ekubeni manganese - into imichiza ogama iimpawu zixabiseke kakhulu kwiinkqubo ezininzi metallurgical, ekuhambeni kwexesha kwafuneka ukuba ingafumana indlela sivelise kwifomu kakhulu ecocekileyo. Le ngxaki ingasonjululwa zizazinzulu kulo lonke ihlabathi, kodwa wakwazi ukuba isonjululwe kuphela ngo-1919 ngomsebenzi ka R. Agladze - Isazinzulu eSoviet yemichiza. Oko kukuthi, wafumana indlela ukuba ube sulphates kunye kloride lwe manganese ngu electrolysis ukufumana umxholo kweziyobisi metal ecocekileyo 99,98%. Ngoku le ndlela isetyenziswa kulo lonke ihlabathi.

Ukuba indalo

Manganese - into imichiza, ifoto into elula apho kuyabonakala ngezantsi. Kwindalo, kukho ezininzi izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo i-atom, inani neutron apho iyahluka kakhulu. Ngenxa yoko ke, amanani ubunzima ziyahluka kuluhlu ukususela 44 ukuya 69. Noko ke, lo Isotope kuphela izinzile of an element ukuba ixabiso ⁵⁵ MN, abanye babe negligibly elifutshane nesiqingatha-ubomi, okanye kukho izixa ezincinane kakhulu.

Ekubeni manganese - imichiza isiqalelo apho ngesidanga igcwala ziyohluka kakhulu, kwaye le khompawundi kwindalo kuba lenza kakhulu. Ngendlela ecocekileyo, i element alafunyanwa kwaphela. Le izimbiwa kunye ores isigxina ummelwane wakhe - yentsimbi. Zizonke kuchazwa yamawa ebalulekileyo, ezibandakanya manganese.

1. Pyrolusite. A elibona olungumgubo: MnO ₂ * vu ₂ O.
2. molecule Psilomelane MnO2 * mMnO * nH2O.
3. MnO ifomula Manganite * WO.
4. Braunite anqabe kunabanye. Formula MN _{2 O-3.}
5. MN ifomula Hausmannite * MN _{2 O-4.}
6. Rodonite MN ₂ (Sio _{3) 2.}
7. carbonate manganese ore.
8. Iqhosha rhodochrosite Spar okanye - MnCO _3.
9. Purple - MN ₃ PO _4.

Ukongeza, kuyenzeka ukuba ityumbe izimbiwa eziliqela, nto leyo ibandakanya element phantsi ingqalelo. Zezi:

• calcite;
• siderite;
• yezimbiwa nobumba;
• yikalikedo;
• yihakinto;
• isanti kunye daka compound.

Ukongeza nemigodi kunye sedimentary nasemaweni, iiminerali, manganese - iikhemikhali element esele ifakiwe kule ekwakhiweni ziquka:

1. eziphilayo Plant. Le drives inkulu lwesi sakhi zezi: nezompleyini amanzi, duckweed, diatoms.
2. fungi Rust.
3. Ezinye iintlobo ze iintsholongwane.
4. Ezi zilwanyana zilandelayo: ezibomvu, intlanzi, mbambela.
5. Abantu - isidingo ngemihla malunga 3-5 mg.
6. Oceans ziqulathe 0.3% yamanzi lwesi sakhi.
7. Umxholo iyonke uqweqwe 0.1% ngokobunzima.

Ngokwesiqhelo, akukho 14 element uqhelekileyo yonke iplanethi yethu. Phakathi intsimbi heavy metal emva kwakhe okwesibini.

iipropati ngokomzimba

Ngokwembono iimpawu yemanganizi nje into elula, kukho iimpawu eziliqela ezisisiseko ngokomzimba yona.

1. Xa into elula kuthiwe sisinyithi kunzima ngokwaneleyo (index isikali Mohs 'ngu-4). Umbala - ubuhle ezimhlophe, umoya legqunyiwe umboniso oxide olukhuselayo kwicandelo ecwebezelayo.
2. Ingongoma yokunyibilika ka 1246 ⁰ C.
3. Ukupheka - 2061 ⁰ C.
4. Iipropati Conductive of okulungileyo, paramagnetic.
5. Metal konga 7.44 g / cm ^3.
6. Kukho kwi ngohlobo polymorphs ezine (α, β, γ, σ), ezahlukeneyo kubume kunye emkhusaneni ukuma nokupakisha kwanokuxinana ye atom. Kwakhona ezahlukeneyo iqondo lobushushu zavuleka.

Yokunyibilikisa isinyithi kusetyenziswa iintlobo ezintathu ezisisiseko manganese: β, γ, σ. Alpha kunqabile, ekubeni ulula kakhulu iimpahla zazo.

iipropati chemical

Ngokwembono chemistry, manganese - isiqalelo iikhemikhali isigxina sakhe ion yohluka kakhulu-phinde ngo 2 ukuya +7. It ishiya uphawu wayo umsebenzi wayo. Ifom mahala manganese emoyeni Lize kancinci kakhulu ngamanzi, enyibilikayo asidi yaze yangxenga ifuthe lomanyano. Nakuba kunjalo, kufuneka andise iqondo lobushushu intsimbi kuphela njengoko umsebenzi kwandisa kakhulu.

Ngenxa yoko, ikwazi zakudibana:

• nitrogen;
• carbon;
• halogens;
• electronic;
• phosphorus;
• isalfure kunye nabanye abasebenzi abanga-izinyithi.

Xa itshiswe ngeqondo metal ngaphandle umoya ngokulula ludlulele kunyuka karhulumente. Kuxhomekeka iqondo igcwala, nto leyo ebonisa yemanganizi khompawundi alo zombini arhente ukunciphisa kunye arhente oxidizing. Abanye ukubonisa iipropati amphoteric. Ngoko ke, lo uphawu ezisisiseko iikhompawundi, leyo phinde ngo 2. Amphoteric - 4, kunye asidi onamandla oxidizing kulo ixabiso eliphezulu +7.

Nangona isibakala sokuba manganese - yinto metal yenguqu iikhompawundi ezintsonkothileyo ezimbalwa kuye. Oku kungenxa weni yoqwalaselo electron i-atom; ngokuba 3d-sublayer iqulethe electron-5.

Iindlela yokulungisa

Kukho iindlela ezintathu eziphambili apho manganese ilungisiwe kushishino (imichiza isuntswana). Indlela ukufunda isihloko Latin, siye sele ezinyuliweyo - manganum. Ukuba translate ibe Russian, kuya kuba "Ewe, okunene icacisa discolors". Ngoko ke manganese igama layo iyafuneka ukubonisa yayizizinto ukususela kumaxesha amandulo kakhulu.

Noko ke, nangona yodumo, ukuze oko ngendlela esulungekileyo ukuba isetyenziswe kuphela ngo-1919. Oku kwenziwa ezi ndlela zilandelayo.

1. Electrolysis, isivuno imveliso 99,98%. Ngale ndlela, manganese kwishishini kwemichiza le.
2. Silicothermic okanye recovery usebenzisa lesilicon. Ngale ndlela kukho ezo Silicon kunye manganese oxide (IV), nto leyo metal enyulu. Isivuno yi malunga ne 68%, ngokuba ezimbaxa manganese kukuba ngu-enziwa Silicon in silicide. Le ndlela isetyenziswa kushishino metallurgical.
3. indlela Aluminothermic - umsebenzi recovery usebenzisa aluminiyam. Kwakhona ukunika isivuno eliphezulu kakhulu, manganese sonakaliswe ukungcola.

Nokuveliswa intsimbi kubalulekile ukuba iinkqubo ezininzi lwenziwa yokunyibilikisa isinyithi. Kaloku Ukongeza encinane manganese uyakwazi nempembelelo enkulu iimpawu aluminium. Oku kubonakaliswa ukuba iyachithakala izinyithi ezininzi, wazalisa ngumkhenkce yayo ngekroba.

Exploration nokuveliswa lwesi sakhi Russia ubekwa kwindawo yokuqala ehlabathini. Kwakhona, le nkqubo ikhutshwa phandle kumazwe afana:

• China.
• EMzantsi Afrika.
• Kazakhstan.
• EGeorgia.
• Ukraine.

Sebenzisa kushishino

Manganese - into imichiza, ukusetyenziswa apho akubalulekanga kuphela yokunyibilikisa isinyithi. kodwa kwezinye iindawo nabo. Ukongeza metal ekwimo nyulu, zibaluleke kakhulu kwaye khompawundi ezahlukeneyo yale atom. Libhekisela ezona ziphambili.

1. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi aluminiyamu, leyo, ngenxa yemanganizi kufuneka iipropati ezizodwa. Umzekelo, i intsimbi Hadfield sinamandla kakhulu yaye yanyamezela yahlala ithuba elide ukuba isetyenziselwa iindawo lokunyibilikisa excavator, oomatshini processing eweni, iintokazi ezisilayo, zokusila ibhola, izinto isikrweqe.
2. dioxide manganese - electroplating oxidative yokubopha element, oku kusetyenziswa xa kudalwa depolarizer.
3. iikhompawundi ezininzi manganese efunekayo ukuze syntheses ezahlukeneyo kwezinto eziphilayo.
4. Ipotaziyam permanganate (potassium permanganate okanye) kusetyenziswa amayeza njenge arhente esinamandla kubola.
5. Le element iqukiwe ekwakhiweni bobhedu, nobhedu, yenza ingxubevange yayo ngobhedu, leyo isebenza ukuvelisa turbines moya, iibhleyidi, kunye nezinye iindawo.

Indima begazi

Imfuneko yemihla ngemihla manganese lomntu 3-5 mg. Ukuswela lwesi sakhi kukhokelela ingcinezelo nervous system, ukuphazamiseka kokulala okanye ixhala, nesiyezi. indima yayo ayenziwanga kakuhle ngokupheleleyo, kodwa ke kucacile ukuba, kuqala kwiinto zonke, ukuba unefuthe:

• ukukhula;
• umsebenzi unamadlala ngokwesondo;
• umsebenzi hormone;
• ukuyilwa igazi.

Le sakhi ekhoyo kuzo zonke izityalo, izilwanyana, abantu, oko kubonisa indima yalo ebalulekileyo eziphilayo.

ulwazi olunomdla malunga nomba

Manganese - into imichiza, izibakala umdla leyo injezu mntwini, ndiyenze icace indlela okubaluleke ngayo. Apha izezona ezingundoqo, nokwafumanekayo uphawu yayo kwimbali ngentsimbi.

1. Ngamaxesha kweMfazwe Civil kwi-USSR, omnye imveliso kumazwe angaphandle yokuqala ukuba esikrwada equlathe imali eninzi yemanganizi.
2. Ukuba dioxide manganese ukuxuba ne potassium hayidroksayidi kunye nitrate, kwaye ngoko ke imveliso unyityilikiswa emanzini, ukuguquka ukuqala Akumangalisi. Okokuqala, lo isisombululo uya luhlaza emva koko kombala blue iza kutshintsha emva - Purple. Okokugqibela, raspberry yaye ngokuthe ngcembe uya kuwa kwenze emdaka. Ukuba umxube ukugungqa, ngoko kwakhona eluhlaza kunye bonke yenzeke kwakhona. Kungenxa yale permanganate potassium kunye negama layo, bona bubonakala "chameleon bezimbiwa".
3. Ukuba emhlabeni ukwenza isichumiso equlethe manganese, ngoko ke isityalo ziza kwandisa ukuvelisa nokunyusa izinga photosynthesis. Winter ukhozo lwengqolowa kuya kuba ngcono.
4. Le kuzulu inkulu kwezi rhodonite izimbiwa manganese emalunga neetoni 47 yaye yafunyanwa kwi Urals.
5. Kukho intsila izithathu ebizwa manganin. Le nto ndiyibhalayo izinto ezifana nobhedu, yemanganizi nickel. Kuyinto ihlukile ukuba siyakwazi ukumelana enkulu yombane, nto leyo akuxhomekekanga kwiqondo lobushushu kodwa uphantsi kweempembelelo wengcinezelo.

Kakade ke, oku konke kukho kukuthi ngale metal. Manganese - into imichiza, iziganeko umdla leyo kakhulu zahlukahlukene. Ingakumbi ukuba sithethe malunga neempawu ukuba olunikwa aluminium ezahlukeneyo.