Kwisuntswana elincane ngombane cala iikhemikhali sakhi: ukwakheka, isakhiwo, iimpawu

ihlabathi lonke jikelele, ukususela ezinzulwini zomhlaba kwaye kwisithuba engaphandle, kuba iqulathe inani engenasiphelo izinto, nganye into eziphathekayo. Izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba umcimbi ayikwazi zitshatyalaliswe okanye wenze, oko obungenasiphelo obungunaphakade. Motion yenye iimpawu mbandela akuboni ezinxulumene. Oku kuphela ukuhamba lwendawo imizimba ngokwabo, kodwa kwakhona ukutshintsha ithi zabo, iimpawu, njalo-njalo.

Umba nenkqubo yayo

Isithuba kunye nexesha zithathwa uhlobo yokuba kubalulekile. Omnye wemiba ephambili beepropati yayo na ubuchule ekufuneka ziboniswe ezingqondweni zabantu.

Kwinzululwazi namhlanje alandelayo amanqanaba mba kunye nenkqubo yayo;

• amasuntswana nezakhiwo;
• atom;
• molecule;
• zasendle;
• umzimba kokukhulu;
• Iinkqubo neznye;
• umhlaba;
• iinkwenkwezi;
• Way;
• inkqubo zezigidi;
• universe;
• inkqubo universe.

Zonke iinkqubo izinto owakhiwa ngayo izinto eziphilayo, okt eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo, ngokungafaniyo nabanye, bayakwazi nokuzala. A uhlobo yokwakha ibhloko kuba lo mbandela amasuntswana nezakhiwo. Lo isenokuba kwisuntswana lincinane na zombane cala iikhemikhali element othe intlawulo ethile.

amasuntswana asisiqalelo

Zonke amasuntswana sabaqalayo, evulekileyo ngalo mzuzwana, kukho malunga ezingamakhulu amathathu. Ukuba isuntswana na isimangalo, kufuneka khona apho i antiparticle. An Okungumahluko kwisuntswana lincinane na zombane cala imichiza element.

Bonke bephela yahlulwe:

• hadrons, aqukiweyo kuzo zonke iintengiselwano, ukuba yahlulwe baryons (nucleons kunye hyperons) kunye mesons;
• leptons ababandakanyekayo kuzo zonke iintengiselwano ngaphandle eyomeleleyo (phakathi apho kukho elektroni, neutrinos kunye muons).

ziluhlaza Kuphela bengengabo naliphi na kula maqela.

Eli candelo yenziwe isekelwe phezu ntsebenziswano ezisisiseko, leyo ukubabomelele, bangamaphakuphaku, umoya kunye omxhuzulane. intsebenziswano obomeleleyo Kuninzi kagesi (ikhulu izihlandlo). Ukusebenza imigama kakhulu elifutshane - iimitha 10ˉ¹⁵. Kakade ke, abantu ababuthathaka kagesi phi, kodwa mkhulu ngaphezu omxhuzulane amaxesha amaninzi.

Ulwakhiwo nozinzo iimpawu

imigca ecacileyo leyo eye kwisuntswana lincinane na imichiza element ngombane cala kunye nezinye amasuntswana ezinesiqalelo, akukho. Umzekelo, oku kwaziwa ukuba isakhiwo enzima, nto leyo ibandakanya ebizwa ngokuba yi-quarks.

Xa siqwalasela iimpawu ixesha, amasuntswana ukubonisa esitalini okanye ezingazinzanga. Phakathi wokuqala ukuma ziluhlaza, Muon kunye electron neutrinos, protons kunye electron kunye antiparticles zabo. Ezinye amasuntswana nezakhiwo nga zisonakala zide phakathi 10³ ngenxa neutron leyo zikwimeko simahla, ukuba 10ˉ²²-10ˉ²⁴ kwabo amasuntswana ekuthiwa resonances.

Elektroni, protons kunye neutron

amasuntswana limalunga eziyinxalenye izinto eziphathekayo, ekuthiwa elektroni, protons kunye neutron.

Befundisi ziindleko ezimbi ezinzileyo kunye nobunzima 9 * 10ˉ³¹ eekhilogram. Ba leptons, njengoko ababandakanyekayo kuyo yonke ukudibana olomeleleyo. Protons kwakhona iipropati isitali, kodwa ubunzima mkhulu e ngo-1836. It baryon ukusuka ngumongo Isotope ndilukhanyiselo atom hydrogen. Neutron njengokuba igama lixela - kukho amasuntswana cala esinobunzima ngaphezu Proton. Kwakhona baryons. Ba ingazinzi yaye ekulindeleke ukuba ubomi imizuzu ukuya ku elishumi elinesithandathu. Protons kunye neutron zenza eziba athom.

Ukubunjwa atom

Kwisuntswana elincane ngombane imichiza element cala kuthiwa i atom. Sesazulwini sayo undoqo, eseyiphantse yonke intlama. Isiqalo ke kakuhle ityala njengoko liye kumafa yayo protons kuphela neutron. Inani protons nga kumiselwa inani le element kunye Itheyibhile Periodic: Inani labo idibanisa inani lothotho.

Ukuhambisa elektroni emhlabeni ngumongo, inani yona iyafana naleyo Proton. Kwisuntswana incinane ngombane cala ekwaziyo ekunikeleni elektroni okanye, icala, ukuba yifake. Kuxhomekeka kweli-atom unenxaxheba intlawulo esibi okanye esihle. Iipropati Chemical ziboniswa kuxhomekeke kwinani elektroni apho kunokwenziwa amalungiselelo ukusuka undoqo kwi imigama ezahlukeneyo kwaye ushukume kwindawo yazo ezahlukeneyo, kunye ngezantya ezahlukeneyo, amandla.

Udandalaziso yamasuntswana cala eziziziqalelo ayikwazi ngokwegrafu kubonakaliswa. Zesayensi namhlanje hogela atom njenge nucleus enzima kunye elektroni ezijikeleze ilifu esiqinileyo. Akwenzeki ukuba ukujonga indawo electron, njengoko kungekho izixhobo ezifanelekileyo, kodwa ngenxa yokuba ukubonisa zombini iipropati amaza.

Ngenxa ukukhanda quantum, oko kwaba ukuba ngamnye amasuntswana zombane cala eziziziqalelo kunokuba ukuya kumaqela ezininzi elektroni eyenza i iqokobhe electronic ungqukuva, inani eliphezulu nto leyo esixhenxe.

Ukhankanye ukuba kwinqanaba enzulu, electron ikhala ngendlela photon - photon. electron nganye, phakathi kwezinye izinto, oluvula luvaleke axis yayo. Le propati iye ngokuba "Ihlole." Kukholelwa ukuba le izinga rhoqo, ngeke nangayiphi na utshintsho indlela.

ingqokelela athom

i zombane yamasuntswana cala ifundwa njani ngoncedo zazo. I-atom okhupha okanye ethintela imigca ukukhanya. Oku kuyenzeka kuba amandla ethatha amaxabiso obubobu engqinelanayo States atomic kunye notshintsho shintsha quantum.

A ezininzi athom ukuba ngecala olulodwa ukuba into imichiza. Namhlanje yaziwa ka-107, yaye-19 zaye ekuqaleni zifunyanwa ngokusebenzisa ngumntu, yaye kuphela emva koko ukuvula kwindalo.

Umphakathi ukuba ubunzima enzima, ukuba nkenenkene, ngoko americium alandelayo imichiza zifumaneka kuphela ngayo zenyukliya.

Xa nalinye isuntswana yi ngombane cala imichiza element eqhagamshelwe omnye (inani athom ngexesha inye ezihanjiswayo ukuya ku amawaka amabini), yenza zinemoletyhule yona kwisuntswana iziyobisi incinane nazo zonke iipropati yayo chemical. Kodwa oko ngesihloko omnye nqaku.