Into oyiyo; isindululo thermal? Yintoni imiba enxulumene kuyo?

Iziganeko zehlabathi kwendawo kwakunxibelelene kunye notshintsho lobushushu. Ngayo, wonke umntu adibana kwabantwana abancinane, xa ibona ukuba kubanda ice kunye abilayo betshisa amanzi. Ngelo xesha efanayo ukuqonda ukuba iinkqubo utshintsho lobushushu azenzeki ngephanyazo. Kamva esikolweni, abafundi bafunda ukuba edibene isindululo thermal. Kunye neenkqubo ezinxulumene lobushushu ekhethiweyo isebe ye physics.

Yintoni na ke ubushushu?

Le ngcamango kwinzululwazi yaqaliswa endaweni imigaqo eqhelekileyo. Kubomi bemihla ngemihla, njalo ukubonakala amagama afana eshushu, ingqele okanye kufudumele. Bonke bathethe malunga iqondo lobushushu emzimbeni up. Yiloo nto ichazwa ngayo physics, kongezwe ukuba kukho inani scalar. Emva lobushushu akukho lwalathiso, kodwa ke inani kuphela.

Kwinkqubo ngamazwe leeyunithi (SI), ubushushu ulinganiswa iidigrizi.zikaCelsius (° C). Kodwa amazwi amaninzi echaza ngeziganeko thermal, kufuneka ukuba ukuguqulela kwi Kelvin (K). Ukulungiselela le njongo, kukho indlela yokubala elula: T = t + 273. It T - ubushushu e Kelvin, kunye t - in Celsius. Kunye Kelvin isikali enxulumene ingqikelelo zero epheleleyo.

Kukho isikali lobushushu eziliqela. EYurophu nakumNtla Melika, umzekelo, ngexesha Fahrenheit (F). Ngoko ke, kufuneka bakwazi ukuba alobe Celsius. Ukuze wenze oku, ukususela ubungqina F lixhomekeke uthabathe 32, ngoko kuyahlula ngo 1.8.

experiment ekhaya

Xa echaza indlela ekubaluleke ngayo ukuba izinto ezifana lobushushu, sihamba thermal. Ewe, kwaye enze amava lula.

Kuba kufuneka ukuba uthathe amatanki amathathu. Kufuneka zibe nkulu ngokwaneleyo ukuba bakwazi lula yaxaka izandla. Gcwalisa amanzi kwiqondo lobushushu olwahlukileyo. Ekuqaleni ke kuyabanda kakhulu. Kule yesibini - esotha. Xa kugalela amanzi wesithathu ashushu, kwelinye apho kuya kuba lula ukugcina ingalo.

Ngoku, amava ngokwayo. ngesandla Lower sasekhohlo kwiskhongozeli yamanzi abandayo, ilungelo - kunye ishushu. Linda imizuzu embalwa. Thatha ngaphandle kwaye ngoko nangoko ukutshonisa kumgqomo wamanzi ashushu.

Umphumo iya kuba engalindelekanga. isandla sasekhohlo kubonakala ukuba amanzi ashushu, kanye apho imvakalelo ngamanzi abandayo. Oku kubangelwa yinto yokuba yokuqala lizama iseti thermal kunye ulwelo apho iingalo ezithunyelwa ekuqaleni. Kwaye ngoko oku intsalela uphazamiseke kakhulu.

Eyona engundoqo Amalungiselelo e-worldwork theory molecule-kinetic

Lichaza zonke izenzakalo thermal. Kodwa ezi nyaniso azithathwa kakhulu ilula. Ngoko ke, xa sithetha isindululo wobushushu la malungiselelo kufuneka ukwazi.

Okokuqala, into lisekwa amasuntswana ngomzuzu, sise umgama ukusuka komnye. Ngaphezu koko, ezi amasuntswana babe iimolekyuli kunye atom. Yaye umgama phakathi kwabo amaxesha amaninzi ezinkulu yamasuntswana ubukhulu.

Okwesibini, kuzo zonke izinto kukho isindululo wobushushu ezi molekyuli, leyo akayeki. Amasuntswana ngaloo ukuhamba ngokwazo (ingalawuleki).

Okwesithathu, amasuntswana basebenzisane. Le effect kungenxa imikhosi yomtsalane kunye isizathu. ubukhulu lwabo luxhomekeke kumgama phakathi kweengqakumbana.

Ukungqinwa isikhundla ukuya ILC wokuqala

Ubungqina bokuba umzimba iqulathe amasuntswana, phakathi apho kukho izikhewu, yabo ukwanda thermal. Ngoko, xa umzimba itshiswe, ukunyuka bayo. Oku kwenzeka ngenxa yokususwa amasuntswana omnye komnye.

Enye isiqinisekiso oko kuye kwathethwa ngu kwe-. Oko kukuthi, kwii-ezo molekyuli ukwimo phakathi kweengqakumbana ezinye. Kwaye lo Umbutho efanayo. Nokuhanjiswa ukwenzeka ngokukhawuleza ngakumbi, zicwangciswe i ngakumbi wahlukanisa iimolekyuli. Ngoko ke, lo umthondo efanayo berhasi kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza okukhulu ukuzala. Kwaye eziqinileyo phezu kwe- ezifunekayo ngonyaka.

Ke kaloku, yokugqibela ucacisa inkqubo kunye isindululo thermal. Ngapha koko, kwii efanayo izinto zibe kwezinye lwenzeka ngaphandle naluphi na uphazamiseko ngaphandle. Kodwa oko kuya kwandiswa ifudumele.

Qinisekisa MKT kwindawo yesibini

ubungqina obucacileyo bokuba kukho intshukumo thermal - ke okukhe amasuntswana. Kucingwa ukuba amasuntswana emsebenzini, okt abo makhulu molekyuli ezinkulu into. Ezi amasuntswana inokuba amasuntswana othuli okanye iinkozo. A endaweni uxhomekeke amanzi okanye igesi.

Isizathu sokuba intshukumo random amasuntswana kurhoxiswa kwimeko yokuba ngeenxa zonke kuyo ukwenza molecule. ukusebenza zabo ngokuzenzekelayo. Ubukhulu iimpembelelo ngexesha ngalinye eyahlukileyo. Ngoko ke, amandla engumphumela ngqo kwicala elinye aze kwenye indawo.

Ukuba sithethe malunga uqina sesindululo thermal ezi molekyuli, oko kukuthi igama elikhethekileyo kuba - ingcambu ukuthini square. Inokubuyiselwa ibalwa ifomula:

v = √ [(3kT) / m _0].

It T - ubushushu e Kelvin, m ₀ - ubunzima molecule elilodwa, k - Boltzmann rhoqo (k = 1,38 * 10 ^-23 J / K).

Ukungqinwa indawo yesithathu ILC

Amasuntswana bathanda kwaye aqale. Xa inkcazo kweenkqubo ezininzi ezinxulumene motion thermal, olu lwazi kubalulekile.

Ngapha koko, imikhosi yentsebenziswano kuxhomekeke kwimeko emzimbeni mba. Ngoko ke, kukho phantse akukho gesi, kuba amasuntswana ziyasuswa kakhulu kangangokuba intshukumo yabo ayiyi kubakho. Ulwelo kunye eziqinileyo ngokuthe nokunika yokugcina umthamo eziphathekayo. Kwixesha elidlulileyo, solo ukunika nokugcina imilo.

Ubungqina ubukho imikhosi yomtsalane kunye isizathu forces imbonakalo luthambe kwi imizimba deformation. Ngoko ke, ngokuba ukwandisa imikhosi eyomeleziweyo enomtsalane phakathi iimolekyuli kwaye ucinezelo - isizathu. Kodwa zombini babuyela umzimba emile yayo yoqobo.

I-avareji amandla of motion thermal

Ingayingxelo ebhaliweyo evela kwi MKT esisiseko equation :

(PV) / N = (2E) / 3.

Kule formula, p - uxinzelelo, V - ivolyum, N - inani molekyuli E - i-avareji namandla entshukumo.

Kwelinye icala, lenxaki angabhalwa ngolu hlobo:

(PV) / N = kt.

Ukuba uhlanganisa iufumana i equation ilandelayo:

(2E) / 3 = kt.

Oku lulandelayo indlela olunjalo amandla koko agciniweyo le molekyuli:

E = (3kT) / 2.

Oku kubonisa ukuba umbane ngokomlinganiselo iqondo lobushushu kweziyobisi. Oko kukuthi, kunye ukwanda amasuntswana yokugqibela ukuhamba ngokukhawuleza. Lo ngumongo sesindululo thermal, ekho nje kukho ubushushu ngaphandle zero epheleleyo.