Katyn: kubulawa kwamagosa Polish. Imbali nentlekele Katyn

Ngexesha Second World War, macala omabini benze ulwaphulo ezininzi ebantwini. izigidi yabulala abahlali kunye namajoni. Enye amaphepha impikiswano yembali ithathwa ukudutyulwa amagosa Polish e Katyn. Inyaniso ukuba sele kudala uvimba icala abanye olu lwaphulo-mthetho, siya kuzama ukufumana phandle.

Ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha senkulungwane, iziganeko ngokwenene Katyn zaye ezimele uluntu ehlabathini. Namhlanje, iinkcukacha ityala yimfihlelo, nangona uluvo kulo mba luyathandabuzeka njengoko historians abezopolitiko, yaye abemi abaqhelekileyo ababandakanyekayo kumazwe ephikisanayo.

Katyn Massacre

Kuba baninzi, uphawu ukubulala ndikhohlakele yaba Katyn. Ukwenziwa amagosa Polish akunakwenzeka ukuzithethelela okanye ukuqonda. Kulapha ke, Katyn ehlathini kummandla ESmolensk, amawaka amagosa Polish babulawa entwasahlobo ka-1940. Ukubulawa mass yabemi Polish ayipheleli nje kule ndawo. Aba amaxwebhu karhulumente, apho ngo-Apreli-Meyi 1940 ngaphezulu kwama-20 amawaka abemi Polish babulawa kwiinkampu ezahlukeneyo NKVD.

Le edubule Katyn kudala nzima ubudlelwane Polish-Russian. Ukususela ngo-2010, Russian uMongameli nguDmitry Medvedev kunye Duma wavuma ukuba lokubulala abemi Polish e Katyn Forest yaba imisebenzi nolawulo kaStalin. Kuye kwenziwa yoluntu ingxelo 'malunga Katyn ntlekele amaxhoba. " Noko ke, asingabo bonke abezopolitiko kunye amanani zoluntu eRashiya uyavumelana nale ngxelo.

Amagosa evuhlongeni Polish

I-Second World War waqalisa 09.01.1939 for Poland xa iJamani wangena nommandla wayo. IBrithani France wajoyina imbambano elindele isiphumo ezinye izenzakalo. 10.09.1939 Sele e Poland amajoni wangena USSR umyalelo esemthethweni ukukhusela abantu Ukrainian kunye Belarusian of Poland. historiography Modern ubiza izenzo ezinjalo yeentlanga umhlaseli, "ulwahlulo wesine Poland." Red Army amajoni ahlala kummandla Western Ukraine kunye Western Belarus. Xa isigqibo yiVersailles iSivumelwano , la mazwe yaba yinxalenye Poland.

amajoni Polish ukukhusela ilizwe labo, engomelele imikhosi emibini. Bakhawuleza boyisiwe. Phezu komhlaba, i NKVD wadalwa kwiinkampu ezisibhozo amabanjwa Polish emfazwe. Bona ezinxulumene ngqo isiganeko kabuhlungu, ebizwa "i edubule Katyn."

Bonke kwikhompyutha kude kube kwisiqingatha Poland, uninzi lwabo kunye ixesha kubemi Red Army ukhululwe, yaye kamu abantu malunga 130 amawaka. Emva kwexesha amajoni elikwisikhundla esiphezulu, abahlala ePoland, ezichithiweyo emakhayeni abo, ngaphezulu kwama-40,000 Maputo eJamani, abanye (40 amawaka) ziye zohlulwa kwiinkampu ezintlanu:

• Starobelsk (Luhansk) - Amagosa kwi-mali ka-4 amawaka.
• Kozelskiy (ukulungela) - Amagosa kwi-mali ka-amawaka 5.
• Ostashkov (yaseTver) - gendarmes kunye namapolisa inani labantu 4700.
• ingqalelo nokwakhiwa kweendlela - elikwisikhundla esiphezulu kwi-mali ka-18 amawaka.
• ithunyelwe ukusebenza kwi Krivoi Rog isitya - kolandelayo mali ka-10 amawaka.

Ngasemthonjeni ka-1940 yi abakhonkxiweyo ekuvalelweni kwiinkampu ezintathu beyeka ukuza iincwadi kwizalamane badlula rhoqo Red Cross. Isizathu sokuba cwaka baba amabanjwa emfazwe, Katyn, ibali ntlekele ukuba enxibelelene ziyahlelwa amashumi amawaka zezibonda.

Ukudubula amabanjwa

Ngowe-1992 kwathiwa likhuphe uxwebhu-isiphakamiso 8.3.1940 L. Beria ukuya Politburo, leyo umba wabulawayo amabanjwa Polish emfazwe. Isigqibo isohlwayo eyinkunzi esamkelwa ngoMatshi 5, 1940.

Ekupheleni kweyoKwindla, i NKVD bagqiba isicwangciso sophuhliso. Amabanjwa yeenkampu Starobelsk kunye Kozelsk basiwa eKiev, Kherson, IKharkiv, Minsk. Owayesakuba gendarmes kunye amagosa asebupoliseni kwi Ostashkov kwinkampu yafudukela entolongweni esibizwa apho kwangaphambili bakhutshwe amabanjwa eqhelekileyo. imigodi emikhulu (kwilali yoBhedu) kufuphi zentolongo wemba.

Ngo-Epreli, amabanjwa baqalisa zokuthengisela ukubulawa kwabantu 350-400. Isigwebo sokufa, wacebisa ukuba ukukhululwa yabo inkululeko. Abaninzi yamasalela iimoto oomoya eziphakamileyo, nkqu ukwazi ukufa ezayo.

Njani le edubule Katyn:

• amabanjwa abophe;
• kuphosa ingubo yakhe phezu kwentloko (akasoloko, kodwa ingakumbi Yomelela abatsha);
• eyabangela ukuba emhadini bemba;
• kokuba wadutyulwa ngasemva intloko Walter okanye Browning.

Loo nto lokugqibela ixesha elide, wangqina ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho ngayo abemi Polish netyala imikhosi yaseJamani.

Esibizwa abakhonkxiweyo ekuvalelweni babulawa lwecamera.

Ukususela ku-Apreli ukuya kuMeyi 1940 zaye shot:

• Katyn - 4421 ibanjwa;
• e Starobelsk and Ostashkov neenkampu - 10131;
• kwezinye iinkampu - 7305.

Ngoobani udubuleke Katyn? Wabulawa kungekhona nje amagosa rhoqo, kodwa bahlanganiswa ngexesha lemfazwe, amagqwetha, ootitshala, iinjineli, oogqirha, oonjingalwazi kunye nezinye zizifundiswa.

amagosa "Missing"

Xa iJamani yahlasela eSoviet Union, uthethathethwano baqalisa phakathi kukaRhulumente Polish kwaye Soviet malunga imikhosi abazibandakanya nxamnye notshaba. Waza waqala ukufunwa ngaphandle kwi amagosa nkampu eSoviet. Kodwa ke inyaniso Katyn ayaziwa.

Akukho namnye amagosa ezingekhoyo ayiphumelelanga ukufumana, kunye necebiso aphuma nkampu, zange kungafunyaniswa. Hayi, azafunyanelwa ndawo enye okanye wakukhankanya abo beza kwiinkampu zikhankanywe ngasentla, wayengekho.

Fumana amagosa, hayi kanye mandithi, imizimba yazo kuphela nako ngo-1943. Xa Katyn ubunzima namangcwaba abemi kubulawa Polish zifunyenweyo.

Uphando icala German

Ubunzima lokuqala mangcwaba ehlathini Katyn yafunyanwa ngama nemikhosi yaseJamani. Bayithatha loo ukukhutshwa imizimba ogrunjiweyo kwaye baqhube uphando bayo.

Kumbiwa olwenziwe Gerhard Butz. Kuba umsebenzi weKomishoni International iyababandakanya le zokusonjululwa Katyn, eziquka oogqirha evela eYurophu German-elawulwa, kwakunye nabameli baka-Switzerland kunye Polish Red Cross (Polish). Abazange akhoyo ngelo abameli ngexesha elinye the International Red Cross ngenxa yokuvalwa ngurhulumente weSoviet.

ingxelo German iye nokubakho ngcaciso ilandelayo malunga Katyn (uphumezo kwamagosa Polish):

• Ngenxa yoko, emba ezisibhozo uyaziwa kwamangcwaba abaninzi kubo wabuyayo aze angcwatywa 4143 umntu. Inkoliso yabo babulawa khona ezichongiweyo. Kwamangcwaba №1-7 Abantu bangcwatyelwa iimpahla zasebusika (zangaphantsi ezinoboya, overcoats, takwabipa, izikhafu), kwaye engcwabeni №8 - ehlotyeni. Kwakhona ngcwaba №1-7 bechola-ndaba, yomhla we-Apreli-Matshi 1940 afunyanwa ngonyaka, kwaye izidumbu kwakukho imikhondo izinambuzane. Oku kwakubonisa ukuba ukudubula zezibonda e Katyn zenzeka ngexesha lonyaka kupholile, okt emthonjeni.
• sayifumana waliphalaza gqitha izinto zakho zathi, zabonisa ukuba amaxhoba abo eminqubeni Kozelsk. Umzekelo, iileta ukusuka ekhaya, zabhekiswa ku Kozelsk. Kwakhona abaninzi iibhokisi isnuff kunye nezinye izinto with "Kozelsk" Imibhalo.
• Izilayi imithi babonisa ukuba ubeke phezu kwamangcwaba malunga neminyaka emithathu edlulileyo ukusuka kwixesha ubhaqo. Oku kwakubonisa ukuba emhadini wazaliswa ngo-1940. Ngeli xesha, lo mmandla ilawulwa amabutho yiSoviet.
• Onke amagosa Polish kwi Katyn badutyulwa ngasemva yentloko kwimveliso waseJamani of iimbumbulu. Noko ke, baye bakhululwa kwi-imi- 20-30 lwekhulu XX kunye zemveliso kukuninzi eUnited aseBalti kunye eSoviet Union.
• Izandla abulawe kwavalwa ngomtya ukuze xa uzama ukhulula ndzhendzheleko wenziwa ngqongqo kakhulu. Baneminyaka engcwabeni №5 wanikina intloko yakhe, ukuze xa uzama ukwenza nayiphi na intshukumo yomtya mandife ixhoba elizayo. Ngamanye amangcwaba iintloko nabo sele inxulunyaniswe, kodwa kuphela abo benza amandla ngokwaneleyo emzimbeni. Imizimba ezinye ezo imizila babulala onencula tetrahedral sibanjwa, njengoko izikhali Soviet. AmaJamani wasebenzisa bayonets flat.
• IKomishoni udliwano balapha kanye watyhila ukuba entwasahlobo ka-1940 isikhululo Gnezdovo kwafika inani elikhulu lamabanjwa Polish emfazwe, leyo ilayishwe kwakhona ibe iilori kususwa emahlathini. abahlali anale aba bantu Andikubonanga.

thumo Polish, le kwezidumbu nophando yaqinisekisa neziphumo onke German kulo mzekelo, ukufumana akukho zimpawu ezicacileyo yamaxwebhu ubuqhophololo. Inye kuphela ukuba amaJamani bazama ukufihla malunga Katyn (uphumezo amagosa Polish), - lo imvelaphi iimbumbulu, leyo lwenziwa kubulawa. Pole, Noko ke, waqonda ukuba isixhobo enjalo kuba nabameli NKVD.

version Soviet

Ekubeni ekwindla ka-1943 ukuze kuphandwe le Katyn yentlekele wathabatha abameli NKVD. In version zabo, amabanjwa Polish emfazwe Sizibandakanye imisebenzi endleleni, kunye ukufika kwehlobo ka-1941 kummandla ESmolensk ka amaJamani akazange abe nexesha zalapho.

Yi vekeleke, i NKVD, ngoAgasti-Septemba kulo nyaka, amabanjwa afunyaniswa wadutyulwa yiJamani. Ukuze ukufihla izinto ezidibene yobubi ababebenzile, abameli Wehrmacht wavula ingcwaba ngo-1943 yaye wakhupha onke amaxwebhu yomhla emva 1940.

abasemagunyeni eSoviet kumlungisela inani elikhulu lamangqina kuguqulelo yakhe kweziganeko, kodwa ngowe-1990, amaNgqina ahlala ezishiyekileyo kubuyiswe iingxelo zabo 1943.

ikhomishini Soviet, a ukombiwa yesibini babhala amaxwebhu athile kwaye ezinye amangcwaba zitshatyalaliswe ngokupheleleyo. Kodwa Katyn, ibali ntlekele ukuba haunted abemi Polish, kodwa kutyhilwa imfihlelo zaso.

Katyn Affairs e Nuremberg

Emva kwemfazwe, ukususela ngowe-1945 ukuya 1946. Wegqitha ekuthiwa-izilingo eNuremberg, injongo leyo lokohlwaya izaphuli imfazwe. umba Katyn kwakhona waphakamisa nasemacaleni. icala eSoviet usola imikhosi German ekwenzeni amabanjwa Polish emfazwe.

ngamangqina amaninzi kwimeko satshintsha ubungqina babo, abavumanga ukuze lixhase iphulo le izigqibo uthumo waseJamani, nangona bathe bathatha inxaxheba kuyo. Nangona kwemizamo intle waseUSSR yamaTyala akazange ukuxhasa isigxina kumba Katyn, leyo enyanisweni wanika izizathu ocinga ukuba i Katyn kubulawa ukusola amajoni Soviet.

ukwamkelwa ngokusemthethweni uxanduva ukuba Katyn

Katyn (ukubulawa amagosa Polish), yaye kwenzeka ntoni apho, kucingwe kumazwe ahlukeneyo amaxesha amaninzi. US yophando ngo-1951-1952 gg., Ngenkulungwane XX kade, wasebenza kwimeko uthumo eSoviet-Polish, Polish Institute of Wesikhumbuzo National kuvulwa ngo-1991.

Emva kokuba ngokuwa USSR kwi Russian Federation kwakhona idilesi kwakhona lo mba. Ukususela ngo-1990, waqala umtshutshisi umkhosi uphando ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Kufunyenwe №159. Ngo-2004, iinkqubo zolwaphulo ayekwa ukusetyenziswa ngenxa kokufa nabamangalelwa kuyo.

Icala Polish ubeke phambili uguqulelo malunga kohlanga abantu Polish, kodwa icala Russian iye ayiqinisekiswanga kuyo. Ityala lolwaphulo kwi ubunyani kohlanga ilahliwe.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, inkqubo declassification imithamo zoshishino ezininzi Katyn. Iikopi zezi miqulu zidluliselwa kwicala Polish. La maxwebhu yokuqala ebalulekileyo mbanjwa ukulwa iinkampu Soviet zadluliselwa ngo-1990, uMikhail Gorbachev. Icala Russian iye yayiqwalasela into yokuba kolwaphulo- mthetho kwi Katyn yaba elalisakuba yiSoviet xa ebusweni Beria, Merkulov kunye nabanye.

Ngowe-1992, amaxwebhu Katyn kubulawa ziye zapapashwa eziye zigcinwa kwi ebizwa ngokuba yi-archive kamongameli. ezincwadini zesayensi Modern uyakuqonda iqiniso kwazo.

ubudlelwane Polish-Russian

Katyn massacre umbuzo amaxesha ngamaxesha livela kwi-Polish kunye namajelo eendaba Russian. Zezibonda, iye ziyakubaluleka ezinzima kwimemori yesizwe zembali.

Ngo-2008, inkundla eMoscow bazitshitshisela isibheno lwamagosa Polish badutyulwa zizalamane zabo. Ngenxa ukwala Russian Federation baye bafaka ukuba isikhalazo kwiNkundla yaseYurophu. Russia otyholwa kwawo kophengululo, ngokunjalo kwi sengqondo agxekayo ukuya usisizalwane somgadi amaxhoba. Ngo-Apreli 2012, iNkundla YaseYurophu of Human Rights uye wachaza ukudutyulwa amabanjwa nje ulwaphulo-mthetho imfazwe, yaye wayalela eRashiya ukuba ahlawule 10 izikhalazo-15 (12 nezalamane labo babulawa amagosa Katyn) ukwenzela euro 5000 ngalinye. Yaba ukuhlawula iindleko enkundleni lommangali. Ingaba unayo izibonda zakho, Katyn, eyaba uphawu lentsapho kunye yintlekele kunzima ukutsho.

Okutshiwo liSebe le abasemagunyeni Russian

Iinkokeli Russian Modern V. Putin kunye D. A. Medvedev, anamathele kwenye indawo Ngenxa Katyn kubulawa. Ngokuphindaphindiweyo wenza iingxelo umgwebe zolwaphulo umbuso kaStalin. Vladimir Putin wada wavakalisa kwinkolelo yokuba echaza indima Stalin xa ngokubulawa amagosa Polish. Ngokutsho kwakhe, uzwilakhe Russian oko ndiphindezele ukoyiswa ngo-1920 emfazweni Polish-eSoviet.

Ngo-2010, D. A. Medvedev laqalisa kwapapashwa amaxwebhu okuyimfihlo nexesha eSoviet le "iphakheji №1» kwisiza Rosarkhiv. Le edubule Katyn, amaphepha ezimhlophe ziyafumaneka ngxoxo, kodwa hayi kutyhilwa de kube sekupheleni. Eminye imiqulu kulo mzekelo zisekho zihlelwe, kodwa eendaba Polish D. A. Medvedev wathi icekisa abo ababuthandabuzayo ubunyani amaxwebhu angeniswe.

26.11.2010 I-Russian State Duma yamkele uxwebhu "Ngomhla Katyn intlekele ...". Oku umelana abameli ngokweyelenqe Communist Party. Ngokutsho isicelo owamkelweyo Katyn Massacre wavuma ulwaphulo alenzileyo kwi-odolo ngqo kukaStalin. Uxwebhu ivakalisa uvelwano kubantu Polish.

Ngo-2011, ngamagosa Russian Federation waqalisa ukuba baxele ukulungela kwabo ukujongana nomba kwisimo lamaxhoba Katyn kubulawa.

Memory malunga Katyn

Phakathi kwabantu Polish inkumbulo ka Katyn massacre bekusoloko yahlala iyinxalenye yembali. Ngowe-1972, i-London izinti-in-elubhacweni imisiwe ikomiti, eyaqala ukukhulisa imali kulwakhiwo lesikhumbuzo kumaxhoba kwabulawa zamagosa Polish ngo-1940. Ezi nzame ziye aluxhaswanga urhulumente British ngenxa yokuba besoyika abasabela ngayo amagunya Soviet.

Ngo September 1976 wavula lesikhumbuzo ku Gunnersbergskom emangcwabeni, nto leyo ibekwa entshona of London. Na elaa litye lithe obelisk eliphantsi kunye imibhalo kwinqwanqwa. Imibhalo kwenziwe ngeelwimi ezimbini - Polish kunye IsiNgesi. Bathi ukuba ilitye kwinkumbulo ezingaphezu kwe-10 amawaka amabanjwa Polish e Kozelsk, Starobelsk, Ostashkov. Bona yanyamalala, azafunyanelwa ndawo ngo-1940, yaye inxalenye yabo (4,500) ziye somfana 1943 Katyn.

Ezi ezikhumbuzo wakhela kumaxhoba Katyn nakwezinye iindawo ehlabathini:

• Toronto (Canada);
• e Rhawutini (eMzantsi Afrika);
• New Britan (United States);
• Military Amangcwaba Warsaw (sasePoland).

Bayahlelwa lesikhumbuzo ngo-1981, niyenze phaya emadlakeni yasemkhosini ebuhlungu. Emva kokufaka ngobusuku eyanikelwa ingathathwa ngabantu abangaziwayo, esebenzisa milenge zokwakha kunye noomatshini. Le lesikhumbuzo waba ngokohlobo emnqamlezweni kunye umhla "1940" kunye "Katyn" mazwi. Ngu mnqamlezo adjoined kunye iintsika ezimbini "Starobilsk" Imibhalo "Ostashkovo". Xa unyawo lesikhumbuzo Babekhona "V. incwadi P. ", elithetha" Inkumbulo ongunaPhakade ", kwakunye ingubo iingalo Commonwealth ngokohlobo ukhozi kunye isithsaba.

Ukukhunjulwa malunga nentlekele abantu Polish kuboniswa kakuhle ifilimu yakhe "Katyn" Andzhey Vayda (2007). Umlawuli ungunyana Jakub Wajda, igosa umsebenzi, wadutyulwa 1940.

Lo mboniso waboniswa kumazwe ahlukeneyo, kuquka eRashiya, yaye ngo-2008 waba encotsheni ezintlanu yesahlulo ngamazwe "Oscar" kudidi eyona amazwe ifilimu.

Ngesakhiwo isekelwe ibali elibhaliweyo yi Andzheya Mulyarchika. Ichaza ixesha ukususela kuSeptemba 1939 ukuya ekwindla 1945. Lo mboniso ubalisa malunga bayahlelwa namagosa amane, abo eminqubeni eSoviet, kwakunye zabo kwezalamane ezisondeleyo, nabo abo bangazazanga inyaniso ngabo, nangona, kwaye ndiyaqonda malunga okubi. Ngokusebenzisa bayahlelwa abantu abaliqela baziswe ukuba umbhali zonke, yintoni ibali yokwenene.

"Katyn" akakwazi ukuhlala akakukhathalele oyibukeleyo, nokuba yohlanga.