Izixhobo zesigxina kwiintetho zikaSaltykov-Shchedrin

UMikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin - umdali weengcali ezikhethekileyo zombhalo - isicatshulwa. Kwiibali ezincinci, umbhali waseRussia wamgxeka i-bureaucracy, i-autocracy, kunye nenkululeko. Kule nqaku imisebenzi efana noSaltykov-Shchedrin njenge "umnini-mhlaba wezilwanyana", "U-Aagle-philanthropist", "Uhlakaniphile", "I-Carp-idealist" ithathwa.

Iimpawu zeendaba uSalkovkov-Shchedrin

Kwimbali yalo mbhali unokudibana kunye neengxaki, kunye ne-hyperbole. Kukho iimpawu zengxelo ye-Aesopian. Kwiingxoxo phakathi kwabalinganiswa, ubudlelwane obuninzi kuluntu lweXIXX libonisa. Ziziphi iindlela zokwenza umlobi azisebenzise? Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo, sifanele sitsho ngokufutshane malunga nobomi bombhali, obonakalisa ngentshutshiso umhlaba we-inert wabanikazi bezindlu.

Malunga nombhali

U-Saltykov-Shchedrin udibene nomsebenzi wokubhala kunye nenkonzo karhulumente. Umbhali wexesha elizayo wazalwa kwiphondo laseTver, kodwa emva kokugqitywa kweLyceum wasuka eSt. Petersburg, apho wathola khona isikhundla kwiNkonzo yoMkhosi. Sekuqaleni kwiminyaka yokuqala yomsebenzi kwi-capital, igosa elincinci laqala ukuphazamiseka kunye ne-bureaucracy, ubuxoki, ukunyamezela, kulawulo kumaziko. Ngovuyo olukhulu, u-Saltykov-Shchedrin waya kwiindidi ezahlukahlukeneyo zokubhala, apho i-anti-serfdom yayininzi. Ngeengcamango zakhe, wazisa iSt. Petersburg kwiibali "Ukudibanisa ishishini", "Ukuphikisana." Kuba waxotshwa kuViatka.

Ubomi kwiphondo lwenze ukuba umbhali agcine ingqalelo kwiimeko zonke zehlabathi ezisemthethweni, ubomi bezindlu kunye nabasimili bexinzelelo ngabo. Eli lizwe laba lizinto ezibhaliweyo zemisebenzi ebhaliweyo kamva, kunye nokubunjwa kweendlela ezikhethekileyo zesistim. Omnye wabantu bexesha likaMikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin wathi kuye: "Uyazi iRashiya ayithandi enye."

Iindlela zobuncwane zikaSaltykov-Shchedrin

Umsebenzi wakhe kunokohluke. Kodwa mhlawumbi ukugqithisa kakhulu phakathi kwemisebenzi kaSaltykov-Shchedrin ngamabali. Omnye unokukwazi ukukhetha izixhobo ezimbalwa ezikhethekileyo zesicatshulwa, ngoncedo lombhali ozama ukuzithumela kubafundi ukuxhamla kunye nobuxoki behlabathi lomnini-ndawo. Kwaye kukho konke oku kungumzekelo. Ngendlela efihlakeleyo, umbhali ubonakalisa iingxaki zezopolitiko nezentlalo, uchaza imbono yakhe.

Enye inqubo isebenzisa izizathu ezintle. Ngokomzekelo, kwi "Ingxelo yendlela indoda enye eyondla ngayo abalawuli ababini," bayayisebenzisa njengendlela yokubonisa ukunganeliseki kumnini-mhlaba. Ekugqibeleni, xa ubiza i-Shchedrin's satirical devices, umntu akanakukunceda kodwa ukukhankanya ukufanekisa. Emva koko, amaqhawe eendlovu zidla ngokubhekiselele kwenye yezinto zentlalo yeXIXX. Ngaloo ndlela, umlingisi oyintloko womsebenzi othi "uKonyaga" ubonisa zonke iintlungu zabantu baseRussia, abaxinezelekileyo kangangeminyaka emininzi. Ngezantsi uhlalutyo lweminye imisebenzi kaSaltykov-Shchedrin. Ziziphi iindlela zobugcisa ezisetyenziswayo kuzo?

"I-Carp-idealist"

Kule nkcazo, iimbono ze-intelligentsia ziboniswa nguSaltykov-Shchedrin. Iindlela zokusondeza ezinokuthi zifumaneke kumsebenzi othi "I-carist ideist" - isimboli, ukusetyenziswa kwamazwi athandwayo kunye nemizekeliso. Ngamanye amaqhawe - umfanekiso oqokelelweyo wabameli beklasi lezentlalo ethile.

Phakathi kwendawo yesalathisi ngxoxo yeCarp neRuff. Eyokuqala, esele iqondwe kwimixholo yomsebenzi, iyakhupha kwihlabathi elithembekileyo, inkolelo kwizinto ezilungileyo. Ukunyuka, ngokuchaseneyo, umntu okhohlisayo onokukhathazeka ngeengcamango zakhe. Kukho uphawu lwesithathu kwi-story - Pike. Le ntlanzi ekhuselekayo ifanekisela umsebenzi kaSaltykov-Shchedrin onamandla kweli hlabathi. Pike, njengoko uyaziyo, udle i-carp. Okukugqibela, eqhutywa yimvakalelo engcono, iya kwisidlo. UKaras akakholelwa kumthetho onobukroti wendalo (okanye ubudala obudala obudala emphakathini). Uthemba ukuphazamisa uPike ngamabali malunga nokulingana okunokwenzeka, ulonwabo lwendalo yonke, ubuhle. Ngoko ke uya kufa. Pike, njengoko umbhali uthi, igama elithi "ubuhle" aluqhelekanga.

Amasu okugulisa apha asetyenziswanga nje ukubonisa ukunyaniseka kwabameli bezinye iindawo zoluntu. Ngosizo lwabo, umbhali uzama ukubonakalisa ukungabikho kwemibambano yokuziphatha, eyayiqhelekileyo phakathi kweengcali ze-XIX.

"Umnini womhlaba wasendle"

Umxholo weseshishini unikwe indawo eninzi emsebenzini kaSaltykov-Shchedrin. Wayenento ethile yokuxelela abafundi ngale nto. Nangona kunjalo, ukubhala inqaku elijongene neendaba malunga nolwalamano lwabahlali belizwe okanye ukupapasha umsebenzi wobugcisa kwizinto ezinokubaluleka kwesi sihloko kwakunemiphumo emibi kumbhali. Kwaye ke kwafuneka siphumelele kwiziganeko, iindaba ezihlekisayo. Kwi "Wild Landlord" sithetha ngohlobo lwesiRashiya oluqhelekileyo, alufani kwimfundo kunye nobulumko behlabathi.

Uyazizonda "muzhiks" kunye namaphupha abo. Kodwa umnini-mhlaba oyisiphukuphuku akaqondi ukuba ngaphandle kwabasimili uya kubhubha. Emva koko, akafuni ukwenza nantoni na, kwaye akwazi ukuba njani. Omnye unokucinga ukuba umboniso weqhawe lombali ngumnini-mhlaba, owathi, mhlawumbi, umbhali wadibana nobomi boqobo. Kodwa hayi. Oku akusiyo inkosi ethile. Kwaye malunga nohlahlo lwentlalo ngokubanzi.

Ngokugcwele, ngaphandle kwemifanekiso, lo mxholo uSalkovkov-Shchedrin ubonakaliswe kwi "Lords of the Golovlyovs." Amaqhawe eveli-abameli bezindlu zephondo lomhlaba-bafa omnye emva komnye. Isizathu sokufa kwabo sisisiphukuphuku, ukungazi, ubuvila. Umlingani wefeythi "Umnini wezilwanyana zasendle" ulindele ukuba kufikeleleke. Emva koko, wabalahla abalimi, okokuqala bevuya, kodwa ngoku wayengakulungele ubomi ngaphandle kwabo.

"I-Eagle-Maecenas"

Amaqhawe kule ngqungquthela anama-eagles kunye nezikhwebu. Iyokuqala ibonakalisa abanikazi bezindlu. Okwesibini - abalimi. Umbhali uphinde uhlalise ukufumana isingqinisiso, ngoncedo apho ehlambalaza khona ububi beli hlabathi. Kule ngxelo kukho ne Nightingale, Soroka, Owl kunye ne-Woodpecker. Inye nganye yeentaka ziyinto engumzekelo kubantu bentlalo okanye kwizentlalo. Abalingiswa "kwi-Eagle-Maecenas" baxhamla ngakumbi, ngokomzekelo, amaqhawe endalini "iKaras-idealist". Ngoko, uMtshitshisi, ngomkhwa wokuqiqa, ekupheleni kwembali yeentaka akasayi kuba lixhoba lezilwanyana, kodwa uvalelwa entolongweni.

"Nengqiqo"

Njengemisebenzi echazwe ngasentla, kule ngxelo umbhali uphakamisa imibuzo efanelekileyo ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Kwaye ngoku kuyacaca kakade kwimida yokuqala. Kodwa ubuchule bobuchule bukaSaltykov-Shchedrin busetyenziso lweendlela zobugcisa ezibonakaliswa ngokugqithiseleyo ngeendlela ezingabalulekanga kuphela kuluntu, kodwa nakwihlabathi jikelele. Ingxelo ebizwa ngokuthi "I-Wisse Pescara" umbhali ikhokelela kwisitayela somdlalo wefestile: "Kanye emva kwexesha ...". Umbhali ubeka iqhawe lakhe ngale ndlela: "ukhanyiswa, ngokukhululeka."

Ukuhlambalaza nokunyaniseka kule ngongoma i-master master of satire. Emva koko, bekuyiziphoso eziqhelekileyo kwininzi lwabafundi kwii-eighties ze-XIX leminyaka. I-minnow ayisayi kushiya isiphephelo sakhe. Uhlala ubomi obude, ugweme iintlanganiso kunye nabemi abanobungozi emhlabeni jikelele. Kodwa ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe uyaqonda ukuba ulahlekelwe kangakanani ebomini bakhe obude kunye nabangenamsebenzi.