Ukwakhiwa kunye Iimpawu Oil Oil

Ioli - kwaye oku ulwelo olunamafutha olunokutsha, nto leyo eqhelekileyo kwindawo iqokobhe ngentlenga ye noqweqwe. Le yenye yezona izimbiwa zibalulekileyo abantu. Oyile entsonkothileyo kakhulu cyclanes ngokwendiselana, alkanes kunye arenes. Kwakhona, oko iqulethe ioksijini, isalfure nitrogen. Ukwakheka oyile kwafunyanwa ngaphezu kwewaka ezithile izinto eziphilayo, eziquka malunga namashumi alithoba ekhulwini carbon, hydrogen elinesihlanu ekhulwini, iipesenti ezintlanu isalfure, nitrogen kunye elinye ekhulwini ukuya amathathu ekhulwini ioksijini. oyile ikwaquka iikhompawundi kunye admixture amancinane kwezimbiwa indalo. Le ash Umxholo i oyile iphantsi kakhulu, ukuba ayidluli omnye weshumi ekhulwini. Neoli ngeentlobo ezintathu:

1. Easy.

2. I-avareji.

3. enzima.

Ioli elivutha ngexesha nobushushu malunga 43,7-46,2 MJ / kg, nto leyo inzuzo enkulu phakathi kwezinye ezinokuvutha.

Ukubunjwa oyile ukungena namaqhezu ukukhanya lubila ezimakhulu mabini degrees Celsius. Ziqulethe ikakhulu hydrocarbon methane, okt alkanes. Umxholo amaqhezu ukukhanya iimveliso zepetroliyam ukuba ziveliswa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, ezingafaniyo. Cycloalkanes, kunye hydrocarbon enuka ezifana, oko kukuthi, kwibala kuhlanganiselo zamafutha kubalulekile.

Awona macandelo iyityhefu ifakiwe nokwakhiwa oyile kunye petroleum neemveliso ngokusesikweni ingqalelo hydrocarbon enuka (arenes). Zibizwa ngokuba toxicants ezingapheliyo. Eyona esebenzayo kwezi ngokukhawuleza kwaye ziquka benzene, toluene kunye xylene, njengoko izinto zokupheka eliphantsi. Inani elikhulu arenes ezahlukeneyo ingqalelo mutagens ezinobungozi kunye carcinogens. Kuyingozi kakhulu Inqanaba iqela - iqela hydrocarbon polycyclic enuka kamnandi.

Khemikhali Ukubunjwa kakuhle oyile iquka inani elikhulu hydrocarbon methane eqinileyo - babizwa ngokuba amafutha. isiqulatho wabo kulo bangase ngaphezu elinesihlanu ekhulwini.

Ngokutsho umxholo iimveliso yeoli paraffinic bohlulwa babe ngamaqela ezininzi:

1. Oil kuqamba maloparafinovogo. Ukuba akukho ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha ekhulwini paraffins kwi ekwakhiweni.

2. Oil sredneparafinovogo kuqamba. Le oyile iqulathe ukuya kwisithandathu ekhulwini amafutha.

3. ioli Vysokoparafinovaya. Apha wax iqulathe ngaphezulu kwama-6 ekhulwini.

I-oyile eziqulathwe izinto ezifana chrysene, phenanthrene, benzpyrene, pyrene, tetrafeny. Kwakhona inamacandelo non-hydrocarbon - nentlaka kunye asphaltenes, anendima ebalulekileyo umsebenzi lo bezimbiwa.

Xa uthathela ingqalelo okusingqongileyo inamacandelo yeoli kubalulekile umbono iikhompawundi nesalfure. Kwisiqulatho ezi mveliso, ioli kwaye yahlulwa ngokwamaqela amathathu:

1. ekrwada elimnandi. Iqulethe ukuya kwisiqingatha ekhulwini nesalfure.

2. I-oyile sulphurous. Apha, isiqulatho sulphur ayidluli ekhulwini ezimbini.

3. I-oyile eliphezulu-nesalfure. Oku zonke iimveliso zamafutha equlathe ekhulwini ngaphezu ezimbini nesalfure.

Iipropati ioli, nto leyo ingcaciso esisiseko ukuphakama umgangatho walo, ziquka:

1. Density. Ngokumalunga oyile idla wayecinga ezinoxinano yayo ngokubhekiselele enkolo amanzi. Ukuxinana le oyile ngokuqhelekileyo isusela ukusuka 0.8 ukuya 0.9 g / cm3, kodwa kukwakho iintlobo ioli, lexinene apho besukelana 0,98 g / cm3.

2. viscosity. Bekela bucala ezinemiqathango, kinematic kunye viscosity olutshintshayo.

3. ubunzima eziphilayo. Ngoko ke eyona nto ibalulekileyo umgangatho iimveliso zepetroliyam. Ubunzima molekyuli of ezininzi yeoli lingaphantsi kwe-300 g / Mol.

4. Le index zokunganyangeki. Esi salathisi kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba iimveliso ioli, leyo ngumxube ezintsonkothileyo kwezinto ezahlukeneyo.

5. kuqamba fraction. Zonke izinto leyo, nkqu ngezixa ezincinane zifakiwe kwi-oyile, zibaluleke kakhulu umgangatho walo.