Izinto Amorphous. Crystalline nesimo amorphous zenkqunto. Ukusetyenziswa kwezinto amorphous

Ngaba wakha wazibuza ukuba yintoni na le nto amorphous qembu? Kuba zahluke ngokokwakheka ukusuka zombini eqinileyo kunye kulwelo. Inyaniso ukuba imizimba ezinjalo ingakumbi kwiphondo yinto enye, ukuba kuphela umyalelo elifutshane-kuluhlu. Imizekelo yezinto amorphous - resin, iglasi, evuthiweyo, irabha, polyethylene, Polyvinyl chloride (PVC windows esizithandayo), kunye nezinye ipholima ezahlukeneyo. Oku umzimba eqinileyo, ecingisisiweyo crystal ngekroba. Kodwa ke zibandakanya Yanjengomthwebeba, yokuncamathelisa ezahlukeneyo, yerabha nzima kunye iiplastiki.

Iimpawu ezingaqhelekanga kwezinto amorphous

Ngexesha ukuqhekeka ngayo imizimba amorphous ukuba ubuso ayakhekanga. Amasuntswana kakhulu zingcolile yaye basondele omnye komnye. Iiplastiki ashinyeneyo kakhulu kwaye viscous. Indlela bayachatshazelwa kwiimpembelelo zangaphandle? Phantsi yempembelelo ubushushu omzimba ezahlukeneyo aqukuqela ngathi ulwelo, kwaye ngexesha elinye kakhulu elastic. Xa isenzo yangaphandle ixesha elifutshane, isakhiwo amorphous ukwimo phantsi impembelelo enamandla ukuze ukwahlula zibe ziingceba. impembelelo ehlala ngaphandle kukhokelela yokuba nje iqukuqele.

Zama ukuchitha eksperimenti encinane ekhaya kunye nokusetyenziswa nentlaka. Yibeke kwindawo eqinileyo, kwaye uqaphele ukuba uqala ukugeleza kakuhle. Injalo loo nto, ngokuba oko amorphous! Isantya ixhomekeke kwiziphawuli lobushushu. Ukuba kuya kuba phezulu kakhulu, lo intlaka uya kuqalisa ukuba iqukuqele ngokukhawuleza kakhulu.

Yintoni enye uphawu imizimba enjalo? Bayakwazi lulo naluphi na uhlobo. Ukuba into amorphous ngohlobo amasuntswana ibekwe impahla encinane, ezifana umphanda, bona uyithabathe uhlobo benqanawa. Kodwa ke isotropic, okt ebonisa efanayo iipropati ebonakalayo kuzo zonke iindlela.

Yokunyibilika kunye kudala ezinye amazwe. Metal kunye negilasi

Ubume amorphous zenkqunto Akujongwanga ukugcina lobushushu ethile. Ngamazinga aphansi emkhenkceni umzimba eliphezulu - kunyibilika. Phela, kuxhomekeke kwi viscosity kunye iqondo izinto ezinjalo. lobushushu Low uthanda viscosity ephantsi, phezulu, phezu koko, kwenyusa.

Ngokuba izinto yohlobo amorphous ziyakwazi ukuchongeka phawu omnye - inguqu kurhulumente crystalline, bokudlala. Kutheni le nto isenzeka? Amandla yangaphakathi kwi umzimba crystalline ngaphantsi kakhulu amorphous. Sikwazi ukubona umzekelo iimveliso zeglasi - iglasi ekugqibeleni babe buthuntu.

iglasi sisinyithi - ntoni na? Metal ungakutshabalalisa ngembonakalo yikristale emkhusaneni ngexesha iintsasa, ngamanye kukho into amorphous ukwenza isakhiwo yiglasi. Ngexesha Ukuqinisa kunye apholisayo ngumntu akhazimlayo emkhusaneni yakheke kwakhona. metal Amorphous siyakwazi ukumelana elimangalisayo umhlwa. Umzekelo, ukuba bamenze umzimba imoto akayi ezifunekayo ezahlukeneyo Ipeyinti, njengoko sele sanyanzeleka ukuba zaphuka ezikhululekileyo. izinto Amorphous liqumrhu isakhiwo sakhe atomic na amandla ngaphambili, yaye ngenxa yoko, metal amorphous nga tirhisiwaka naliphi na icandelo mveliso ngokupheleleyo.

Lokusebenzisa Isakhiwo kwezinto

To kakuhle kakuhle iimpawu intsimbi kwaye akwazi ukusebenza nabo, kufuneka ube ulwazi ngesakhiwo yikristale abo okanye ezinye izinto. Ukuveliswa zesinyithi kunye yokunyibilikisa isinyithi abazange bakwazi ukufumana uphuhliso enjalo, ukuba abantu abazange babe nolwazi oluthile malunga utshintsho kwisakhiwo i-aluminiyamu, ubuchule inkqubo kunye neempawu zokusebenza.

Ezine zithi elithile

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba kukho ezine ithi aggregate: eziqinileyo, ezilulwelo, sukube, plasma. into amorphous Solid inokuba crystalline. Xa isakhiwo enjalo kuba periodicity lomhlaba kwi lilungiselelo amasuntswana. Ezi amasuntswana are ziikristale nga kwenza isindululo ngamaxesha athile. Zonke imizimba ukuba sibona zikarhulumente sukube okanye engamanzi, sinako ukubona kwesindululo amasuntswana zithe saa bahlupheke. eziqinileyo Amorphous (iintsimbi umz kwi imeko edidekile, ebonite, iimveliso zeglasi, nentlaka) ingabizwa engumkhenkce uhlobo ezilulwelo, ngenxa yokuba utshintsho kunokubonwa ifom osemqoka iimpawu ezifana viscosity.

Ngokungafaniyo izinto amorphous evela isisi ulwelo

Zokubonisa plasticity, luthambe, yokuqaqadeka yaye ukho kuzo izidumbu ezininzi. Izinto crystalline kwaye amorphous kakhulu ilifa ezi mpawu, ngoxa ulwelo kunye neegesi azinazo iimpawu ezinjalo. Kodwa ungabona ukuba negalelo utshintsho umthamo ilastiki.

Crystalline kunye nezinto amorphous. iipropati Mechanical ngokwasemzimbeni

Zeziphi izinto crystalline kunye amorphous? Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, amorphous ukuze kuchazwe kwezo aye viscosity elikhulu, kwaye xa kunjalo iqondo lobushushu fluidity zesiqhelo. Kodwa amaqondo obushushu aphezulu, ngokuchasene noko, ebavumela ukuba eliqukuqela ngathi ulwelo.

yahluke ngokupheleleyo kuso iziyobisi lohlobo crystalline. Ezi eziqinileyo bangaba yayo indawo yokunyibilika, kuxhomekeke kwingcinezelo. Ukulungiselela ziikristale kunokwenzeka ukuba ulwelo epholileyo. Ukuba ngaba uthathe amanyathelo athile, siyabona ukuba urhulumente engamanzi aqalile ukuba amaziko ezahlukeneyo crystallization. Ummandla ongqonge la maziko, ukuyilwa a eqinileyo. ziikristale ezincinane kakhulu aqalise ukudibanisa kunye nabanye ngendlela ingalawuleki yaye Icacili phandle ukuba ekuthiwa polycrystalline. Loo umzimba isotropic.

izinto ezibonakala

Yintoni ebonisa iimpawu zomzimba mechanical izidumbu? Ingaba izitropu ezibalulekileyo atomic, kwakunye uhlobo lwesakhiwo njengekristale. ionic ziikristale uphawu iibhondi ionic, nto leyo ithetha ukuba inguqulelo ezolileyo evela kwenye atom ukuya kwenye. Kulo mzekelo, ukuyilwa entle nengentlanga wamwisela amasuntswana. bond Ionic, sibona umzekelo olula - ziimpawu eziziimpawu ezahlukeneyo oxides kunye neetyuwa. Enye inkalo ziikristale ionic - phantsi conductivity ubushushu, kodwa ukusebenza kwalo nande kakhulu xa itshiswe. Xa crystal emkhusaneni kunokubonwa iintlobo molecule kwahluka isibopho atomic.

A lot of neetyuwa sifumana yonke kwindalo, sibe isakhiwo crystalline. Kanye state amorphous zenkqunto - it kwakhona uhlobo ngohlobo olulo ecocekileyo. Kuphela kule meko umzimba kwakusenyanyeni, kodwa ke awe-ingathatha ngokohlobo ezimacala elihle ezinobuso osicaba, kwakunye nefom ubuhle entsha ezimangalisayo kunye linyulu eziqinileyo.

Yintoni crystals? isakhiwo Amorphous-crystalline

Ifom ye imizimba enjalo rhoqo kokuxhumana elinikiweyo. Umzekelo, nesmarado usoloko ikhangeleka bemilo ezinamacala amahlanu. Chitha eksperimenti kancinane. Thatha crystal encinane sodium ityuwa semilo cc (isitya) kwaye beka endaweni isisombululo olulodwa Undanelise kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukuba ityuwa efanayo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, uya kuphawula ukuba umzimba uhlala efanayo - kwakhona wathabatha ngohlobo ityhubhu okanye inqanaba, apho ikhona kwi ziikristale yetyuwa.

izinto Amorphous-crystalline - ezi imizimba, leyo esenokuba zombini izigaba amorphous kunye crystalline. Yintoni kuchaphazela iimpawu eziphathekayo isakhiwo onjalo? Ikakhulu ubenesahlulo esahlukileyo imithamo kunye indawo ezahlukileyo ngokunxulumene nesebe ngalinye. imizekelo eziqhelekileyo izinto ezinjalo ziquka izinto yodongwe, imveliso yephondo, iiseramikhi neglasi. Etafileni iimpawu zemathiriyeli kunye nesakhiwo amorphous-crystalline uba wazi ukuba imveliso yephondo iqulethe ipesenti iphezulu kwisigaba yeglasi. Izalathisi ukutshintshatshintsha phakathi whith 40-60 ekhulwini. Umxholo liphantsi sibona kulo mzekelo ekubunjweni ilitye - ngaphantsi kwe-5 ekhulwini. Kulo mzekelo, kungona ukufakwa kwamanzi iya kuba iithayile yodongwe.

Njengoko yaziwa, izinto zoshishino ezifana imveliso yephondo, ithayile yodongwe, zentengiso zamatye kunye negilasi-ukubumba - na izinto amorphous-crystalline kuba ziqulathe Isigaba yiglasi ngoxa ziikristale kubume bayo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iimpawu eziphathekayo Asixhomekekanga umxholo kwisigaba yeglasi.

izinyithi amorphous

Ukusetyenziswa kwezinto amorphous kakhulu ngenkuthalo lwenziwa kwezonyango. Umzekelo, okupholisa ngokukhawuleza wentsimbi ngokubanzi kusetyenziswa kutyando. Ngenxa uphuhliso ezinxulumene, abantu abaninzi bakwazi ukuya ngokuzimeleyo emva yokwenzakala kakhulu. Eyona nto kukuba osisiqu esinye isakhiwo amorphous i biomaterial ezisemagqabini umzila kulo ithambo. Izikrufu ezizodwa onesiphumo, iipleyiti, nezikhonkwane, nezikhonkwane ukuphumeza kwizaphuko eziqatha. Ngaphambili, kutyando ukulungiselela iinjongo ezo kusetyenziswa zentsimbi kunye titanium. Kuphela emva kokuba waphawula ukuba izinto amorphous ukubola ngokucothayo kakhulu emzimbeni kwaye osemqoka emangalisayo yenza kube lula ukufumana kwakhona ithambo. Kamva, iyeza lokutshintshwa amathambo.

uhlobo Isicelo izinto amorphous kwi semetroloji kunye ngqo ubucukubhede

ubucukubhede Precision isekelwe phezu ngqo, ngoko ke kuthiwa. A indima ebalulekileyo kakhulu kwishishini, kwakunye kwimetroloji, badlala izixhobo ukulinganisa ukusebenza ultra-ngqo, oku kuvumela ukuba ukusetyenziswa iingcinga eziqinileyo amorphous. Ngenxa imilinganiselo oluchanileyo wenziwe amaziko elebhu kunye nophando kwinkalo ubucukubhede yemvelo, kukho imveliso iimveliso ezintsha, ukuphuculwa ulwazi lwenzululwazi.

neeplastikhi

Omnye umzekelo we isicelo ngezixhobo amorphous - are neeplastikhi. Kusenokwenzeka ngokucotha ukutshintsha ukusuka okuqinileyo ukuya kulwelo, ngoxa ipholima crystalline kufuneka indawo yokunyibilika kunokuba lobushushu athambileyo. Yintoni imeko ebonakalayo neeplastikhi amorphous? Ukuba ezi izinto zinika kubushushu obuphantsi, uya kuphawula ukuba baya kuba kwimeko yiglasi yaye babonise iimpawu eziqinileyo. ukufudumeza kancinane igalelo yokuba Iipholima baqale ukuya zibe kwimeko yokwanda luthambe.

izinto Amorphous, imizekelo apho thina sikhokelwa, zisetyenziswa kakhulu kushishino. Superelasticity karhulumente ivumela Iipholima ngandlel gqitha, yaye oku urhulumente kuyafikelelwa ngenxa libhetyebhetye lamakhonkco kunye iimolekyuli. ukwanda vetshe lobushushu ebangela izalathisi ukuba Polymer kuye kwayinto iipropati elastic ngakumbi. Eqalisa ukuba ukwimeko ekhethekileyo cerebrospinal kunye viscous.

Ukuba ushiya lo meko ngaphandle ulawulo, kwaye akuthinteli ngakumbi ukwanda lobushushu, lo Polymer ubethwa kwintshabalalo, oko kukuthi yintshabalalo. karhulumente Viscous ibonisa ukuba zonke iindawo macromolecules ziphatheka kakhulu. Xa Intili Polymer molecule, amakhonkco hayi kuphela ayinakolulwa; kodwa asondele kakhulu omnye komnye. Polymer impembelelo aphakathi iba kwezinto eziqinileyo (zerabha). Loo nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba vitrification ngoomatshini. Le nto iye yasetyenziselwa kwimveliso bhanya kunye imicu.

Ngokusekelwe Iipholima kunokuqulunqwa polyamides, polyacrylonitriles. Ukuze ze umboniso Polymer, kuyimfuneko ukuba tyhala Polymer ngokusebenzisa spinnerets ukuba abe yokuvula slot emile, kwaye sambathe tape. Ngaloo ndlela wenza izinto zokubopha ezisisiseko ukuba amakhasethi. Iipholima zikwaquka ivanishi ezahlukeneyo (oyinxalenye amagwebu in an isinyibilikisi eziphilayo), yokuncamathelisa, kunye nezinye izinto eqwalasele kunye zisasilela (isiseko intlaka kunye lokufaka), iiplastiki.

Izicelo ze neeplastikhi

Olu hlobo wenkqu amorphous angena ngamandla ubomi bethu. Zisetyenziswa kuyo yonke indawo. Ezi ziquka:

1. iziseko ezahlukeneyo ukuvelisa ivanishi, yokuncamathelisa, iimveliso zeplastiki (phenol formaldehyde nentlaka).

2. elastomers okanye rubbers zokwenziwa.

3. izinto zokwambathisa ezikhoyo - PVC, okanye iifestile abadumileyo zeplastiki PVC. Kuyinto ukumelana nomlilo, njengoko kucingwa nonflammable, kukho amandla aphezulu ngoomatshini kunye neepropati zokwambathisa ezikhoyo.

4. Polyamide - into yokuba amandla kakhulu, uxhathiso ukunxiba. Lubonakala ngeempawu aphezulu Heating.

5. Plexiglass okanye eqobekayo बिट्स. Sinako ukusisebenzisa kwizifundo zobunjineli yombane, okanye sebenzisa njenge material ngenxa yokwakha.

6. Teflon, okanye polytetrafluoroethylene, - i yokwambathisa eyaziwa, engaquki ukubonisa iimpawu ezinyibilikayo organic izinyibilikisi. Ebanzi uluhlu lobushushu, kunye neempawu ezintle Heating ukuvumela ukuba usebenzise ibe izinto hydrophobic okanye anti-kunobunye.

7. ezinepolisterini. Le nto lakufumana asidi. Yena, ngokunjalo PTFE kunye polyamide, oya kuthathwa njengento yokwambathisa. ixesha elide kakhulu igalelo ngoomatshini. Istro isetyenziswa ngokubanzi. Umzekelo, ukuba imiswe kakuhle nje izinto zokusebenza kunye zokwambathisa ezikhoyo. Lusetyenziswa zobunjineli bombane kunye nerediyo.

8. Mhlawumbi Polymer ngongcono owaziwayo ngenxa yethu - oko polyethylene. imiboniso Amanqaku ukuxhathisa xa zibethwa bume ndlongondlongo, oko ngokupheleleyo idlule ukufuma. Ukuba iphakheji wenziwe polyethylene, akanakuba ukoyika ukuba imixholo ziya kugxagxiseka phantsi kwempembelelo naziimvula. Polyethylene - kuba njalo yokwambathisa. ukusetyenziswa kwalo kakhulu. Ukususela kulo zenziwe isakhiwo tubular, iindidi iimveliso zombane, yokugquma umboniso, yomnxeba esingxotyeni intambo kunye neentambo zombane, izahlulo ukuba kunomathotholo kunye nezinye izixhobo.

9. PVC - kuyinto material eliphezulu-Polymer. Yena a ezithambileyo thermoplastic. It has isakhiwo iimolekyuli leyo yezi zinto. Phantse ngamanzi kwaye yenziwe ngokucinezela ngokusebenzisa Ukuhlukunyezwa kunye sisakhula. Polyvinyl chloride amaninzi asetyenziswe kushishino zombane. Isiseko ezahlukeneyo zokwambathisa iityhubhu kunye namathumbu amanzi ukuba nokhuseleko imichiza, iibhanki ibhetri, grommets kunye gasket, ucingo intambo. PVC nayo ephunyeziweyo yokutshintsha ebalaseleyo phambili yingozi. Yinto kusetyenziswa kwiisekethe ophezulu rhoqo njengoko Heating. Kwaye ngenxa bonke yokuba kuza kubakho phezulu kulo mzekelo, intsebenzo ilahleko Heating. It has a conductivity eliphezulu.