Isakhiwo sangaphandle lentlanzi. isakhiwo zangaphandle lwangaphakathi nakwiintlanzi. Iimpawu lobume lwangaphandle yeentlanzi

Kweli nqaku siza kuqwalasela le isakhiwo lwangaphakathi nangaphandle nakwiintlanzi. Ukongeza, siye ngokufutshane ukuchaza iimpawu zazivelela nokukotshwa ezi eziphilayo. Fish, mhlawumbi - iqela iyimpumelelo ekuyo. Akubalulekanga nje baninzi ngaphezu amanye amaqela, kodwa ke eyona esisityebi iintlobo: ukuba mhlawumbi ubuncinane 23 000. Isakhiwo sangaphandle lentlanzi kunye imikhwa yezi zilwanyana zahlukene kakhulu. Abanye babo bahlale elwandle, ngoxa abanye - emanzini aphilileyo; omnye zigcinwa kwindawo enzulu kakhulu, omnye --sangqa kumphandle; abanye ngoxolo awadli ulwelwe, kwizidalwa kunye ezingenamqolo, ngoxa abanye - ezizingelayo ndlongondlongo, balwa nje ngohlobo lwazo, kodwa ezinye izilwanyana mhlaba.

fish umoya

Zonke iintlanzi aphefumle afakwe amanzi ngokusebenzisa luyacolwa branched iigilizi nezibaya amaninzi zenze kumphezulu enkulu ekwaziyo iplanethi ioksijini ngamanzi, ndimkhulule carbon dioxide. Amanzi Impontshelwa ngokusebenzisa iintshukumo emlonyeni pharynx, kunye neendidi bone - operculum, kunye okolozhaberny nentshukumo yayo ngoku malunga igazi iimpumlo. Ngenxa yoko, umbutho amanzi, igazi ahlanganiswe oksijini kwaye likhululekile carbon dioxide.

Zithethwa umzimba fish

Fish ezahlukeneyo kakhulu imilo nobukhulu. Kakade ke, ibonisa iyantlukwano iindlela ukuqhelana ezahlukeneyo zokuhlala, elo lifumaneka kuphela amanzi aselwandle namnandi. Ngenxa yoko, umzimba iintlanzi ezihlala phakathi ulele, unako kuhlawulwa kunye outgrowths iimpawu mhlawumbi imibala slozhnoraschlenennuyu. Zombini izixhobo yokugquma iinjongo, kwakunye nokukwazi ezinye ntlanzi ukutshintsha umbala ufane kwisiqalo. Kuba abemi amanzi anodaka luphawulwa ubukho barbels oyivileyo emlonyeni, ebanceda ukuba kufuna ukutya. Imilo umzimba amaxhoba iintlanzi - ogudileyo kuhlengahlengiswa aya komlomo enkulu kunye namazinyo abukhali.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, flounder flat kade niqokelele ixhoba zabo phezu kolwandle. Ndixelele banzi ezi ntlanzi ezingaqhelekanga. Bonke ezidityanisiweyo flatfish flatfish kwecala. Umzimba ezi ntlanzi nje liqengqiwe ecaleni. Amathambo lukakayi, umzekelo, lwaye ngendlela yokuba amehlo akhe kwicala elinye entloko. Iintlanzi omdala ababona icala iba umva; iphakanyiswa kakhulu ulwehlo, kanti kwicala imfama emhlophe. Ezinye iintlobo, ukusuka ezantsi iliwa esantini, and vice versa, ngokulandelelana, ukutshintsha umbala.

Le kwemvelo iintlobo zeentlanzi

Isakhiwo sangaphandle lentlanzi yaphuhliswa ngexesha kwizigidi zeminyaka zazivelela ekuphuhliseni santya siphezulu ngokukhawuleza emanzini. iintlobo nokudleka abaninzi karhataka - ezi ezinekhono kakhulu. Ukuba angahamba ngesantya ubude ukusuka ezintathu ukuya kwezintandathu imizimba yabo yesibini isombuluka kumgama elingana ubude umzimba mnye kuphela. kukodwa yokuzivelela ngokuba neentlanzi nokudleka yaba uphuhliso lomchamo siwele. neentlanzi Cartilaginous, ogama amathambo iqulathe intlala, abe isinye qubha, ngoko ke ukutshona, ukuba ayisekho ukuqubha. Phakamisa ukuba ukunika amaphiko pectoral. Ukanti neentlanzi ezininzi cartilaginous baye bafudukela kwi yokuphila benthic. Bone, ngenxa esinyini qubha wathenga ukubagcina rhoqo. Isakhiwo sangaphandle iintlanzi ingamathambo ikuvumela ukuba usebenzise amaphiko pectoral ezifana iziqhoboshi okanye amaphini ukuya umva. Oku kwandisa uphume kwaye ikuvumela ukuba ukufunda inani lalisiba eziphilayo. Weentshukumo izakhono yezi zilwanyana zahlukahlukene kakhulu, yaye oku kuboniswe iiproteni zabo kwezihlunu. Xa ezinekhono fast, ezifana tuna intlanzi okanye lifumana umthwalo anda, ezinjengesalmon ezifudukayo, izihlunu becala ebomvu, lo gama ngokucotha ezidadayo intlanzi, ezifana flounder, - ezimhlophe.

amaphiko fish

Kuyimfuneko ukuba anabe amaphiko, echaza isakhiwo sangaphandle. Fish, njengokuba usazi, sebenzisa ngabo ukuhambahamba. Noko ke, hayi nje kuphela ngenxa yena. Amaphiko neentlanzi nokudleka abe imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo. Ngoko ke, lo amanakani okuba kunye ezimpundu musa ukuvumela inversion nakwiintlanzi. Ezi amaphiko pectoral kaninzi iziqhoboshi. Esiswini ukunqanda nokhuthazo ekupheleni ngaphambili umzimba ngokucotha ebhaptiza intlanzi. amaphiko ngababini ukuvumela ezi zilwanyana ukuvela, waza waziphosa isombuluka. isakhiwo lwangaphandle kunye nentshukumo iintlanzi zihlobene. wokujika efanelekileyo yeyona fin caudal. amaphiko kookrebe ezi amaphiko ngoxa uqhuba: i amanakani, ezimpundu kunye nomsila ukuthintela ukutenxa kule khosi. Kuba ookrebe, akukho isinye qubha, kakhulu ngakumbi umsebenzi obalulekileyo ngomsila kunye pectoral amaphiko, ookrebe zinika ukubagcina eyimfuneko ngenxa ukubagcina yayo.

Ukulahlekelwa ihlanganisa zokuzikhusela

Xa ndiqukumbela ukuchaza iimpawu isakhiwo sangaphandle nentlanzi, siphawula ukuba iimpawu ngcembe kweentlobo mihla kufuneka luthathwe ukulahleka kumaqweqwe zabo zokuzikhusela. Ezidla eziqwengayo, intlanzi cartilaginous, akukho mfuneko yokuba ukhuseleko, kwaye endaweni ziye zasungula ulusu eyomeleleyo rough. Xa iintlanzi bony iqokobhe ubudala endaweni yesigqubuthelo ukukhanya nonoverlapping siyaqabela ukukhusela izilwanyana, kodwa shy iintshukumo zakhe.

Isakhiwo sangaphakathi iintlanzi

Fish okhokho ekuyo ilifa ngokwendalo umqolo - nokubonelela ngenkxaso umzabalazo kwezihlunu. Amaphiko ukugcina imiqadi tight, equka ithambo, intlala okanye isikali iguqulwe kancinane. izibilini zayo iintlanzi ingamathambo yeyona lwesinye qubha. aorta besisu uthwala igazi ukuya imithambo dj. Kwakukhuhlwa akhuselwe isiciko dj. Ubuchopho yenziwe kakuhle. Sharks ingakumbi kuthiwa ibhalbhu ukuqgiba. Ngababini kidney elele phantsi yomqolo, isibindi - emva kwentliziyo. ukuvulwa emathunjini ezimpundu kosuku ibekwe phambi yamaxesha genitourinary.

Izitho yeentlanzi

Kuba ulungelelwaniso lweentshukumo okuzingela, uphambuke ezintethweni ingozi okanye lokuzibandakanya pack (ngenjongo collective zokhuselo) iintlanzi aniswele ephuhliswe kakuhle izivamvo, ukwazisa ngokuthembekileyo nabo malunga nokusingqongileyo. Ngoko ke, lo ukrebe ukubona ixhoba liqulunqe ingqiqo ezichuliweyo into nokuba seyiphi. iintlanzi ezininzi abukhali, yaye kakuhle ukwahlula kwamanzi imibala mthubi noluhlaza.

iintlobo ezininzi abe indlebe elungileyo, ezisetyenziswa ukuze kwimbono lwemiqondiso iqabane ngokunxibelelana okanye umhlambi. umbutho ukuva yinxalenye mibono kwindlebe engaphakathi izilwanyana - umzimba kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba ihlola indawo umzimba kwISithuba kukukhawuleziswa emboxo, kuyimfuneko ukugcina kwemithwalo bequbha. Iintlanzi zolwandle kunye nemilambo omnye umzimba ekhethekileyo - line osecaleni, nto leyo esebenza njenge indlebe ekuyo, kodwa ningaboni nto amaza ephilileyo, ilenze ezahlukeneyo emanzini, zibangelwa intshukumo.

sideline

Le umzimba isebenza uhlobo receptor okude oyivileyo. Umgca lateral kuqhuba ukusuka entloko ukuya komsila omabini yomzimba wentlanzi. It is a ulwelo ezele ijelo, oludityaniswe ngaphandle angena imingxuma ezikalini. Yonke umngxuma na ilungu ethe - neuromasts. Siqulathe mass gelatinous - cupula - kunye namaqela leeseli iinwele oluvo, luvo ezithunyelwa ebuchotsheni.

fish ubuchopho

Ulwazi oluvela izitho uyangena kummandla othile ingqondo, phakathi apho kukho kananjalo abazi ukuba isiqalo oluzenzekelayo le izingqisho bokuphefumla inhliziyo. ukuva kunye namaziko ukulingana luvo ezinxulumene nazo obuchopho obungasemva, kunye neebhalbhu ezinkulu ukuqgiba, ukuqgiba, okanye chemoreception - kunye yangaphambili. Kukholelwa ukuba chemoreception lidlala indima ebalulekileyo, navigation ukudla ukukhwela. Iintlanzi kakhulu ogqibeleleyo yobuchopho elawula ukuziphatha kwabo - yinto ebonakalayo enxulumene ngamehlo. KwiCerebellum likwajongana intshukumo kunye neenkcukacha zamalungu oluvo.

Ngoko ke, siye wachaza isakhiwo lwangaphakathi nangaphandle nakwiintlanzi. Xa ndiqukumbela, amagama ambalwa malunga nokuzala zabo.

Indlela ezizalana intlanzi

Zizala ezi zilwanyana ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Kwezinye kukho kwezichumiso lwangaphakathi; kwabanye - lwangaphandle. Ukongeza, kukho hermaphrodites phakathi iintlanzi. Kodwa kungakhathaliseki indlela yokuzala, le zeentlanzi echumayo. Umzekelo, cod (ingasentla) kwelinye inyathelo buttonhole amaqanda million 8, nangona uninzi - amashumi kuphela amawaka. Ezisencinci ngokuqhelekileyo ubungakanani kakhulu, okokuqala yinxalenye ezincinane. Isambuku nto itshabalalayo phambi kokuba kokuqola, kodwa uninzi lweentlobo iyasinda. Oosonzululwazi bakholelwa, umzekelo, ukuba i-Atlantic, kukho ^malunga-10 Disemba ngeentlanzi ezithile. iintlanzi zolwandle ngowona mthombo weeproteni ngabantu.