Inkqubo kwegazi ye imizimba yabantu kunye nezilwanyana

Ngaphandle kokukhetha kuzo zonke izinto multicellular ukuba babe izicwili ngokwahlukeneyo yaye amalungu, ingakumbi imeko yobomi babo yimfuneko zothutho ioksijini kunye izakhamzimba iiseli zomzimba yabo. izithuthi Umsebenzi lo angasentla owenza igazi lihambe inkqubo kwezakhiwo bhetyebhetye tubular - ezityeni, bemanyene kwegazi. kwemvelo, isakhiwo sayo kunye nomsebenzi eza kuxutyushwa kweli phepha.

annelids

Amalungu isimiso wabonakala okokuqala abameli uhlobo annelids (iintshulube abamnkela), enye yazo na lomsundulu ezaziwayo-kakuhle - mmi zomhlaba, ukwanda ukutyeba kwayo yaye bobakhe iklasi Oligochaeta.

Ekubeni le ephilayo ayenziwanga eziququzelelwe kakhulu, inkqubo yokujikeleza izidumbu lomsundulu emelwe neempahla ezimbini kuphela - amanakani okuba kunye ventral enxulumene neetyhubhu setyhula.

Ingakumbi ukuhamba igazi ezingenamqolo - mbambela

Amalungu isimiso saselwandle esineqokobhe na inani iimpawu ezithile; kukho intliziyo ezibandakanya imithambo emibini kunye ventricles, kwaye iziqholo igazi wonke umzimba isilwanyana. Yiyo nje kuphela iimpahla, kodwa kwizikhewu phakathi imizimba.

Oku kuthiwa inkqubo evulekileyo kwegazi. isakhiwo esifanayo sibona abameli arthropods ezifana intlanzi, izigcawu nezinambuzane. inkqubo yabo kwegazi akukho amalungu ivaliwe, intliziyo kubekwe kwicala amanakani okuba i yomzimba kwaye ngohlobo ngemibhobho kunye ushiye kunye lwezivalo.

Amphioxus - uhlobo kakhokho ekuyo

Inkqubo yegazi ezigqeba yezilwanyana kunye amathambo yezihlunu njenge Isingqi okanye yomqolo, usoloko ivaliwe. Xa golovohordovyh, ibe nguThixo lancelet kwegazi mnye, kunye nendima intliziyo ethwele aorta esiswini. Inika kwegazi layo igazi eliguquguqukayo wonke umzimba.

Blood kwegazi iintlanzi

Le superclass lentlanzi iqulathe amaqela amabini eziphilayo zasemanzini: udidi iklasi intlanzi cartilaginous ezinqinileyo. Iiyantlukwano ezibalulekileyo kubume kwangaphandle nangaphakathi abafana - inkqubo yokujikeleza ngamalungu, apho umsebenzi kukuba ukuthutha zizondlo neoksijini. Lubonakala bubukho ejikeleza yemiphunga nezengekho intliziyo ezimbini-gumbi.

Heart fish njalo bicameral kwaye iqulathe intendelezo ventricle. Phakathi kwazo kukho izivingco, ngoko ukuhamba kwegazi ezintliziyweni usoloko oluthambileyo: ukusuka intendelezo phakathi ventricle.

Ukujikeleziswa izilwanyana ezweni kuqala

Ezi zibandakanya abameli iklasi eziphila okanye eziphila: YamaSilamsi frog, amasele, intulo zingcitha, ntulo kunye nabanye. Ubume inkqubo yokujikeleza ngokucacileyo ukuntsonkotha ebonakalayo lombutho: i aromorphoses ekuthiwa-eziphilayo. Le intliziyo-zawo ezintathu (imithambo emibini kunye ventricle), kunye ejikeleza ezimbini. Zombini luzakuqala ukusuka ventricle.

Igazi pulmonary esisityebi carbon dioxide, ukuba ulusu kwaye ihamba ingxowa lula. Apha exchange igesi kwenzeka, kunye negazi esimbaxa returns ukusuka nemiphunga intendelezo ngasekhohlo. igazi lwemithambo ukusuka iimpahla eluswini engena intendelezo ekunene, ngoko waya emithanjeni ventricle kunye negazi lwemithambo zixubene, yaye oku kusenza igazi imigqakhwe onke amalungu eziphila zomzimba. Ngoko ke, inqanaba ukutya kwabo, njengoko neentlanzi, ngokwaneleyo ukuba kukhokelela ukuxhomekeka zamasele iqondo lobushushu emzimbeni-bume engqongileyo. eziphilayo ezinjalo Zibizwa ngokuba zinegazi elibandayo okanye poikilothermic.

kwegazi ku izirhubuluzi

Ukuqhubeka igazi kuye kwasasazwa ethile kwezilwanyana, ehamba indlela ezisentlabathini yobomi, kugxininisa owakhiwe izirhubuluzi okanye ezirhubuluzayo. Amalungu isimiso kunzima kakhulu ukufumana kunokuba emanzini. Izilwanyana ukubayinxalenye iklasi izirhubuluzi ziye ezintathu-zawo intliziyo, imithambo emibini kunye ventricle, apho kukho isahlulelo encinane. Izilwanyana ukubayinxalenye ngokomyalelo iingwenya ke xa intliziyo isithintelo rhoqo, nto leyo eyenza kube a abegumbi ezine.

A isirhubuluzi kwalo Scale kwecala (monitor necilishe, nentulo, lenyushu emathafeni necilishe nimble) kwaye ezinxulumene squad ufudo, nizenzele intliziyo-zawo ezintathu ukwahlulwahlulwa nezaroschennoy, ukuze amalungu abo omzimba ngaphambili kunye nentloko ubengena negazi esimbaxa, kunye nommandla umsila kunye buti - mixed. Xa iingwenya igazi esimbaxa kwaye lwemithambo ixubene kungekhona entliziyweni, aphume kulo - ngenxa ezo Iingqameko ezimbini aortic, ngoko onke amalungu omzimba uyamkela kuxutywe negazi. Ngaphandle kokukhetha, nayo izilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo zizilwanyana zinegazi elibandayo.

Iintaka - eziphilayo zokuqala ezinegazi elishushu

Amalungu isimiso xa iintaka kuyaqhubeka ukuba ezinokuntsonkotha buphuculwe. Intliziyo yabo quad ngokupheleleyo. Ngaphezu koko, igazi esimbaxa kwegazi awazange ixutywa igazi lwemithambo. Ngoko yokucolwa e iintaka kakhulu kakhulu: iqondo lobushushu emzimbeni ifikelela 40-42 ° C, a Ibanga izinga sinokukhuthazwa ibetha 140 ukuya 500 ngomzuzu, kuxhomekeke kubungakanani yomzimba ntaka. ejikeleza pulmonary ebizwa pulmonary Mhlanguli igazi lwemithambo ukusuka ventricle ilungelo imiphunga, ngoko elinye igazi esimbaxa esisityebi oksijini lungena ngokukhululekileyo intendelezo ekhohlo. kwegazi iqala ukusuka ventricle ngasekhohlo, igazi ke kuya aorta amanakani, kwaye sele kulo ngokusebenzisa imithambo - zonke izidumbu zeentaka.

Ukuhanjiswa igazi iimpahla ku ezanyisayo

Njengeentaka, ezanyisayo ishushu-zinegazi elibandayo, okanye eziphilayo homeothermic. Xa izilwanyana mihla eziwudibanisayo indawo yokuqala ngokwemiqathango ulungiselelo kunye eninzi yendalo, nto leyo ikakhulu ngenxa iqondo lobushushu emzimbeni nokuba imeko esingqongileyo. Inkqubo yegazi ezincancisayo, nto leyo umzimba usembindini intliziyo-zawo ezine, i olujikeleza abamanyeneyo igqibelele: kwemithambo, imithambo yegazi kunye emithanjeni. Blood kwegazi oluqhutywa ejikeleza ezimbini. Igazi entliziyweni soze mixed: kwicala lasekhohlo enambuzelayo emithanjeni, kunye nelungelo - lwemithambo.

Ngenxa yoko, amalungu inkqubo yokujikeleza kwi ezanyisayo placental inika kwaye igcina kwindawo rhoqo lwangaphakathi umzimba, okt homeostasis.

Inkqubo yegazi ngamalungu oluntu

Ngenxa yokuba umntu fanele ukuba udidi ezanyisayo, isicwangciso jikelele lobume yokwakheka nokusebenza kwenkqubo komzimba, yaye efana ngokwaneleyo izilwanyana. Xa uhamba tye kunye neempawu ezinxulumene ngqo lobume umzimba kodwa kukho ubungqina icace indlela nokuhamba kwegazi.

Inkqubo yegazi ngayo imizimba yabantu libunjwa ezimbini intliziyo egumbini-amane ejikeleza: ezincinane nezinkulu, ukuba yafunyanwa ngama-Isazinzulu IsiNgesi uWilliam Harvey ngenkulungwane ye-17. Okubaluleke kakhulu unikezelo igazi amalungu oluntu, ngathi ingqondo, nezintso nomhlehlo wesibindi.

Isithuba nkqo lomzimba negazi kuqukuqela izitho zangasese

Man - isidalwa kuphela udidi ezanyisayo, amalungu egama zangaphakathi acofiweyo wehla gangqa eludongeni esiswini, kunye nomlenze umbhinqo esezantsi, kuqulethe amathambo tyaba zangasese. Inkqubo yegazi ezincinane zangasese amelwe inkqubo efanelekileyo evela kwemithambo iliac eqhelekileyo. Oku ikakhulu i umthambo iliac lwangaphakathi ezisa ioksijini kunye izakhamzimba amalungu zangasese: isikali, isinyi, esini, le ndlala prostate emadodeni. Kanye iiseli la maqumrhu zenzeka kunye negesi Exchange igazi esimbaxa zona lwemithambo, iimpahla - Kwangale iliac - ingena encinane cava Vena ethwele igazi intendelezo ekunene, apho iphela khona kwegazi.

Kuyimfuneko ukuba ukuthatha ingqalelo yokuba onke amalungu zangasese yimfundo enkulu ngokwaneleyo, kwaye zifumaneka zibe ngumqulu elincinane ngokwentelekiso umzimba uvuleke, nto leyo ngokufuthi kubangela Urhintyelwe imithambo yegazi ezi imizimba. Ngokuqhelekileyo oku kwenzeka ngenxa yomsebenzi elide ungenzi nto, apho kwegazi yophukile ezinqeni, esinyini kunye namanye amalungu omzimba. Oku kukhokelela yokunqaphela, ukumqumbisa usuleleko kunye nokudumba kuzo.

Igazi unikezelo namalungu obuni lomntu

Ukuqinisekisa indlela eqhelekileyo ngayo ngeplastiki kwemalike amandla kuwo onke amanqanaba umzimba wethu umbutho, ukususela kubekho nokuyifeza eziphilayo organismic yenza inkqubo yokujikeleza ngayo imizimba yabantu. amalungu zangasese, equka zangasese, perfused, njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, ukusuka aorta yokwehla, leyo isuka ukusuka rami ventral. Inkqubo yegazi wabumba iimpahla inkqubo angasese, ukuqinisekisa ubonelelo kweezondlo, ioksijini kunye nokususa carbon dioxide kunye nezinye iimveliso metabolic.

gonads Amadoda - amasende, abaqolileyo amadlozi - ke igazi esimbaxa kwemithambo wamatyhalarha eyayizalwa evela aorta esiswini, kunye nencindi yegazi lwemithambo iqhutywa imithambo wamatyhalarha, omnye - ekhohlo - zidibana kunye ndlela ekhohlo kwezintso kunye nelungelo lokungena ngqo ezantsi Vena cava. Lobudoda onikezelwa imithambo yegazi osusela kwemithambo pudendal yangaphakathi: i urethral, emva, itswele kunye yegazi enzonzobila. flow kwegazi lwemithambo ukusuka nezihlunu lobudoda inika isitya inkulu - umva ezinzulu Vienna, ukusuka apho lihamba igazi ukuya plexus enzala lwemithambo enxulumene Vena cava ophantsi.

Kwegazi ukonakala zangasese yenziwa inkqubo yodidi oluphezulu. Ngoko ke, lo uhanjiso ufumana igazi kwemithambo pudendal yangaphakathi, isebe isibeleko ikhutshwa kunye iliac igazi kwemithambo, ngokuba unina, kwaye amaqanda banikwe igazi aorta esiswini. Ngokungafaniyo uhlelo zokuzala eyindoda aphuhliswe kakhulu lomsebenzi womnatha ababhinqileyo lwemithambo yegazi, webs amaqhina oqhagamshelwano - anastomosis. igazi lwemithambo eziphuma ndlela ovarian ifakiwe kule cava Vena kunguhata, ngoko ophuma aye intendelezo ekunene.

Kweli nqaku siye sahlolisisa ngokweenkcukacha uphuhliso iinkqubo nemithambo ezigqeba zezilwanyana kwabantu, ukubonelela umzimba mpilo kunye nezondlo ezifunekayo ukunika inkxaso yobomi.