Ixesha of babhukuqwa kwebhotwe: itafile. Iziphumo zale ixesha babhukuqwa ebhotwe

isigaba abalulekileyo nanomdla kwimbali weRashiya kwakukho ixesha ukususela 1725 ukuya 1762. Ngeli xesha sele kwiikumkani ezintandathu, iyileyo onamandla ethile yezopolitiko. IVOTI Klyuchevskii ethiywe kuyo - ubekelwe babhukuqwa ebhotwe. Itheyibhile kweli nqaku liza kusinceda siqonde ngcono ikhondo iziganeko. Utshintsho amandla, njengokuba umthetho, wacanda ngamayelenqe, ewolo nokubulala.

Yonke le nto yaqala nokufa esingalindelekanga uPetros I. Ushiye ngasemva "Charter yokulandelelana" (1722) apho amandla anokubanga inani elikhulu labantu.

Isiphelo sale elizibalula lineengxaki ingqalelo ukuza amandla uCatherine II. wobukumkani bakhe, ababhali-mbali abaninzi cinga ilixa absolutism bakhanyiselwa.

babhukuqwa IMVELAPHI isigodlo

Esona sizathu sokuba zonke iziganeko angaphambili baba ukuphikisana phakathi ezininzi amaqela amanene malunga ngokulandelelana. Kokuba bamanyane kuphela isibakala sokuba simele kusesemini bokwexeshana iinguqulelo. Loo ikhefu ngamnye wabo wabona ngendlela yakhe. Ukongeza, onke amaqela izidwangube babezimisele ngokulinganayo wayelangazelela ngamandla. Ngoko ke xesha revolutions komkhulu, itafile oboniswe apha ngezantsi, ayenza ukutshintsha kuphela phezulu.

Sele wakhankanya isigqibo Peter I ngokunxulumene ngokulandelelana. Wayaphula yindlela yemveli apho igunya yafuduswa inkosi abameli aphezulu umgca eyindoda.

UPetros Ndandingafuni ukuba bazibone etroneni emva kokuba unyana wakhe ngenxa yokuba kwakukho iqela utshintsho. Ngoko wagqiba ukuba uPhilip kuphela ungatsalela umnxeba i sicelo. Noko ke, wafa, eshiya iphepha ibinzana elithi "Nika yonke into ...".

Izihlwele zaye zingazani kwezopolitiko, nabanumzana ababa ukwabelana itrone - State itshayelwe nomzabalazo ngamandla. Ngaloo ndlela kwaqalisa ixesha yeenguqu ebhotwe. Iitshati, iitheyibhile ukuvumela umkhondo engcono igazi ubuhlobo zonke yama- etroneni.

Lika 1725 (Catherine A.)

Ngeli xesha kwasekwa amaqela amabini alwayo. Eyokuqala yayiba A. Osterman kunye Menshikov. Babefuna ukudlulisela amandla umhlolokazi Peter I ukuya uCatherine Alekseevna.

Iqela lesibini, eziquka iNkosana Holstein, wafuna ukwakha etroneni uPetros II (unyana Alexis kunye nomzukulwana Peter I).

ubukho Clear waba Menshikov, owaba nako ukufikelela Guard inkxaso ndahlala etroneni Catherine I. Nangona kunjalo, oko akukhange isakhono lokwenziwa kurhulumente, ngoko ke i-Grand yangasese Council yadalwa 1726. Waba umzimba ephezulu urhulumente.

Umlawuli uqobo Menshikov. Yena wamthoba liBhunga yaye ukuzithemba esinganasiphelo uKumkanikazi. Kwakhona Wayengomnye amanani abaziintloko, xa abalawuli ixesha revolutions bhotwe zitshintshiwe (Itheyibhile ucacisa yonke).

Ukulawula of Peter II ngo-1727

UCatherine I wobukumkani lweminyaka nje kweminyaka emibini. Emva kokufa kwakhe, umbuzo wokulandelelana kwakhona esasiphezu kurhulumente.

Ngelo xesha, "iqela Holstein" ekhokelwa Anna Petrovna. It uqalise iyelenqe nxamnye Menshikov kunye A. Ostermann, waphela akuphumelelanga. Umlawuli yathatyathwa uPetros oselula. umcebisi kunye notitshala wakhe waba A. Osterman. Noko ke, wasilela ukunika impembelelo efunekayo le nkosi, nangona kusekho ngokwaneleyo ukuze ulungiselele kwaye enze ukubhukuqwa Alexander Menshikov ngo-1727.

Ubukumkani UAnny Ioannovny 1730

Peter II wahlala etroneni iminyaka emithathu, wafa. Kwakhona, lo mbuzo engundoqo uba: "Ngubani na oya kuthabatha itrone?". Ngoko era yeenguqu ebhotwe okuqhubekayo. Le theyibhile ingezantsi ibonisa into eyenzekayo.

Enkundleni isiganeko kubonakala Dolgoruky, abo bazama ukuba ngukumkani Ekateriny Dolgorukoy. Yena waye umtshakazi uPetros II.

Le behluleke, kunye Olwa yakhe abatyunjiweyo Golitsyn. Yaba Anna Ivanovna. Yena Bambeka ke kuphela emva kokusayina moya ngenxa Ephakamileyo yangasese iBhunga, nto leyo eye bungalahleki kwesinomhlwa kodwa impembelelo yayo.

Condition kuphela amandla lo kumkani. Kungekudala uKumkanikazi ubaphulelayo iye utyikitye amaxwebhu kwaye ibuyisela lobuzwilakhe. Umbuzo wokulandelelana wagqiba kwangaphambili. ukuba abakwazi ukufumana abantwana babo, yena waxelela indlalifa elizayo ngomntwana nomtshana wakhe. Uya kwazi njani kuPetros III.

Noko ke, ngo-1740 e-Elizabeth kunye nabameli sodidi Welf wazalelwa kuYohane, unyana owaba umlawuli ngoko nangoko emva kokufa uAnny Ioannovny seenyanga ezimbini. Umongameli Biron yakhe bayibona.

-1740 umbuso Munnich

ulawulo bukhosi lwahlala iiveki ezimbini. Mdibi wahlelwa Marshal Munnich. Yayame ngabalindi, ababamba Biron ndazimisa uMama ibamba nosana.

Eli bhinqa akazange akwazi ukubaleka kurhulumente, yaye bonke ezandleni zabo bathatha Munnich. emva kwakhe endaweni A. Osterman. Waphinda wathuma yalelani yentsimi umhlala-phantsi. ukuvukelwa Ixesha kwibhotwe (Itheyibhile eboniswe ngezantsi) idibanisa aba balawuli.

Ukulawula yase Elizabeth ukuya 1741

November 25, 1741 wathabatha kwenye indawo ubhedu. Ndadlula ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngaphandle kwegazi, amandla waba ezandleni Elizabeth, intombi ka uPetros I. Wabuza ukuba ngunogada intetho emfutshane wavakalisa ngokwayo uKumkanikazi. Wanceda naye kule Count Vorontsov.

Juvenile ex-uMlawuli kunye nomama wakhe wavalelwa inqaba. Munnich, Ostermann, Levenvolde bagwetyelwa ukufa, kodwa endaweni ngekhonkco eSiberia.

Obusa Elizaveta Petrovna iminyaka engaphezu kwama-20.

Ukuza amandla ka Peter III

Elizaveta Petrovna waphumelela uyise wambona isalamane. Ngoko ke ukusuka Holstein umtshana. Wanikwa igama Peter III, yena aguqulwa abe Orthodox. UKumkanikazi wayengekho abalivuyeli uhlobo yindlalifa elizayo. Kwiinzame ukulungisa le meko; usibeka kuye ootitshala, kodwa akazange ancedakale.

Kuba zizale Elizaveta Petrovna watshata naye Princess uSophia isiJamani, nto leyo eya kuba uCatherine Omkhulu. Ke wayenabantwana ababini - unyana uPawulos intombi Anna.

Ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, uElizabhete uya kucetyiswa ukuba onyule ezihlangwini uPawulos. Noko ke, akazange abe nobuganga ukwenza njalo. Emva kokufa kwakhe, kwetrone wegqitha waya umtshana wakhe. nkqubo yakhe athandwe kakhulu phakathi kwabantu kwaye phakathi izikhulu. Kulo mzekelo, emva kokufa Elizabeth yokuba kwakungekho ziyakhawuleza ukuba isithsaba. Esi sizathu sokuba mdibi ngakwicala umfazi wakhe, Catherine, apho wayixhoma isisongelo elide-mtshato (Le ndimoni lowu umlawuli). Yaphela ngokusesikweni ilixa revolution ebhotwe (theyibhile inika ulwazi olongezelelweyo malunga lesiqhulo yabantwana uKumkanikazi).

Juni 28, 1762. Catherine Board II

Ukuba umfazi Peter Fedorovich, uCatherine waqalisa ukufunda ulwimi Russian kunye nezithethe. Wakhawuleza zivalele ulwazi olutsha. Oku kwamnceda ukuba ukubaleka emva ukukhulelwa ayiphumelelanga ezimbini kunye nento yokuba unyana ekwakukudala lilindelwe uPawulos kuye ngoko nangoko emva kokuzalwa. Wabona yena kuphela emva kweentsuku ezingama-40. Esi siphendu phezulu Elizabeth. Yena waphupha lokuba ukumkanikazi. Loo ithuba abenako, njengokuba uPetros Fedorovich ayiphumelelanga ibekwa. Elizabeth wasebenzisa inkxaso abalindi waza wazibhukuqa nomyeni wakhe. Kungenzeka, wabulawa, kodwa inguqulelo esemthethweni kwathiwa ukufa ngenxa yokulunywa.

Ulawulo lwakhe lweminyaka 34. Wala ukuba ibamba unyana wakhe waza wamnika itrone kuphela emva kokufa kwakhe. wobukumkani bakhe bobabo ilixa absolutism bakhanyiselwa. Okunye ngokufutshane bonke thaca etafileni "ebhotwe ubhedu."

weenkcukacha ezishwankathelweyo

Catherine esiza ngamandla lufikelele esiphelweni ilixa mdibi ebhotwe. Le theyibhile akajongi nabalawuli, elawula emva kwayo, nangona uPawulos washiya itrone ngenxa yokuba i yelenqe.

Ukuze siqonde ngcono kwenzeka ntoni emhlabeni, cinga iziganeko kunye nabantu abo ezinxulumene nazo, ngenxa eshwankathela ulwazi malunga nesihloko "Ixesha revolutions komkhulu" (ngokufutshane).

Uluhlu yeenguqu ebhotwe sichaza ngokucacileyo iziganeko eziphambili ixesha.

Iziphumo zale ixesha babhukuqwa ebhotwe

Palace ukuvukelwa zaye kuphela nomzabalazo ngamandla. Kodwa bona babengaliqondi ephethe utshintsho kwiinkalo zopolitiko nezentlalo. Osesikhundleni wababela bodwa ilungelo lokulawula, ngenxa engama-37 ababusi ezintandathu.

Ukuzinziswa Socio-kwezoqoqosho enxulumene ne-Catherine Elizabeth I no II. Bakwazi ukuphumelela eminye kumgaqo-nkqubo yangaphandle karhulumente.