E-commerce: zophuhliso, ukusebenzisa, amathuba

Yonke imihla, abantu uqalisa ukusebenzisa ngakumbi ulwazi nobuchwepheshe. Ukuze wenze oku, isebenzisa i Internet. phantse Namhlanje, le nkqubo yonke imibutho uvula iziza zabo. Musa ukuma bucala, kunye abemi abaqhelekileyo. Baya azale amaphepha zabo kwi social networks ezahlukeneyo.

Internet - i inkqubo evulelekileyo kunye abaphulaphuli abaninzi, nto leyo evumela ukuba intsebenziswano entsha ngokupheleleyo phakathi kwabasebenzisi. Kwaye akukho nto isimanga yokuba yaqala ukuba ngokubanzi kusetyenziswa e-ishishini. Lo kwinqanaba entsha lonke, imakethi kuphela kunye nezoqoqosho, kodwa kwakhona nobudlelwane kwezentlalo nezenkcubeko phakathi kwemibutho kunye nabantu.

History of indalo

E-shishini yindibaniso ye amashishini kunye nabantu abasebenza kwicandelo e-commerce. Bonke bephela bamanyene womnatha lweshishini elo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, le nkqubo kwinqanaba yehlabathi lonke ze Internet.

Yintoni e-commerce? Ngokwahlukileyo koko, e-loshishino gama linentsingiselo kwezi mpawu zingasentla. Oku kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwe-Internet njengejelo ulwazi umbutho kweenkqubo zoshishino. Kulo mzekelo, akukho cebo yemveli 'imali-impahla'. Indawo yayo ithathwe "iinkcukacha-lwazi".

E-commerce - akunto ngathi ukuthenga onlayini. Kwaye kukho ke olu hlobo lomsebenzi ngemihla xa uluntu wayengekho wayeqhelene kwi Internet. Ke kaloku kwathi ngo-1979, xa American Maykl Aldrih wagqiba ekubeni unxulumanise kunye ikhompyutha kunye cable TV. Ukuze wenze oku, wayesebenzisa imigca fixed. Le buchwepheshe kuvumela abasebenzisi ukuba odola impahla, owawubona kwikhusi. Kwaba kuphela ngo-1990 ngu Tim Behrens basungula i browser yokuqala. Emva koku, waza waqalisa nophuhliso yayo olukhawulezayo e-loshishino e-commerce. Ngoko ke, ngo-1992, uCharles Stuckey kwi nkampani yokuqala yehlabathi wavula ivenkile intanethi ukuthengisa imveliso ncwadi. Ngo-1994 waqalisa umsebenzi wakhe Amazon.com, yaye ngo-1995 - E-bay.

Uphuhliso lwe-e-commerce eRashiya ingachazwa yi la manyathelo alandelayo:

1. 1991-1993. Ngalo lonke eli xesha, i-Internet yeyona medium kuphela unxibelelwano phakathi koluntu lwezenzululwazi, amaziko zobugcisa, iingcali ikhompyutha, kunye nemibutho karhulumente.
2. 1994-1997. Ngeli xesha ithuba kothungelwano lonke iqala umdla ngokukhutheleyo labemi beli lizwe.
3. Ukususela 1998 ukuya e-ishishini mihla ayenziwa ngoncedo i-Internet kunye e-commerce.

nezici ezintsha

Iinkampani phambili umcimbi ngendlela zemveli, banoxanduva kwisigaba ngasinye kuloo msebenzi. Ngelo xesha linye lichitha imali eninzi imali kuphuhliso lwemveliso kunye nemveliso, i ngakumbi ukunikezelwa kunye nokuthengiswa kwemveliso ugqibile. izibonelelo zemali ezinkulu ezifunekayo kunye nenkxaso malunga nokuqhutywa yonke phucuka.

Kodwa apha kwakukho e-commerce. Waqalisa inguqu ngokuthe ngcembe lwamashishini bathungelane imibutho yenyani. Ngaphezu koko, ngasinye kuzo amalungu ale oluntu ithuba imisebenzi yabo bagxile kwiindlela ezizezona zifanelekileyo. Le nto ivumele ukuba kusa kubathengi kangangoko izisombululo kunokwenzeka epheleleyo imveliso.

Xa kwakukho ishishini e-commerce iya kuba amathuba amatsha. Ngesi sixhobo mihla Lwenziwe:

- neenkomfa ividiyo;
- ukwenza out on-line noqeqesho;
- nophuhliso iimodeli ezintsha yentengiso;
- ekudaleni imeko yoshishino kweenkqubo zolwazi;
- ukufumana iintlobo ulwazi;
- ukuphunyezwa intsebenziswano mali;
- uphuhliso ulwalamano entsha phakathi usebenzisa iinkampani zobugcisa elektroniki;
- Ukuvulwa channel zexabiso eliphantsi entsha;
- nokuqiniswa intsebenziswano;
- inkxaso izimvo ezizezinye;
- uphuhliso loqoqosho entsha wokwenziwa kunye nokuthengwa kweempahla.

Eyona engundoqo imisebenzi zorhwebo kwi Internet

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-e-commerce lubandakanya:
- ukusekwa nabo preliminary nabathengisi ezinokubakho, abaxhasi kunye abathengi nge-intanethi;
- exchange amaxwebhu wadala ngekhompyutha, kuyimfuneko ukuze kuphunyezwe ukuthenga nokuthengisa izivumelwano;
- ngokuthengiswa kweempahla okanye neenkonzo;
- iimveliso zentengiso pre-yentengiso kunye nasemva intengiso inkxaso kubathengi ngohlobo lwamagqabantshintshi eneenkcukacha imveliso uthenge;
- intlawulo elektroniki ukuba iimpahla ezithengiweyo kunye nokusetyenziswa transfers imali electronic, amakhadi ngetyala kwaye iitsheki;
- ukuthunyelwa kweemveliso ngumthengi.

Icebo "kwamashishini"

Kukho iindidi ezahlukeneyo e-commerce. Ngaphezu koko, ukuhlelwa kwazo ibandakanya iqela ekujoliswe kulo kwabathengi. Enye yeendidi e-commerce i inkqubo 'zoshishino kushishino "okanye B2B. Le intsebenziswano lwenziwa kwi umgaqo ngokwanelisayo elula. It sikuko yokuba inkampani omnye uthengisa kwenye.

Nangona into yokuba namhlanje kukho ezinye iintlobo ze-e-commerce, B2B yeyona kwimimandla yophuhliso kakhulu ngokukhawuleza ukuba babe ithemba elihle kakhulu. Ngenxa iqonga Internet yonke inkqubo yorhwebo uba kakuhle ngakumbi nengafihliyo. Ngaloo ndlela ummeli wenkampani umthengi uyakwazi ulawulo interactive yonke inkqubo yokuphunyezwa imisebenzi, iinkonzo okanye izinto kwempahla. Ukuze wenze oku, ukuba usebenzisa zenkcazelo mbutho umthengisi.

Xa iimpawu "ishishini-to-ishishini" imodeli kukuba kule meko ihambo e-commerce akunakwenzeka ngaphandle intsebenziswano automated ngokupheleleyo phakathi kwemibutho ukuba inkqubo yoshishino. Kwaye kukho ithemba nomtsalane kakhulu. Ukukhokela ushishino kwicandelo B2B, inkampani ngaxeshanye ukusombulula ingxaki of esizisebenzelayo entsonkothileyo yolawulo lwangaphakathi.

amaqonga Ukurhweba lodweliso "kwamashishini"

Xa e-commerce, kukho iindawo ezikhethekileyo apho izahlulo zeshumi zibe zenziwe kwaye ziphunyezwe yi imicimbi zemali ezifanelekileyo. Nguwo lo amaqonga yorhwebo ukuba enembonakalo yenyani kule meko. Baya anokwenziwa:

- abathengi;
- nabathengisi;
- a wesithathu.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, le ndlela kuba B2B iintlobo ezintathu lwamaqonga zorhwebo. Le exchange, kwintengiso kunye kwikhathalogu. Makhe sihlolisise ngokweenkcukacha.

Yenza weefayili lula ukusetyenziswa izakhono wophendlo lilifa iinkqubo zolwazi mihla. Kulo mzekelo, umthengi unelungelo ukuthelekisa kwaye khetha impahla kwi ngexabiso, nomhla wokuziswa, iwaranti, njalo njalo. D. Iikhathalogu zisetyenziswa mveliso apho rhoqo inkoliso imicimbi engekenziwa ukulungiselela ukuphunyezwa kwezinto zexabiso eliphantsi, nalapho imfuno akonwabi, kwaye amaxabiso zahlukile kakhulu ezinqabileyo.

Yona ifandesi, ngoko le modeli platform lorhwebo luphawulwa amaxabiso non-ezisisigxina. ixabiso lokugqibela yempahla lusekiwe kwinkqubo abhide. Yemnyama.Iifandesi asetyenziswa kwimeko apho impahla okanye iinkonzo ezazithengiswa bahlukile ngohlobo lwayo. Kusenokuba izinto ezinqabileyo okanye izixhobo eyinkunzi, inventri, njalo-njalo. D.

Uhlobo lwesithathu worhwebo virtual qonga - Exchange - luphawulwa yokuba ixabiso ezinikezelwa kuyo ilawulwa imveliso kunye nemfuneko, kwaye ke ngoko kutshintsho olomeleleyo. Le modeli inayo lokuphunyezwa izinto eziqhelekileyo ezibonelela eziliqela iimpawu standartiziruemymi lula. Exchange yeyona ibenomtsalane kakhulu abo iimarike apho amaxabiso isidingo ezingazinzanga. Kwezinye iimeko, le modeli ikuvumela ukuba ukurhweba ngokuyimfihlo, ngamanye amaxesha kubalulekile ukulondoloza ukhuphiswano kunye nexabiso ukungaguquleki.

Iingcali ukuqikelela amathuba ezilungileyo e-commerce, kusetyenziswa le modeli. Kuqala kwinto zonke, intengiso ezinjalo abathengi inzuzo. Ngapha koko, urhwebo lwenzeka kwi website yequmrhu yorhwebo ngaphandle njengabalamli. Ukongeza, kuba iqonga yorhwebo efanayo luphawulwa umsebenzi umthengisi enye inani elikhulu abathengi.

Kukho iintlobo kutshanje kunye ezintsha intengiso model kwicandelo B2B. Oku iinkqubo ikhathalogu ezidibanisa kubathengisi ezininzi. Qala ukusebenza namaqonga elektroniki ezidibanisa iimpawu Exchange kunye Veza. Enjalo e-commerce kunciphisa ixesha neendleko zemali wophendlo kunye nokukhethwa iimveliso ezigqwesileyo, kwakunye nobhaliso intengiselwano phakathi umthengi nomthengisi.

Icebo "ishishini ukuze abathengi"

E-commerce, zisekelwe kumgaqo le B2C, ifumana isicelo yayo kwimeko apho abathengi lweshishini hayi ezisemthethweni, kunye nabantu emzimbeni. Ngokuqhelekileyo zokuthengiswa kwempahla. Le ndlela yokuziphatha itransekshini yorhwebo kuyingenelo ukuba client. Lunika ithuba lokuba ukukhawulezisa kwaye lula ukuthenga izinto eziyimfuneko ukuze ngaye. Xa abantu, akukho mfuneko yokuba ezivenkileni. Kwanele ukufunda iimpawu impahla kwisayithi yomthengisi, khetha imodeli ezifunwayo kunye odola imveliso eziya kusiwa dilesi ichazwe.

E-commerce kwi Internet kwi "ishishini-to-umsebenzisi" kunye umthengisi inzuzo. Athe wanethuba lokufuna ukuba ziyalandeleka, uchithe kunye nezibonelelo zisezantsi kwisakhelo umxholo.

Kuba scheme B2C baleka kwiivenkile emveli online. imisebenzi yabo swi iqela ekujoliswe elithile kwabathengi. Ukususela ngo-2010 yena wabonakala waza waqalisa ukuphuhlisa ebizwa ngokuba yi-social urhwebo. Iquka ububanzi kwentengiso yeempahla kunye neenkonzo networks zentlalo.

Omnye iinkampani ezinkulu osebenza imodeli B2C, yinto Amazon.com yinkampani yaseMelika. It uwugcinayo abathengisi iincwadi kwaye abathengi ngaphezu kwesigidi ehlabathini lonke. Ukusebenzisa icebo "ushishino umsebenzisi", inkampani equalized ufikelelo imveliso phakathi abathengi kumazwe awahlukeneyo. Kwaye akunamsebenzi apho umthengi uhlala kwisixeko esikhulu okanye kummandla ekude.

amaqonga Ukurhweba lodweliso "ishishini ukuze abathengi"

Kwicandelo B2C iimpahla zithengiselwa nge:

- kwiivenkile elektroniki kunye Iiveranda zokuthenga;
- Web-iifestile;
- Iinkqubo ezizodwa intanethi;
- yemnyama.Iifandesi.

Cinga la maqonga ukurhweba ngakumbi. E-commerce leenkampani amancinci naphakathi-ertyisi, njengoko umthetho, kuliwa ngokusebenzisa kubathengisi intanethi. La maqonga virtual - ukuba omnye, njengoko iisayithi zenkampani. Isakhiwo esimbaxa ngakumbi phakathi intanethi. Bona ibekwe kwiivenkile ezininzi ezinesiqhamo.

E-commerce eRashiya babeqhuba nge window Web-shop amancinane. Ezi imiqolo zorhwebo, ngokuqhelekileyo aphantsi iifemu amashishini amancinci. Izinto eziphambili kwiindawo ezinjalo Iikhathalogu okanye uluhlu ixabiso ezichaza imveliso okanye inkonzo ngokwayo, kwakunye inkqubo yokuqokelela-odolo ezivela kubathengi.

Online Trading Systems (tis) ezisetyenziswa yi iifama ezinkulu, iinkampani kunye neenkampani. La maqonga virtual ukuba amashishini ukwandisa unikezelo yokusebenza kweenkonzo kunye neentengiso, kwakunye ukwakha amatyathanga unikezelo kakhulu ifana inkqubo yokuvelisa izinto zokwenza imveliso, izixhobo, izixhobo zokusebenza, njalo-njalo. D.

Imibutho emininzi kulawulo lwe e-commerce sebenzisa ekhethekileyo Web-site. Kubo na umthengisi inokuveza imveliso wakho ixabiso lokuqala. Ezinjalo-sites Web ngotyefezo elektroniki. Kubathengi abanomdla okuthenga imveliso kunokubonisa ixabiso eliphezulu kuye. Ngenxa yoko, umthengisi enze isivumelwano nenkampani, leyo ukulungele kuhlawula ngaphezulu.

Icebo "umsebenzisi-to-nkonzo"

Uphuhliso lwe-e-commerce kukhokelele inkangeleko C2C zoshishino. Ukuzibophelela phakathi kwabathengi abangengabo ngoosomashishini. Nalo eli cebo, abathengisi e-commerce ukuposa neminikelo yazo kwi Internet ekhethekileyo, ezo umnqamlezo phakathi imarike eqhelekileyo, market intakumba, yaye iintengiso ndaba. Umzekelo, umboneleli States Ngakho ebay.com. Oku umntu wesithathu, ukuvumela abathengi ukungena nakwesiphi na intengiselwano ixesha lenene. Kwaye badlule ngqo kwi Internet kwaye kwifomati kwintengiso ngekhompyutha. imodeli C2C iye zithandwa kakhulu namhlanje. Abathengi kwi amaxabiso emveliso efanayo ixesha ngokukhuthaza, apho zithe gangqa ezivenkileni.

amanye amacebo

Yiyiphi enye kuba nge-commerce? Ukongeza kwizikim ixhaphakileyo echazwe-ngasentla zikhona kunye nabanye abambalwa. Abayi ithandwa kakhulu, kunjalo, zisetyenziswa inani leemeko ezithile. Ngaloo ndlela, ukusetyenziswa kwe-e-commerce kwenzeka ngako oku intsebenziswano zombini amaqumrhu asemthethweni kunye nabantu kunye nemibutho karhulumente. Oku kunxulumene ukuba ukuzaliswa kweefom kunye nokuqokelelwa kwerhafu, ukusebenza kunye nee-arhente amasiko, njalo njalo. D. iintlobo ezinjalo wentsebenziswano kunokwenzeka kuphela uphuhliso lobuchwepheshe Internet.

Olunye uncedo ebalulekileyo yale nkqubo kukuququzelela intsebenzo e-commerce of abasebenzi bakarhulumente kunye ukukhutshwa abantu abangahlawuliyo wokubhala.

imithetho Basic loosomashishini

EzisisiNyanzeliso eCommerce kufuneka ukuba nabani na ofuna ukuba ishishini kwabo kusekelwe kwiteknoloji ulwazi. Kukho eminye imigaqo elula ekufuneka uhlobo itafile phindo nawuphi na umthengisi. Nabani na onqwenela ukuba ziintshatsheli kukhuphiswano uyakuthi:

- ukwenza indawo elungiselelwe iinjini zokuphendla;
- ukuguqula iindwendwe zakho zibe abathengi;
- ukwenza imisebenzi zorhwebo eya kukhuthaza isiza kwi-intanethi;
- ukuhlalutya yokuthengisa showgirl.

Namathemba uphuhliso lwe-e-commerce

Namhlanje eRashiya kwakukho izinto ezithile ukuba zibe nempembelelo ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso EC. Phakathi kwabo:

- ubukhulu becala kummandla lizwe, leyo kufuna ukunciphisa impembelelo ekhoyo okwangoku ukulawula intengiso impahla, leyo sizibandakanya kwizikolo ezikude-nxaxheba yemarike;
- ukubaluleka yokuphucula inkqubo ukuhlanganiswa ngenxa ngokudibana yeshishini Russian nolwazi lwehlabathi kunye neenkqubo loqoqosho;
- ingxaki yokunciphisa iindleko zorhwebo, nto leyo eza kuvumela iimveliso zethu ukuba ukukhuphisana kurhwebo lwehlabathi;
- imfuneko ulawulo ngenyameko ngakumbi phezu intengiso empahleni amashishini kunye nabasemagunyeni mali;
- ukubaluleka sophuhliso sesizwe ye kwisiseko uzobe olwenziwe imibutho kunye nokuphunyezwa ezininzi technologies ulwazi mihla.

Uphuhliso EC eRashiya inegalelo kumgangatho ngokwemveli eliphezulu lemfundo ephakamileyo. Ukongeza, abasemagunyeni yezimali zeli lizwe sele ziphuhlisiwe phambili kweteknoloji, ukusetyenziswa leyo yenza ulondolozo ekude lebhanki intengiselwano zabathengi '. ukhuseleko eCommerce eRussia zinika izisombululo ezikhoyo zobugcisa. Zibandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezinika ukhuseleko incazelo ngokwengcaciso ngamalungu kwintengiso yenyani.

Kodwa kwilizwe lethu kukho ezinye iingxaki ye e-commerce. Umzekelo, inkqubo uphuhliso lorhwebo virtual kuxinana kakhulu ngenxa yokuba:

- Iyalila na inqanaba inkcubeko entsha kubudlelwane market thina;
- ukungafezeki-sikhokelo yowiso-mthetho;
- ngezinga eliphezulu lokubanga yoqoqosho;
- Ukungabikho uphuhliso lwezibonelelo kweemalike emveliso;
- ukungafezeki kwenkqubo ngetyala kunye nobudlelwane zemali.