Isinyithi esithambileyo kwihlabathi

Iimpawu zihlobo lwamaziko asetyenziswe ngabantu ukususela kumaxesha amandulo. Leli qela lezinto likhulu kakhulu, kodwa zonke zinempawu eziqhelekileyo ezibonakalayo, ezibizwa ngokuba yizakhiwo zetsimbi. Ubunzima phakathi kwabo buqhelekileyo, kodwa aluyiyo inqununu. Eyona nto ichanekileyo yilezo ezinye, ezona zixhobo ezincinci kakhulu. Ezi zakhiwo zichongiwe ziimpawu zendlela yazo kwizinga le-molecular.

Iipropati zezitye

I-Iron kunye nama-alloys ayo (isinyithi, isinyithi yentsimbi), ubhedu, i-aluminium ... Ukusetyenziswa kwezi zinto kuphawulwe iinjongo zeenkqubela phambili zesayensi kunye nezobuchwepheshe kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zempucuko. Ngayinye yalezi zinyithi zinempawu ezinika ixabiso elithile elingundoqo. Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo kubo ziphezulu zokuhamba kunye nokusetyenziswa kombane, iplastiki - ukukwazi ukugcina ingqibelelo ngexesha loxinzelelo, ukucima kwintsimbi.

Idamasko yaseDamaseko, ukuqhawula izixhobo zentsimbi, kunye neentsimbi ezithambileyo, ezithe zahlala zinefuthe elincinci, zinokulungiswa kwangaphakathi kwangaphakathi. Kwinqanaba layo liyi-crystal lattice, kwiindawo apho kukho i-athomu ezinomthwalo ongezantsi kwaye ungathathi hlangothi, phakathi kwekho "i-electron gas" - iindidi ezishiya iigobolondo zangaphandle zee-atom ngenxa yokunciphisa ukudibanisa nenucleus. Unxibelelwano olukhethekileyo lwensimbi phakathi kwee-positive ezisezindaweni zecatti ngenxa yemikhosi ekhangayo ephuma kwi "gas gas". Ubunzima, ubuninzi, kunye nokushisa kwamanzi kwintsimbi kuxhomekeke ekugxininiseni kweli "gesi".

Imilinganiselo yokuvavanya

Impendulo yombuzo othi yintoni isinyithi esincinci kakhulu siya kuhlala sixoxwa ngaso ngaphandle kokuba sivumelane kunye neendlela zokuvavanya kwaye sichaze loo nto. Umbono kulo mbandela wezinto eziza kubakho ziyahluka kwiingcali zamashishini ahlukeneyo. I-metallurgist inokuqonda ukuthobeka njengokwenyuka kwenzululwazi, ukuthambekela kokubona ukuchithwa kwezinto eziphathekayo, njalonjalo.

Ukulungiselela izixhobo zenzululwazi kubalulekile ukuba ukwazi ukuthethekisa ngokuthe ngqo impawu ezahlukileyo zezinto. Ukuthobeka kufuneka kwakhona kwamukelwe imilinganiselo yokuhlola. Isityezelo esincinci kakhulu kwihlabathi kufuneka siqaphele zonke izibonakaliso, zibonakalise iimpawu zayo "zokurekhoda". Kukho ubuchule obuninzi, injongo yalo ukulinganisa ukuthotywa kwezinto ezihlukeneyo.

Izindlela zokulinganisa

Uninzi lweendlela eziqinisekisiweyo zokulinganisa ubunzima busekelwe kumphumo wokuqhagamshelana nomzimba onzima, obizwa ngokuba yi-indenter, kulinganiswa ngeendlela ezichanekileyo. Ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lokungenisa indalo kunye neendlela zokulinganisa, kukho iindlela ezininzi ezisisiseko:

Indlela kaBrellell. Ubuninzi beempembelelo ezishiywe ibhola yensimbi zichongwe xa zixinzelelwe kummandla wovavanyo lwezinto.

- I-Rockwell Method. Ubunzulu bokungena kwi-bhola okanye i-diamond cone bubalwa.

Indlela yeVickers. Indawo yecala elishiywe yi-diamond tetrahedral piramidi iyachongwa.

Ubunzima obunxweme. Kukho izikali zokwenza izinto ezinzima kakhulu kwaye zincinci kakhulu - ubunzulu bokudibanisa inaliti ekhethekileyo okanye ukuphakama kwesiphakamiso esivela phezulu komdlali othethekileyo.

I-Mohs ubunzima bezinga

Eli nqanaba lokumisela ubunzima obunxulumene nezimbiwa kunye nensimbi lucetywayo ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 nguJamani uFriedrich Moos. Isekelwe kwindlela yokutshitshisa, xa isampula esinamandla ishiya uphawu kumncinci, kwaye kulula kakhulu ukufumanisa ukuba yintoni isinyithi esithambileyo. Ngokubhekiselele kwi-10 yeeminerali ezibhekiselele kuyo i-index yesibindi sobume, indawo yendawo yokuvavanya kunye nesalathisi yedijithali inqunywe ukusetyenziswa kwemveliso. I-softest reference reference mineral is talc. I-Mohs inzima-1, kwaye inzima kakhulu, idayimani - 10.

Ukuhlolwa kobunzima ngokwesiqingatha se-Mohs kusekelwe kumgaqo "onzima kakhulu". Ukuchonga ngokuchanekileyo kangaphi amaxesha, umzekelo, i-aluminium, ene-index kwi-Mohs esilinganisweni se-2.75, ilula ngaphezu kwe-tungsten (6.0), inokulinganiswa kuphela ngeziphumo ezisekelwe kwezinye iindlela. Kodwa ukufumanisa isinyithi esincinci kakhulu kwitheyibhile yexesha elifanelekileyo le tafile lanele.

I-softest yizona zinyithi ze-alkali

Ukususela kwi-Mohs mineralogical scale kungabonakala ukuba izinto ezinxulumene nezinyithi ze-alkali zincinci. Nangona i-mercury, eyaziwayo kuninzi kwi-liquid ukusuka kwi-thermometer, ine-index of hardness ye-1.5. Izinto ezincinci ezinomzimba ofanayo kunye neekhemikhali: i-lithium (0.6 kwinqanaba le-Mohs), i-sodium (0.5), i-potassium (0.4), i-rubidium (0.3). Isinyithi esithambileyo yi-cesium, esinobunzima buka-Mohs obu-0.2.

Iipropati zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali zeetali ze-alkali zichongwa ngokucwangciswa kwe-elektroniki. Kuphela kancinci kuphela kwindlela yokwenza iigesi ezingenayo. I-electron efumaneka kwinqanaba lezamandla langaphandle lihamba ngendlela ebonisa ukusebenza kweekhemikhali eziphezulu. Izityebhile ezithambileyo zibonakaliswe ngenyameko ekhethekileyo, kunzima ukukhupha kwaye zihlale zingatshintshi. Ziye zibonakaliswe ngokuxhatshazwa kwemichiza kunye nomoya, amanzi, i-oxygen.

Inombolo yesi-55

Igama elithi "cesium" livela kwi-Latin caesius - "isibhakabhaka esibhakabhakeni": kwimbonakaliso echithwe ngumbane ocolileyo, ezimbini eziqhaqhaqhekileyo zeembala ezibonakalayo kwi-infrared range. Ngendlela yayo ecocekileyo, ibonakalisa ukukhanya kakuhle, ifana negolide ekhanyayo kwaye inemibala ebomvu. I-Cesium yintsimbi encinci kakhulu kwihlabathi, i-index ye-Brinell yobunzima yi-0.15 MN / m ² (0.015 kgf / cm ² ). Iphuzu lokuxuba: + 28.5 ° C ngoko ngoko, phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, kwiqondo lokushisa, i-cesium isesigxina samanzi.

Yisinyithi esinqabileyo, esabizi kwaye esona sikhulu. Kwi-elektronomi, injineli yomsakazo kunye nekhemikhali yecandelo lobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, i-cesium kunye ne-alloys esekelwe kuyo isetyenziswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwaye imfuno yalo iyaqhubeka rhoqo. Ukusebenza kwayo kwemichiza, ukukwazi ukwenza izinto ezihambelanayo kunye nokuqhuba umbane ophezulu kunyanzelekile. I-Cesium yinto ebalulekileyo yokuveliswa kwezixhobo ezikhethekileyo zee-optical, izibane ezinezixhobo ezikhethekileyo kunye neminye imikhiqizo ephezulu. Ngexesha elifanayo, ukunyamezela akuyona imfuno efunekayo kakhulu.