Imbali physics: ukulandelelana kweziganeko, zesayensi kanye bakufumeneyo

Nangona imbali wezenzululwazi njenge inzululwazi elizimeleyo yaqala kuphela kwinkulungwane XVII, imvelaphi yalo kumaxesha amandulo kakhulu, xa abantu baqala ukuhlela ulwazi lwakhe lokuqala malunga kwihlabathi elibangqongileyo. De kukanye awase bulumko yendalo yaye zibandakanya ulwazi malunga ubucukubhede, ngeenkwenkwezi kunye zomzimba. Imbali real of physics sele iqalile ngenxa imifuniselo kaGalileo kunye nabafundi bakhe. Kwakhona isiseko uqeqesho yasekwa ngu Newton.

Xa XVIII kunye ngenkulungwane XIX, kwakukho neengqikelelo ezingundoqo: .. Energy, ubunzima, athom, isantya, njl Ngenkulungwane XX yaba iintsilelo ngokucacileyo physics lakudala (ngaphandle zivela physics quantum, ithiyori kwezinto, ingcamango microparticles, njl ...). ulwazi olusulungekileyo yongezwe kwaye namhlanje, njengoko kusekho imiba emininzi ezingaphelelanga kunye nemibuzo malunga nohlobo ihlabathi lethu ukuba abaphandi kunye yonke indalo.

lidala

Uninzi iinkolo yobuhedeni zehlabathi lamandulo ngokusekelwe ngeenkwenkwezi nabavumisi ngeenkwenkwezi nolwazi. Ngenxa yoko bakuqwalaseleyo esibhakabhakeni ebusuku lwaya yokukhanya. Beqokelela ulwazi ngeenkwenkwezi ababa kodwa ibenefuthe kuphuhliso lwemathematika. Noko ke, kuthiwa chaza ezibangela ngezenzeko zendalo abakwazanga yamandulo. Ababingeleli ibangelwa umbane kunye elanga kwelanga ingqumbo kaThixo ukuba asinanto yakwenza nenzululwazi.

Ngaxeshanye, siye safunda ukulinganisa ubude, ubunzima kunye engile eYiputa Ancient. Olu lwazi ke kuyimfuneko ukuba bezakhiwo kulwakhiwo iiphiramidi omkhulukazi neetempile. Ukuphuhlisa ubucukubhede izicelo. Yomelela yakhe amaBhabhiloni. Kananjalo ngokusekelwe kulwazi lwabo ngeenkwenkwezi, baza baqalisa ukusebenzisa imini ukubala ixesha.

imbali yamandulo Chinese of physics yaqala kwi BC VII leminyaka. e. Amava amaninzi wobugcisa kunye nokwakhiwa yathotyelwa kwimeko uhlalutyo lwezenzululwazi, iziphumo ezaqhutywa imibhalo bulumko. Eyona idumileyo lombhali luthathwa Mo-Tzu, owayephila BC ngenkulungwane IV. e. Wenza lilinge lokuqala ukuqulunqa umthetho esisiseko inertia. Nditsho ke, amaTshayina kuqala owavela ikhampasi. Bafumana imithetho ngokukhanya zejometri, nalwazi malunga ubukho yekhamera obscura. E China wabonakala zakuqala theory umculo acoustics, nto ixesha elide wayengazi West.

lidala

Imbali yaMandulo of physics eyaziwa kakhulu zobulumko zamaGrike. isifundo lwawo lusekelwe kulwazi zejometri kunye algebra. Umzekelo, i-Pythagoreans ngowokuqala ukuvakalisa ukuba indalo kuxhomekeke imithetho jikelele lemathematika. AmaGrike Le ndlela ndabona ngokukhanya, ngeenkwenkwezi, umculo, ukusetyenziswa kunye nezinye iinkalo.

Imbali kuphuhliso physics bekungenakuba bacinge ngaphandle imisebenzi Aristotle, uPlato, Archimedes, nguHeron, kunye Lucretius. imibhalo yabo esekhona amaxesha zethu ngendlela ngokwaneleyo epheleleyo. zobulumko zamaGrike engafani bexesha bakhe kwamanye amazwe ukuze uchaze imithetho zemvelo na magama wasentsomini, kodwa ngqongqo esuka kwindawo umbono zenzululwazi. Ngelo xesha amaGrike kukho iimpazamo ezinkulu. Ezi ziquka ubucukubhede Aristotle. Imbali kuphuhliso wezenzululwazi njenge inzululwazi ufumbethe ukuya yawona of Greece, ukuba nje ngokuba bulumko obazalayo wahlala isiseko nenzululwazi ngamazwe de ngenkulungwane XVII.

Igalelo yamaGrike Alexandria

atom Demokrit yaqulunqa ithiyori, njengako kuyo yonke imizimba iqanjwa amasuntswana amancinane yaye ayahlukahlukenanga. Empedocles ecetywayo umthetho ukulondolozwa mba. Yena wabeka isiseko Archimedes hydrostatics nezixhotyana, ehambisa ingcamango sixhobo, nasekubaleni ubuninzi ukubagcina kulwelo olo. Yena waba yimbangi elithi "iziko womxhuzulane".

Alexandria Greek nguHeron igqalwa enye iinjineli mkhulu kwimbali yabantu. Wadala a ophephela umphunga ulwazi eshwankathelweyo luthambe kunye compressibility zegesi umoya. Imbali zemvelo ngokukhanya Bulelani waqhubeka Euclid, hlola le ngcamango yezibuko kunye nemithetho injalo.

abanemvume

Emva kokuwa uBukhosi baseRoma beza ukuyisonga impucuko yamandulo. izakhono ezininzi olityelweyo. EYurophu phantse iminyaka eliwaka, wayeka kuphuhliso yinzululwazi. Iintlafuno ulwazi baba yoonongendi abangamaKristu, ndikwazile ukugcina eminye yemisebenzi elidlulileyo. Noko ke, inkqubela lancipha phantsi ibandla uqobo. Wamlalela intanda imfundiso zenkolo. Iinkcuba abaye bazama ukuya ngaphaya nto babacokisela ngabaqhekeki zinokohlwaywa ngamandla Kwamacala.

Kungenxa yoku, igunya iinzululwazi zendalo iye idlule kwi-Muslims. Imbali ukuvela ophanda Arabhu ezinxulumene le nguqulelo imisebenzi yabo ngolwimi abaphengululi zamandulo zamaGrike. Ngokusekelwe iinkcuba zawo East siye ndafumanisa izinto ezithile ezibalulekileyo eyeyabo. Umzekelo, Al Times wachaza Umsunguli le crankshaft yokuqala.

kokoma yaseYurophu waqhubeka kwaze Renaissance. Ebudeni bamaXesha Aphakathi Kwihlabathi Old owasungula izibuko uchaze imvelaphi yomnyama. German kwekhulu sobulumko XV uNikolay Kuzansky yaphakanyiswa ukuba indalo akupheli, kwaye ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ngaphambi kwexesha lakhe. Emva kwamashumi ambalwa uLeonardo da Vinci waye discoverer le ngxaki yokusetyenziswa capillarity kunye nomthetho zochuku. Kwakhona wazama ukwenza umatshini motion ongunaphakade, kodwa musa ukwenza umsebenzi, uqalile ngokwenkcazo ukungqina ukuba impracticability yeprojekthi enjalo.

Renaissance

Ngo-1543 i ngeenkwenkwezi Polish uNikolay Kopernik wapapasha umsebenzi enkulu yobomi bakhe "On ujikeleziso imizimba yasezulwini". Kule ncwadi okokuqala kwi Christian World Old iinzame kukhusela imodeli heliocentric zehlabathi ukuba ngumhlaba ojikeleza ilanga kwaye awunakho ukwenza ngolunye uhlobo, njengoko ibandla bekumele ukuba imodeli geocentric kwePtolemy. Izazinzulu ezininzi zemvelo kunye ibango lokufumanisa ukuba nkulu, kodwa ke imbonakalo ethi "On ujikeleziso imizimba yasezulwini" kucingwa ekuqaleni revolution yenzululwazi, nolwathi lwalandelwa ukuvela physics kuphela mihla kodwa bezenzululwazi ngokubanzi.

Enye ingcali yenzululwazi ixesha odumileyo New Galileo Galiley esingesinye fyabo idumileyo (kwakhona kokwabo ithemometha fyabo). Ukongeza, yena yaqulunqa umthetho inertia kunye umgaqo ka. Ngenxa kwesayensi uGalileo wazalwa ubucukubhede ezintsha ngokupheleleyo. Ngaphandle kwalo, imbali ukufunda physics ngaba uyekile ukusebenza ixesha elide. UGalileo, efana kakhulu koogxa bakhe, Kucingelwa, kwafuneka ukuba sixhathise ingcinezelo ibandla, iinzame lokugqibela ukuzama ukukhusela umyalelo omdala.

ngekhulu XVII

Eqokelelweyo ukwanda ikhosi umdla kwisayensi, yaye waqhubeka ngenkulungwane XVII. injineli German sezibalo Iogann Kepler waye discoverer yemithetho sentshukumo langa kwinkqubo solar (imithetho Kepler kaThixo). imibono yakhe ekhankanywe kwincwadi yakhe "New Astronomy", epapashwe ngo-1609. Kepler abaphikisa UPtolemy, sigqibe ukuba iiplanethi zihamba ellipses, hayi izangqa, njengoko iqatshelwe into yokuba ngamakhoboka. Le Isazinzulu efanayo yenze igalelo elibalulekileyo kuphuhliso ngokukhanya. Wafunda ezikude kunye ezikufutshane kuphela, babone imisebenzi komzimba lens iliso. Kepler wasungula lo mnenga ukuze esqwini woqondo yaye kugxininiswa, baqulunqe thiyori lens.

I engumFrentshi Rene Dekart udale ucwangco yenzululwazi omtsha - geometry ahlaziye. Kwakhona wacebisa ukuba umthetho refraction sokukhanya. umsebenzi ezinkulu Descartes 'incwadi "Principles of Philosophy", epapashwe ngo-1644.

Zimbalwa zesayensi nokufumanisa yazo eyaziwa ngokuba eliNgesi Isaak Nyuton. Ngowe-1687 wabhala incwadi revolution "Mathematical Principles of Philosophy Natural". Kulo komphandi wachaza umthetho gravitation jikelele kunye nemithetho ezintathu ukukhanda (waza waba imithetho Newton). Le Isazinzulu wasebenza kwithiyori umbala, ngokukhanya, calculus ezifunekayo kunye umehluko. Imbali physics, imbali kwemithetho ubucukubhede - konke oku ngokusondeleyo ezinxulumene eziye zafunyaniswa Newton.

kumda entsha

isayensi kwekhulu XVIII iye thaca amagama abaninzi abadumileyo. Evelele kakhulu phakathi kwabo Leonhard Euler. Le injineli Swiss kunye kwezezibalo, babhala imisebenzi ngaphezulu kwe 800 physics kunye kumacandelo afana uhlalutyo zemathematika, ukukhanda yasezulwini, ngokukhanya, ithiyori umculo, ballistics, njalo njalo. D. Petersburg Academy of Sciences iye yayiqwalasela kuye ezifundweni zabo, ngenxa yoko Euler yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yobomi bakhe eRussia. Yiyo le umphandi kuqalisiwe ubucukubhede analytical.

Loo nto inika umdla imbali ye physics liphuhlise isifundo, njengokuba sisazi, hayi nje kuphela ngenxa oosonzululwazi zobungcali, kodwa abaphandi, abathandi, kude eyaziwa ngaphezulu uphawu eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo. Owona mzekelo iphawulekayo le self-wafundisa nguye oziphethe American uBenjamin Franklin. Wenza intonga umbane, wenza igalelo elikhulu nasekufundweni umbane yaye wenza ingcamango malunga uxhulumaniso yakhe ngxaki yokusetyenziswa ubutsalane.

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVIII Italian Alessandro Volta wadala "imfumba voltaic". Lento wakhe ibhetri lokuqala zombane kwimbali yoluntu. Le kwekhulu kwakhona wabona ukuvela ubushushu mercury, umdali leyo Gabriel Fahrenheit. Enye yaqaqamba kwamamdla yaba kokusungulwa injini, owenzeka ngo 1784. Kuye kwavula ezintsha imveliso kunye ngokutsha shishino.

ukuvulwa isicelo

Ukuba kwimbali ekuqaleni physics zikhuliswe isekelwe kwinto yokuba inzululwazi kwafuneka ukuba achaze unobangela ngezenzeko zendalo, kwinkulungwane XIX le meko itshintshe kakhulu. Ngoku sele umsebenzi omtsha. Ukusuka physics waqalisa ukufuna amandla emvelo ulawulo. Kule nkalo, kuba iye yaba olukhula ngokukhawuleza kuphela umqhubi, kodwa isicelo physics. "Newton umbane" Andre-Marie Ampere laqalisa ingqiqo entsha yangoku yombane. Kule ndawo efanayo yokusebenza Maykl Faradey. Wasisusa mba yoqheliso magnetic, imithetho electrolysis, diamagnetism, yaye waba yimbangi amagama ezinjalo, ibe anode, a cathode, i yokwambathisa, i electrolyte, paramagnetism, diamagnetism, njalo-njalo. D.

Developed amasebe ezintsha zesayensi. Nokushisa, theory luthambe, ukukhanda zamanani, physics zamanani, physics irediyo, ithiyori luthambe, ngezakhi, meteorology - bonke ibe single umfanekiso yehlabathi lanamhlanje.

Kwinkulungwane XIX kwakukho imifuziselo lwenzululwazi olutsha namabinza. Thomas Jung ukungqinisiseka umthetho ulondolozo lwamandla, Dzheyms Klerk Maksvell ecetywayo ingcamango yakhe kagesi. usomachiza Russian Dmitri Mendeleev waba yimbangi nempembelelo ebalulekileyo lonke physics periodic table lweziqalelo. Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane kwakukho yombane injini yokutsha. Baba iziqhamo Applied Physics, ezijolise ukusombulula iingxaki ezithile zobugcisa.

isayensi zokwazisela

Ngenkulungwane XX imbali yemvelo, ngamafutshane, liyagungqa kuthi ga kweso sigaba, xa ingxaki sele kakuhle kusekwa-imifuziselo classical theoretical component. Abadala formula kwinzululwazi baqalisa ichasane data ezintsha. Umzekelo, abaphandi bafumanise ukuba isantya ukukhanya komntu akuxhomekekanga ekuzithandeleni yesakhelo ebonakala ayigungqi of reference. Ngomhla ekujikeni kwenkulungwane wavula efuna oluneenkcukacha isimo Ingcaciso: elektroni, imisebe,-X-reyi.

Ngenxa ongekenziwa iimfihlelo kwenzeka uhlaziyo nokwakheka endala yamandulo. Isiganeko ephambili revolution yenzululwazi elilandelayo ingqiqo ingcamango ka. Umbhali walo Albert Einstein yehlabathi yokuqala povedyvavshy woxhulumaniso enzulu isithuba kunye nexesha. , A isebe elitsha physics ithiyori - physics quantum. lasungulwa yayihanjelwe kwihlabathi-edumileyo izazinzulu ezininzi: maks iplanga, maks Bon, Erwin Schrödinger, uPawulos Ehrenfest, kunye nabanye.

imingeni ezaziphila

Kwisiqingatha sesibini XX kwimbali ngenkulungwane ye kuphuhliso physics, ogama maxesha kuyaqhubeka namhlanje, uye washukumisa neqonga entsha. Eli xesha kwaphawula zebhola ukuhambahamba esibhakabhakeni. Wenza i iintlantsi isayensi ibonwe. Kwakukho izibona isithuba, ixhokonxa omncane of detectors kwemitha komhlaba. Yaqala ukufunda oluneenkcukacha data ebonakalayo kwimibutho eyahlukeneyo yeeplanethi elanga. Ngoncedo lwe ubugcisa bale mihla, kwafunyaniswa ngosoonzululwazi exoplanets kunye izikhanyiso ezintsha, kuquka iminyele unomathotholo, quasars kunye pulsars.

Space iyaqhubeka ukuba izaliswe nokuntsonkotha ezininzi engekasonjululwa. Funda amaza omxhuzulane, eneji emnyama, esimnyama, nokukhawulezisa ukwandiswa iphela kunye nesakhiwo sayo. Zincediswa ingcamango Big Bang. Le data zingafumaneka phantsi kweemeko ezisentlabathini, uhlasela amancinane xa kuthelekiswa ne-mali umsebenzi izazinzulu endaweni yonke.

Imingeni ephambili ejamelene zesayensi namhlanje ziquka iingxaki ezininzi esisiseko: uphuhliso ushicilelo quantum ye kwingcamango omxhuzulane, gabalala wokulungisa quantum, edibanisa ibe theory olunye yonke imikhosi ezaziwayo yentsebenziswano, ukufuna "kulungelelana iphela", kwakunye nkcazelo ngqo amandla emnyama kunye ngumkhuba emnyama mbandela.