Isakhiwo ziitectonic plates. Isakhiwo yokuqala ziitectonic plates

isakhiwo ziitectonic plates - iindawo ezinkulu iqokobhe nzima olungaphandle planethi. Bona zibenze iimpazamo ezinzulu. Movement kunye nesakhiwo kwesikhoko zihlolisiswe kwi-sikhokelo iinkalo ezifana zomhlaba.

Overview

isakhiwo ziitectonic plates kuphandwa usebenzisa imephu eendawo, iindlela yesimo (esifana nezi, ingakumbi) kwakunye kusombiwa. Isifundo kwezi ndawo lwenziwa ngokuhambelana ngokuhlelwa yamkelwe. Uphonononga medium komhlaba kunye nesayizi imilo encinane abamalunga ne-10 km kwicandelo emnqamlezweni, zomhlaba - ukuyilwa ezinkulu, ngaphezu kwe-100 km. Eyokuqala kuthiwa dislocations yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo (discontinuous, injective njalo njalo.). Iqela lesibini libhekisela synclinoria kunye anticlinoria e elisongiweyo kwiindawo aulacogens, syncline, anticline ngaphakathi iipleyiti, amakhaka, ukunqamka perikratornyh. Olu didi lukwaquka elinephepha kwamanzi eyimpumelelo esebenzayo lizwekazi, iqonga, ibhanti geosynclinal, iilwandle, orogenes, nakummango yee-kolwandle, ezi yantlukwano, njalo njalo. Ezi kakhulu omkhulu izakhiwo ziitectonic plates zayisithelisa iqokobhe nzima yaye wabiza lithosfere enzonzobila.

ngezigaba

Superglobals endala isakhiwo ziitectonic plates ukufikelela amashumi ezigidi square metres. km kummandla kunye amawaka eekhilomitha ubude bayo. Baza kucinga kuyo yonke imbali zejoloji planethi yeqonga. isakhiwo Global ziitectonic plates - ukuma ezifumana macala million 10. km. ubude awo amawaka aliqela leekhilomitha. Ubude ubukho babo iyahambelana iziza zangaphambili. Lukwalungiselela isakhiwo subglobal ziitectonic plates ye noqweqwe. Asezikhundleni indawo izigidi ezininzi square metres. km kwaye ukuzolula kangangamawaka leekhilomitha. Ithuba zophuhliso lwabo - kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-1 ubudala.

isakhiwo Main ziitectonic plates

Ngokusekelwe umanyano ukubana isalamane monolithic ekwanti amacwecwe lithospheric. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, le inkulu eyaziwa 7 no 11-13 nemizi ezincinane. I yangaphambili ziquka eYurophu, eMntla naseMzantsi Merika, Afrika, Indo-Australia, Pacific, isakhiwo Antarctic ziitectonic plates. Kuba ezikhoyo ezincinane ziquka Philippine, Emingculubeni, ipleyiti zeCaribbean, ikhokhonathi, njalo njalo Nazca.

kumiswa nokunye

Ezi isakhiwo ziitectonic plates ezahlulwe amacwecwe lithospheric. Phakathi kwabo, okokuqala zonke bahlule ngokuqhekeka. Zahlula-hlulwe elizwekazi yee-ulwandle. ifomu Recent inkqubo lwehlabathi, ubude leyo ngaphezu kwama 64 amawaka. Km. Imizekelo sites onjalo ukukhonza East Afrika (i enkulu ehlabathini), Baikalsky. Olunye uhlobo izakhiwo fault na Ukutshintsha iziza sokuhlaziya ngokuqhekeka nkqo. Xa imigca yabo eya kwiindawo shift tyaba amacwecwe lithospheric, ezikufutshane nabo.

platform

Bona kancinane-ezihambayo iibhloko ezingu ngqwabalala. La maziko baye isigaba ngokwaneleyo elide zophuhliso. Amaqonga na isakhiwo ezintathu ezahlukeneyo-tiered. ahlelwe crystal na isiseko yangoku ezikhandelwa abangelwe negranite-gneiss zikhabane. Eli qonga kwakhona zodwa inshorensi ludaka. layers crystalline lesiseko kwakhiwa nemetamorphic, nezibaya Ndayishwabanisa. Konke oku kunzima ukuba atyhudise Ebubanzini ukuba abazali Ndikhuphe (ubukhulu becala asidi nokuba i-avareji composition). Kuxhomekeka kubudala lokusekwa isiseko, iqonga yahlulahlulwe izakhiwo abatsha mandulo ziitectonic plates. Isenzo wokugqibela njengabona bantu amazwekazi, ukuthatha ngundoqo babo. imfundo abancinci obekwe kwi sikwi lwabo. Ngokwemaleko inshorensi ngentlenga ziqulethe ichibi becala nedislotsirovannye, kude nonxweme yaye kwiimeko ezinqabileyo imvula lizwekazi.

Panel neepleyiti

Ezi ntlobo zezakhiwo ziitectonic plates zihlelwa ngokwezi nkcukacha ngesakhiwo zomhlaba. Shield wabiza iqonga isahlulo apho GET obuphezu, ngamanye abanawo yodaka. Xa isiqabu panels zinikwa, njengoko umthetho, Amathafa neenduli. Macwecwe namaqonga okanye kumacandelo wawo, ubandakanya ludaka umaleko enamandla. nokudaleka kubangelwa ukunqamka nesikreqo zaselwandle. Isimo se iinxalenye ipleyiti bayangqinelana ngokubanzi esesihlanjeni, kunye obhudlayo.

anteclise

Zimele ukuyilwa inkulu ezintle izabelo nembasa. Umphezulu yi iziseko khaxa. I-inshorensi ngentlenga alupheleli obunamandla. anteclises Formation wenziwe ngenxa kwindawo kuvuselele ziitectonic plates. Kulo mba, imimango amaninzi akhoyo kwiindawo ezikufutshane ngokuwanyusa ukubonwa kuzo.

Ma noqikelelo

Bathe yengingqi izakhiwo anteclises. Ma zimelwe iindawo eziphezulu kubo. Zezona isiseko okanye umphezulu, okanye ehlanganiswa zolwakhiwo lentlenga le koqeqesho. Uqikelelo okudingwa kwimiboniso. Bona zimelwe highs ongaphantsi evuthelweyo okanye ulwandiso, efikelela ububanzi of 100 km. Mali kwakhona kungcwatywa uqikelelo. Ngaphezu kubo, isiciko ngentlenga imelwe ngohlobo yokwehla kakhulu ahlabayo.

syneclise

Ukuba awunayo sezakhiwo zezakhiwo ipleyiti super-lwengingqi. ubuso babo isiseko phakathi. Bona lubonakala ngokuba ezantsi caba engile nzulu kakhulu idiphu kumathambeka. Syncline akhiwa indawo ukunqamka okunokwenzeka. Kule nkalo, i-inshorensi amandla abo ludaka ephakamileyo eyahlukileyo.

monocline

Ezi zithinteli kwahluka ziitectonic plates iimanyano ithambeka lubangelwe. engile zazo lweziganeko akufane ngaphezulu kwe-1 isidanga. Kuxhomekeka isikhundla izakhiwo ezintle nezimbi, nto leyo ifumaneka phakathi kwemida Monocline kudidi lwakhe nazo eyahlukileyo. zolwakhiwo zengingqi grabens lentlenga inshorensi inzala, kangangesandla, kwaye iinqwelo. Akutsha nje abahlala kwindawo eliphakathi kwi ukuphakama komhlaba. Undim ibekwe ngaphezu izakhiwo ezimbi ezazibangqongile, kodwa ngaphantsi HIV.

orogen

Bona lubonakala ukunyuka okukhulu Ebubanzini noqweqwe. yasezintabeni-isongiwe zakheka ukuhlangabezana kwiindawo lithospheric. Abaninzi kubo, ingakumbi abaselula, luphawulwa seismicity eliphezulu. Njengoko umgaqo ebalulekileyo ukuhlelwa kwimimandla yentaba-elisongiweyo yobudala ikhonza namabandla. Oku efakwe kwi iyaxela omncinane Ndayishwabanisa. iintaba bahlukene, njalo kwi:

1. Zamanzi.
2. Hercynian.
3. Caledonian.
4. Alpine.
5. Cimmerian.

Le yokuhlela ithathwa ngokuba kunokuba ngendlela engaqondakaliyo, njengoko izazinzulu ezininzi ingqalelo ukuqhubeka kweendlela ukusonga.

Songa-block ma

Ezi zithinteli akhiwa ngenxa wokuvuselela iintshukumo zomhlaba oxwesileyo kwaye nkqo phakathi kwemida iinkqubo ngaphambili wadibana yaye ngokufuthi sele batshatyalaliswe. Kule meko, isakhiwo oluphindwe-block ekuso ngaphezulu Paleozoic kunye ngaphambili izigaba iingingqi. ma Relief, efana ngokubanzi zomiselo kwingxelo kugobeka rock. Nangona kunjalo, oku akusoloko kubonakele kwimimandla isongiwe-block. Ngokomzekelo, xa iintaba oselula bayangqinelana anticlinoria izakhiwo kunye synclinoria - emikhombeni intermountain. Ngaphakathi amacandelo isongwe, kwakunye kwi sikwi zabo ezabelwe, ngokulandelelana, emphethweni kunye sizizifanya eziphambili kunye neentlambo. Phezu kwe- zilungiselelwe iimveliso fragmental yomgrayo ezivela akheke emaweni ngokwaphulwa - nembeleko. ukubunjwa Foredeep sisiphumo le subduction kwiindawo lithospheric.

indawo Central Russian

Nganye isakhiwo enkulu yendalo uchazwa njengommandla enkulu kummandla eyodwa geostructural. Kunokuba iqonga okanye basonge inkqubo kweminyaka ethile yokwakheka komhlaba. iziko ngalinye ibinzana olungqamelanayo kwi isiqabu. Bonke bephela iimeko ezahlukeneyo zemozulu, osbenno cover komhlaba. Inzalo Isakhiwo ikakhulu ziitectonic plates phambene. Xa ekhona ke meganticlinorium, equka anticlinoria ezininzi side meridional kunye synclinoria ehlukanisiwe. Umdlalo yokugqibela iintlambo longitudinal, kuqala - emikhulu. Key Uraltausky anticline enqamleza yonke imfundo. Ngokutsho ukwakhiwa iidipozithi Riphean kunokwenziwa isigqibo ukuba kukho ukunqamka olunzulu ngexesha sokuzuza zabo. Ngelo xesha ke ngokuphindaphindiweyo indawo siyabakhuthaza elifutshane. Ekupheleni i Riphean isuka zamanzi lisongiwe. Baphakamisa, iinzame kwi Cambrian. Ngeli xesha, phantse wonke loo mmandla lwaba ngumhlaba owomileyo. Oku kuboniswa ukwabiwa kakuhle neetyuwa, ezo zimelwe schists eziluhlaza Lower ukwakheka Cambrian, ezimbejembeje quartzite. Isakhiwo ziitectonic plates ye phambene kwi enamanqanaba asezantsi oko kugqitywe yayo yokusonga ekulolongeni Baikalian. Ngenxa yoko, walibumba ngaphandle kwezo, kwavela kwixesha elizayo iindawo. Beqhubeka isiseko semfundo Timan-Pechora umda kwalapho eqongeni East yaseYurophu.

isakhiwo ziitectonic plates eSiberia: Aldanskoye Highlands

Imfundo kule ndawo iqanjwa gneisses ababephila phambi kokubhalwa kwembali Proterozoic kunye schists. Basonta Precambrian kweqonga yaseSiberia. Nakuba kunjalo, kufuneka enokuthethwa ezinye iimpawu eye isakhiwo ziitectonic plates. Aldan Plateau zenzelwe imbali eziphakathi-Cenozoic phakathi kwiindawo akumazantsi North izimvu kunye eqongeni. Kwiindawo ezininzi yamawa crystalline ongaphantsi ezi-sangqa kumphandle. Bona zimelwe granites ngokuhle kakhulu-olungisiweyo, quartzite yamandulo, amabhastile kunye gneisses. Kwi kwithambeka elingasemntla kukho indawo apho isiseko esukuba kubunzulu omalunga 1.5 km. rocks zayo intruded yi intrusions granitic kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo ekhula zomhlaba.

yingxenye European

Apha ezintabeni Khibiny umdla. isakhiwo ziitectonic plates into dissected amathafa denudation eziphakamileyo. Asezikhundleni indawo ye Kola Peninsula Karelia. Senziwe ezintabeni Khibiny Isakhiwo ziitectonic plates yavela ngokohlobo intrusions kunye dislocations. Kwagqitywa sendawo. indawo uluhlu awana imelwe ngomnye intrusions ezintsonkothileyo multiphase. Le ibekwe kwi kumda gneyskogo Archaean kunye Proterozoic iimanyano Formation Varzuga-Imandra kunye ezinqamlezayo ngokwaphulwa iqhosha zone leyo idlula umgca p. Cola - p. Niva.