Ephilayo: imisebenzi ephilayo. imfundiso Vernadsky malunghana ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila

Ukuba achaze iinkqubo zenziwa ngaphakathi iplanethi yethu, izazinzulu wathabatha amakhulu ngamakhulu eminyaka. ulwazi ngcembe efunde wakhula izinto ithiyori kwaye echanileyo. Namhlanje, abantu abakwazi ukufumana ingcaciso iziganeko ezininzi zendalo ukuba angenelele kwikhondo labo, ukutshintsha okanye uthumele.

Yiyiphi indima yonke indlela indalo udlala ihlabathi ophilileyo; njengokuba kwacaca kwangoko. Nangona kunjalo, i-sobulumko Russian, biogeochemist V. I. Vernadsky wakwazi ukwenza mbono waba isisekelo kwaye ihlala njalo unanamhla. Elichaza oko, into wonke umhlaba, yintoni kukho ubudlelwane phakathi onke amaqela. Ke okona kubalulekileyo, ukuze lo mbono ephendula umbuzo kwendima wezinto eziphilayo kuloo uMhlaba. Ibizwa ngokuba ingcamango ubume onokuphila komhlaba.

Biosphere nesakhiwo sayo

Biosphere Scientist ocetywayo ukuba kubiza yonke indawo ye eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo, leyo qha kufutshane, kwaye joint venture kunegalelo ukuyilwa amacandelo athile nohlobo geochemical.

Oko kukuthi, umhlaba onokuphila iquka isakhiwo zilandelayo Umhlaba:

• inxalenye esezantsi yeegesi kwi-ozone;
• yonke kwehayidrosfere;
• Lithosfere inqanaba eliphezulu - oomaleko zomhlaba indawo ngezantsi kwaye komhlaba wonke.

Oko kukuthi, ukuba zonke ezo ndawo ibe ahlala eziphilayo. Bonke bephela, nayo, amele biomass iyonke, ekuthiwa ephilayo ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila. Ezi zibandakanya abameli zonke izikumkani endalo kunye nendoda. Iimpawu kunye nemisebenzi lokuphila nto kukho onefuthe ngayo eziphawula umhlaba onokuphila xa iyonke, ekubeni kanye - licandelo yayo engundoqo.

Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle ophilileyo, ayikhuphi iintlobo zezixhobo enza iqokobhe koMhlaba uthathwa sithi. Yinto ezifana:

• biogenic;
• egalelwe;
• biokosnyh;
• radioactive;
• Space;
• atom simahla nezici.

Kunye, ezi ndidi unxulumano bakha indawo biomass, iimeko zobomi ngenxa yakhe. Ngelo abameli xesha yezikumkani uhlobo ngokwabo abe nempembelelo kwi ukuyilwa iintlobo ezininzi yezi zinto.

Ngokubanzi, onke amacandelo ezibhalwe ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila na ubunzima isambuku izinto ukusonga wendalo. Ngabo kungena ngentsebenziswano esondeleyo, ukwenza umjikelo lwamandla, izixhobo, baba nokusingathwa khompawundi ezininzi. Kodwa unit main - ephilayo. Imisebenzi lokuphila izinto azifani, kodwa zonke kubaluleke kakhulu yaye kuyimfuneko ukuba nokugcina imeko endalo kulo mhlaba.

Owasungula le thiyori ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila

Lowo owadala ingcamango "Biosphere", kuphuhliswa ngayo, yakhiwe kwaye ziyachazwa ngokupheleleyo, waba ngendlela emangalisayo yokucinga, ubuchule ukuhlalutya uze uthelekise izinto nedatha kunye nezigqibo ubhalo. Loo mntu ngelo xesha V. I. Vernadsky. A enkulu Indoda, Scientist, academician kunye umphengululi, umseki kwizikolo ezininzi. imisebenzi bakhe baye baba isiseko ezingundoqo apho ukwakha zonke iingcamango ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.

Nguye lo umdali yonke biogeochemistry. Nguye kunye nokudalwa isiseko bezimbiwa resource of Russia (ngoko USSR). abafundi bakhe kakuhle yaziwa kwixesha elizayo weRashiya kunye Ukraine Scientists.

Vernadsky iingqikelelo malunga indawo lubalaseleyo yabantu ehlabathini eziphilayo kunye nenkqubo ukuba ivela njenge onokuphila kulo noosphere, kufuneka zonke izizathu ukuba yinyaniso.

Living ndaba. Imisebenzi ye ephilayo ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila

Njengoko sele ezimiselwe ngasentla, ubomi mba ingqalelo Umoya ojikeleze umhlaba uthathwa ukuba ibe zizo zonke eziphilayo akwi zonke izikumkani indalo. efanayo Abantu ezizodwa indawo abahlala phakathi kwazo zonke. Izizathu oku:

• indawo lomboleki, kunokwenza;
• uphuhliso ingqondo seengcamango.

Zonke ezinye abameli - yinto ephilileyo. Imisebenzi ephilayo sele ziphuhlisiwe kwaye kucacise Vernadsky. Uthabatha indima eziphilayo zilandelayo:

1. Redox.
2. Kuyabulala.
3. Zokuhamba.
4. Environment-wokusungula.
5. Gas.
6. Energy.
7. Ulwazi.
8. Ukugxila.

Lo msebenzi ezisisiseko umba ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila ophilileyo - igesi, amandla kunye redox. Noko ke, abanye nayo ibalulekile, ngokubonelela iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo yentsebenziswano phakathi zonke iindawo neziqalelo iqokobhe ubomi kulo mhlaba.

Cinga ngalinye imisebenzi ngakumbi ukuze aqonde ukuba lithetha ukuthini kwaye yintoni eyona.

Le redox umsebenzi ephilayo

Ebonakalisa ngazo utshintshwano kwemichiza izinto ngaphakathi eziphilayo ngamnye ophilayo. Ngapha koko, ekubeni bacterium ezanyisayo ezinkulu, kanye yokusabela yesibini. Ngenxa yoko, ezinye izinto senziwa similise enye, ezinye aqhekeke abe ezibandaknywayo phantsi.

Isiphumo yeenkqubo ezinjalo kuba umhlaba onokuphila ukuba ukuyilwa kwezinto biogenic. Ziziphi zithako unganikeza umzekelo?

1. rocks carbonate (itshokhwe, nezemarmore, lekalika) - imveliso inkunkuma yesilwanyana saselwandle esineqokobhe, nezinye ulwandle kunye nomhlaba izidalwa.
2. Iidipozithi kweentlobo lesilicon - kukhokelela iinkulungwane reactions zisenzeka makanyebeleze oonokrwece ekonookrwece emgangathweni wolwandle.
3. Amalahle nja- - isiphumo utshintshwano kwemichiza zisenzeka zizityalo.
4. Oyile kunye nabanye.

Ngoko ke, ukusabela kwemichiza - sisiseko ekudalweni kwezinto ezininzi luncedo umntu nendalo. Ezi imisebenzi umcimbi abahlala umhlaba onokuphila.

Umsebenzi yoxinaniso

Ukuba sithethe malunga ukubhengezwa ingqikelelo kwindima yomenzeli, kuyimfuneko ukuba aveze nolwalamano lwayo ezidlulileyo. Ngamafutshane, umsebenzi yoxinaniso lomba ophilileyo nguye sokuzuza umzimba izinto ezithile, atom imichiza. Isiphumo ukuyilwa zeengxondorha kanye, izimbiwa kunye neeminerali zikhankanywe apha ngasentla.

Bandisa ezinye uhlobo lonxibelelwano unako yonke indalo. Noko ke, kuba zonke ubukhali ezahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, bonke bandisa carbon. Kodwa asinguye wonke umzimba uyakwazi ingqalelo malunga-20% yentsimbi, njengokuba wenze iintsholongwane zentsimbi.

Umntu Ukucengceleza imizekelo embalwa ebonisa ngokucacileyo lo msebenzi lomba ophilayo.

1. Diatoms, radiolarians - electronic.
2. Rust fungi - manganese.
3. lobelia Plant dlame - chrome.
4. Plant halophyte - boron.

Ukongeza kule miba, abaninzi abantu esiphilayo ekwaziyo zokubumba emva kokufa yonke zakhiwo kwezinto.

into Gas feature

Le ndima ngomnye engundoqo. Emva gas exchange - inkqubo zhizneobrazuyuschy kuzo zonke izidalwa. Ukuba sithethe ngayo umhlaba onokuphila xa iyonke, umsebenzi zerhasi ephilayo luqala umsebenzi kwisityalo, nto leyo inkqubo yefotosinthesis, zifake icarbon dioxide zize zikhuphe ioksijini eyaneleyo.

Kwanele ukuba yintoni? Kuba umphefumlo bonke abantu abangekho nako ukuvelisa ngayo ngokunokwabo. Kwaye zonke izilwanyana, nomngundo, gciwane. Ukuba sithethe umsebenzi esisi zezilwanyana, nto leyo mpilo kunye nokusingqongileyo yekharboni dayokhsayidi kwiminyaka nokuphefumla.

Oku kudala umjikelo eqhelekileyo, nto leyo sisiseko sobomi. Izazinzulu ziye zabonisa ukuba amawaka ezininzi izityalo kunye nezinye izidalwa eziphilayo bakwazi kwanokuphucula ngokupheleleyo kwaye ukunyenyisa umoya umhlaba ngokwabo. Zinto zilandelayo zikhe zenzeka:

• uyondelelwano lwee- oksijini sibe ezaneleyo ubomi;
• kwakhiwa ozone umaleko, ekhusela wonke isithuba ephilileyo kwimitha eyingozi ultraviolet;
• air ukubunjwa baba into efunekayo izidalwa ezininzi.

Ngoko ke, lo msebenzi igesi kombandela ephilileyo ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila kwaye igqalwa enye yezinto ezibalulekileyo.

umsebenzi izithuthi

Libonisa enomfanekiso kunye nokusasaza eziphilayo kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo. Kukho imithetho ethile yendalo elawula lonikezelo kunye nokuthuthwa neziseko nezidalwa. Ngokutsho kwabo, ngamnye kuthatha kwiindawo zazo zokuhlala. Kukho kwakhona ubuhlobo ziyakhuphisana ezikhokelela zokuhlala kunye nophuhliso kwiindawo ezintsha.

Ngenxa yoko, imisebenzi umcimbi umhlaba onokuphila ophilileyo - enomfanekiso kunye ukulungisa, kulandele ukuyilwa izinto ezintsha.

indima etshabalalisayo

Le yenye inkalo kubalulekile ukuba uphawu izidalwa eziphilayo ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila. It iqulathe kwi ukukwazi ukuba ndidilize zizinto elula emva kokufa, oko kukuthi, ukuyeka umjikelo wobomi. Nangona ephilayo ohlala, kukho iimolekyuli ezintsonkothileyo esebenzayo. Xa kwenzeka ekufeni, iqala inkqubo deconstruction, ekungafuneki zibe kumacandelo ezilula.

Oku kwenziwa iqela elikhethekileyo ezikhoyo, nezaziwa detritus okanye eziphilayo. Ezi ziquka:

• ezinye worms;
• iintsholongwane;
• fungi;
• lenyama kunye nabanye.

umsebenzi eziphilayo

Imisebenzi engundoqo ephilayo bekuya kuba njengezingaphelelanga ukuba asizange ukucacisa sredoobrazovanie. Kuthetha ukuthini? Sele walatha into yokuba abantu abahlala apha ekuhambeni zazivelela endiyidalele wena emoyeni. Into efanayo bona kunye nokusingqongileyo.

Bezikhulule kunye yokunyakamisa khompawundi izimbiwa emhlabeni, izinto zendalo, wadala kuba ngokwayo wowulungela ongaphezulu - umhlaba. Kukwanjalo ke malunga nobume bamanzi ezilwandle kunye neelwandle. Oko kukuthi, izinto eziphilayo ngendlela ngokuzimeleyo kwindawo bakhe obomi. Oku kubonakaliswa umsebenzi yayo yendalo umhlaba onokuphila.

indima Ulwazi kwezinto eziphilayo

Le ndima ngqo eziphilayo, yaye ngakumbi kakhulu kuphuhliswa ngayo, kokukhona indima njengomthuthi kolwazi kunye owenza iprosesa. Akukho into engaphiliyo awukwazi ukukhumbula, "bhala" kwi ienjini nokudlala ingcaciso engaphezulu naluphi na uhlobo. Singenza kuphela eziphilayo.

Asinto nje ukuba bathethe ze bacinge. umsebenzi Ulwazi kubandakanya isenzeko kulondolozwe kunye nokusasazwa iiseti ezithile yolwazi kunye nobungqina ilifa.

umsebenzi energy

Amandla - ngowona mthombo amandla, ngenxa yokuba apho kukho ephilileyo. Imisebenzi ye mba eziphilayo kubonakaliswa kwi-ukukwazi ukwenza amandla ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka elanga kunye nesiphelo kunye nobushushu kunye nombane.

Akukho bani ke ukuba nomzi iyayitshintsha imitha yelanga akakwazi. Nazi ikhonkco yokuqala, Kakade ke, izityalo. Anciphisa kwelanga ngqo bonke ubuso eluhlaza amalungu omzimba. Emva koko uyiguqula ibe amandla yemichiza ekhoyo isilwanyana. Le yokugqibela basenza ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo:

• thermal;
• umbane;
• mechanical nabanye.