Yintoni kukho icytoplasm? Isakhiwo, ukwakhiwa kunye neempawu kukho icytoplasm

Yintoni kukho icytoplasm? Yintoni isakhiwo sayo kunye nokwakheka? Yintoni umsebenzi ntoni na ukwenza? Kweli nqaku, siza phendula ngokweenkcukacha kuyo yonke le mibuzo. Ukongeza, siza kujonga iimpawu noshowo ukuba kukho icytoplasm kunye neempawu zayo, kwakunye ukuthetha malunga kwisahlulo yesisombululo colloidal, ubume inwebu yeseli kunye organelles zeselula ezibalulekileyo.

Iiyunithi noshowo zonke izicwili kunye iiseli zomzimba. iintlobo ezimbini lombutho noshowo

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba iiseli ziya kuba nezihlunu zonke izityalo kunye nezilwanyana. Ezi-unit noshowo zonke izinto eziphilayo ukuze ezahluke ngokumila, ubukhulu kwaye nkqu isakhiwo lwangaphakathi. Kodwa kwangaxeshanye babe imigaqo efanayo kwiinkqubo zobomi, kuquka ukutya, ukukhula kunye nophuhliso, ukuba nochuku, akukho lula. Iifom elula wobomi kuba iiseli abangatshatanga zande olulodwa.
Izazinzulu ziye iintlobo ezimbini lwesakhiwo iseli lo mbutho sele yabelwe:

• prokaryotic;
• eukaryotic.

Zinelungelo eninzi umahluko kubume. Le seli prokaryotic sakhiwe engundoqo engekhoyo. chromosome yakhe nenye ibekwe ngqo kwi icytoplasm, loo nto ohlulwe kwabanye iziqalelo. Loo isakhiwo Zinjalo iintsholongwane. kukho icytoplasm yabo kakubi nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo, kodwa kukho ribosome amancinci. Eukaryotic sinzima ngaphezu iiseli prokaryotic. DNA yakhe ezinxulumene protein na zofuzo, apho zifumaneka khona organelles iseli eyahlukileyo - nucleus. Oku ohlulwe kwabanye organelles ye amaqamza yeseli yaye iquka izinto ezifana chromatin, ijusi yenyukliya kunye nucleolus. Nakuba kunjalo, kukho into ofana ngayo iifayile ezimbini wentlangano yeselula. Kunye prokaryotes kunye eukaryotes babe nemisipha. Kunye neziqulatho zazo zangaphakathi thaca isisombululo ekhethekileyo colloidal, equlethe organelles ezahlukeneyo kunye nokuvuselela okwethutyana.

iseli Eukaryotic: i kukho icytoplasm. yakheke nemisebenzi

Ngoko ke, siye entliziyweni yophando lwethu. Yintoni kukho icytoplasm? Makhe sihlolisise ngokweenkcukacha kule seli Ukwakheka. Le kukho icytoplasm i iiseli licandelo kakhulu emi phakathi undoqo kunye ndizayo plasma. Semi-ulwelo, oko luphokoke tubules, microtubules, microfilaments kunye kwayo. Kwakhona phantsi kukho icytoplasm ziyalandeleka isisombululo colloidal leyo luphawulwa intshukumo kwamasuntswana colloidal kunye namanye amacandelo. Kulo semi-medium eyenziwa ngamanzi kunye khompawundi ezahlukeneyo eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo, amalungiselelo izakhiwo iseli, organelles, kwakunye kusebenze okwethutyana. Weyona misebenzi ibaluleke gqitha ke kukho icytoplasm. It uwugcinayo ubhaliso onke amacandelo yeselula kwinkqubo enye. Ngenxa tubules kunye microtubules kukho icytoplasm yeseli owenza umsebenzi asemzimbeni kunye inikeza imeko nokomzimba kunye nemvelo. Ukongeza, oko kunika ithuba lokuba bonke organelles iseli kwaye inikeza intshukumo. Ezi fitsha ukuba kukho icytoplasm yeseli kubaluleke kakhulu, njengoko kuvumela unit noshowo zonke izinto eziphilayo ukuze baphumeze umsebenzi wabo eqhelekileyo. Ke kaloku, ukuba uyazi ukuba yintoni na kukho icytoplasm. Njengoko kakuhle oko uhlobo isikhundla iseli noko ithatha "umsebenzi" ente. Okulandelayo siqwalasela ubume kunye nolwakhiwo isicombululo colloidal iinkcukacha ezingaphezulu.

Ingaba kukho naziphi na umahluko xa kukho icytoplasm iiseli izityalo kunye nezilwanyana?

organelles Membranous, ibekwe isisombululo colloidal, ingqalelo izixhobo Golgi, reticulum endoplasmic, mitochondria, lysosomes, kwaye engaphandle inwebu plastid cytoplasmic. Xa iiseli zezilwanyana nezityalo iyahluka kuqamba semiliquid medium. Le kukho icytoplasm kwi iseli yezityalo uye organelles ezikhethekileyo - ezi plastids. Bona i imizimba protein ethile nezahlukileyo kumsebenzi, ifomu kunye nombala zombala ngemibala eyahlukileyo. Plastids ibekwe kukho icytoplasm kwaye bayakwazi ukuba kunye nayo. Zikhula, zanda nokuvelisa khompawundi organic equlathe enzyme. Le kukho icytoplasm lomthiyiseli lwale iindidi ezintathu plastids. ebizwa chromoplasts tyheli okanye orange, eluhlaza - chloroplasts, kwaye ezingenambala - leucoplasts. Kukho enye inkalo luphawu - enezakhiwo Golgi amelwe dictyosome saa kulo lonke kukho icytoplasm. Xa iiseli zezilwanyana, ngokwahlukileyo kwisityalo, ukuba kukho icytoplasm lamanqanaba ezimbini ezikhoyo. Engaphandle wabiza ectoplasm, kwaye embilwini - endoplasma. Lo maleko wokuqala ecaleni ukuya inwebu yeseli, kwaye eyesibini - phakathi kwabo inwebu zenyukliya amazwe. Ectoplasm sakhiwa inani elikhulu microfilaments - nemidzaluka molecule protini actin globular. Endoplasm iqulethe organelles ezahlukeneyo, granules lubonakala a viscosity asezantsi.

Hyaloplasm esitokisini eukaryotic

Sisiseko kukho icytoplasm of eukaryotes yinto ebizwa ngokuba yi-hyaloplasm. It is a Singabhalwa, enemibala, non-uniform isisombululo apho iinkqubo pathways gqolo ukwenzeka. Hyaloplasm (ngamanye amagama, lo matrix) le nkqubo colloidal kunye nesakhiwo ezintsonkothileyo. isakhiwo iquka RNA kunye neeproteni ezinyibilikayo, lipids kunye polysaccharides. Kanti ibe ebalulekileyo nucleotides imali hyaloplasm, acid, ion ezingaphiliyo, kwakunye iikhompawundi ze uhlobo Na ^- okanye Ca ^2+. I matrix une isakhiwo eyohlobo olulodwa. Iyafumaneka iifom ezimbini kubhekiselelwe gel (okuqinileyo) kunye Sol (ulwelo). zinakho Mutual phakathi kwabo kwenzeka. Kwisigaba engamanzi kukho inkqubo ebizwa mikrotrabekulami thinnest kwayo protein. Balunxibelela zonke izakhiwo ngaphakathi kwi seli. Kwaye iindawo apho eniwela iqela ribosomes. Mikrotrabekuly kunye microtubules kunye microfilaments zenze amathambo cytoplasmic. Sichaza kwaye ilawula indawo zonke organelles cell.

Eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo izinto iiseli isisombululo colloidal

Makhe sijonge ukuba yintoni na ukwakhiwa eekhemikhali kukho icytoplasm? Izinto eziqulathwe kule seli ukuba zihlelwe zibe ngamaqela amabini - organic kunye nezingaphiliyo. Eyokuqala e iiprothini, isitatshi, amafutha kunye nucleic. Carbohydrate zinikiwe kukho icytoplasm of mono-, khe kunye polysaccharides. Xa monosaccharides, ziikristale enemibala emihle, incasa ngokuqhelekileyo mnandi ziquka fructose, iswekile, ribose kunye ezifana. D. molekyuli elikhulu polysaccharides luqulathe monosaccharide. Esiseleni, ukuba zimelwe starch glycogen neselulosi. Lipids, ngamanye amazwi iimolekyuli ezityebileyo, iintsalela ukusekwa glycerol uyadinga asidi. kukho icytoplasm Ulwakhiwo: izinto ezingaphiliyo zinikwa kakhulu amanzi, nto leyo edla efikelela kwi-90% ngokobunzima. Yena owenza xa kukho icytoplasm imisebenzi ebalulekileyo. Amanzi isinyibilikisi jikelele, unika luthambe, kuthetha ngqo ukuhamba kwezinto, zombini ngaphakathi naphakathi iiseli. Ngokuphathelele macro ukuba sisiseko biopolymers, ngaphezulu kwama-98% ye-ubume iyonke ekuhlala ioksijini cytoplasmic, hydrogen, yekhabhoni nitrogen. Ngaphandle kwabo, iseli iqulatha isodiyam calcium, isalfure, nemagnesium, chlorine kunye nabanye. Ezi iityuwa kwezimbiwa akhoyo njengoko anions kunye iyatshi-, apho umlinganiselo imisela iasidi zabo.

Iimpawu isicombululo colloidal kwiseli

Cinga ngakumbi, ziziphi iimpawu eziphambili kukho icytoplasm. Okokuqala, yinto cyclosis rhoqo. Lo intshukumo kukho icytoplasm intracellular. Oko kwabhalwa kuqala ochazwe ngenkulungwane ye-18, i-Italian Scientist Corti. Cyclosis kwenziwe kulo lonke kukho icytoplasm, kuqukwa tyazhah edibanisa kukho icytoplasm ukuya ngumongo. Ukuba isindululo ngenxa yesizathu esithile kunqanda - uyafa iseli eukaryotic. Le kukho icytoplasm ethile e cyclosis rhoqo, nto leyo ibanjiwe yi intshukumo ye organelles. Ngesantya isindululo isizalo kuxhomekeke imiba eyahlukeneyo, kuquka ukukhanya lobushushu. Ngokomzekelo, xa sangaphandle ngesantya izikali itswele cyclosis imalunga 6 m / s. kukho icytoplasm movement emzimbeni sityalo negalelo elikhulu ekukhuleni kunye nophuhliso, nokuthuthwa kwezinto phakathi iiseli. Lo mhlaba yesibini ibalulekileyo viscosity yezisombululo colloidal. Kuyahluka kakhulu ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo eziphilayo. Abanye viscosity izinto eziphilileyo kukho icytoplasm kuphela mkhulu kancinane ngaphezu kokuba viscosity kwamanzi, abanye, phezu koko, ukuphumeza viscosity of legliserina. Kukholelwa ukuba kuxhomekeke ukutya. Exchange olunzulu kwenzeka, inowuthi viscosity yezisombululo colloidal. Enye inkalo ebalulekileyo semipermeable. Le kukho icytoplasm kumafa waso inwebu umda. Ewe, ngenxa ekhethekileyo ngokokwakheka, bayakwazi kudlula ngokukhetha molecule kwezinye izinto hayi ukuphoswa omnye. permeability okukhetha ukuba kukho icytoplasm ludlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yobomi. Asinto ifana ukuphila, iyatshintsha ubudala kunye nokunyuka eziphilayo zezityalo kunye okwandayo ngamandla ukukhanya nobushushu. Kunzima ukuba zazi ukubaluleka kukho icytoplasm. Ibandakanya ukutya eneji, ezothutho kweezondlo, exotoxins zinomgutyulo. Kwakhona kugqalwa umqobo matrix osmotic kwaye ebandakanyekileyo ekulawulweni kweenkqubo zophuhliso, ukukhula kunye nokwahlukana cell. Kuquka kukho icytoplasm ludlala indima ebalulekileyo DNA ukuphindaphindeka.

Iimpawu yokwahlukana cell

Zonke iiseli izityalo kunye nezilwanyana phinda olulodwa. Kukho ezintathu iintlobo ezaziwayo - ngqo, ngqo kunye Ukunciphisa. Kwakhona lokuqala kuthiwa amitosis. ukuphinda ngokungathanga kwenzeka ngolu hlobo lulandelayo. Ekuqaleni, "pereshnurovyvaetsya" core, yaye ngoko ke ukwahlulwa kukho icytoplasm kwenzeka. Ngenxa yoko, iiseli ezimbini akhiwa, ngokuthe ngcembe ukuba kukhule ukonakala, ubungakanani umzali. Olu hlobo yokwahlukana izilwanyana kunqabile kakhulu. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuba zenzeke kwisahlulo ngqo, okt mitosis. Kuyinto kakhulu ngakumbi amitosis nzima yaye Eboniswe ukuba yaligqiba kudibaniso kwi nucleus kunye nokuphinda phinda inani DNA. Mitosis lunezigaba ezine, leyo ibizwa - prophase, metaphase, anaphase kunye telophase.

• Isigaba sokuqala luphawulwa ukuyilwa kwiindawana coil chromatin kwi ngumongo, chromosome yaye emva koko njengoko "namaqhosha". Kweli xesha kukho ukungangqinelani centrioles nezibonda nokwakha achromatin yokuluka.
• Inqanaba lesibini mitosis Eboniswe kuloo chromosome, ukufikelela ubuninzi kweleli baqale zibekwe kwi-ikhweyitha iiseli ngocwangco.
• Kwisigaba sesithathu ukuqhekeka zofuzo zibe chromatids ezimbini. Kulo mzekelo, i cut edibanise womsonto intombi sahamba zofuzo kwiipali esahlukileyo.
• Kwisigaba sesine mitosis kwenzeka zofuzo dispiralizatsiya kwaye ukuyilwa imvulophu enyukliya ngeenxa zonke kubo. Ngelo xesha linye ukwahlulwa kukho icytoplasm kwenzeka. Thina iseli intombi unesethi diploid zofuzo.

division ukuncitshiswa eziziimpawu kwiiseli ngokwesini. Kule ziintlobo zeeseli phindo kwenzeka ukuyilwa bafundelane ngezibini zofuzo namabandla. Le ngaphandle yenye chromosome unpaired. Ngenxa yoko, ukuncitshiswa division kwizisele ezimbini intombi kufumana isiqingatha chromosome iseti. Udibaniso cell nentombi enye kuphela. iiseli Sex ngesiqingatha inani zofuzo, abaqolileyo nabanako neqanda, ekuthiwa ababhinqileyo kunye gametes into eyindoda.

Ingqiqo ndizayo cytoplasmic

Kuzo zonke izilwanyana, izityalo, iiseli kwaye nkqu iintsholongwane zilula linecandelo kumphezulu eyodwa umda kwaye ikhusela matrix ukusuka kokusingqongileyo lwangaphandle. inwebu Cytoplasmic (plasmalemma, i inwebu yeseli, plasma inwebu) i inwebu emane akubonakali neemolekyuli (iiprothini, phospholipids), nolwenzelwa kukho icytoplasm. It iqulathe ezisezantsi ezintathu:

• plasma ndizayo;
• complex nadmembranny;
• submembranny musculoskeletal izixhobo hyaloplasm contractile.

Ubume inwebu cytoplasmic kukuba: iquka ngeengcamba ezimbini iimolekyuli lipid (bilayer), molecule ngasinye inomsila kunye nentloko. Imisila ezijongeneyo. They are hydrophobic. intloko esibamba ngaphakathi kunye neeseli ngaphandle. Le bilayer luquka zinemoletyhule protein. Ngaphezu koko, akukho lipids azilingani yaye ezahlukeneyo zicwangciswe ngendlela monolayer. Umzekelo, kwisisele eukaryotic iimolekyuli cholesterol zifumaneka embilwini, nawayenxuse kukho icytoplasm, isiqingatha ndizayo. Glycolipids ebekwe kuphela umaleko engaphandle, yaye imixokelelwane yabo carbohydrate zisoloko ngqo ngaphandle. inwebu Cytoplasmic inemisebenzi ebalulekileyo kuquka umda imixholo angaphakathi iseli ukusuka kokusingqongileyo zangaphandle, oko ivumela ukungena izinto ezithile (iswekile, acid) kwizisele. Plasmalemma wenza ukudluliselwa izinto zibe yeseli, kwakunye imveliso yazo ngaphandle, ngamanye ukhetho. Ukutyhubela pores gaze amanzi, ion zingangeni molecule amancinane, kwaye amasuntswana erhabaxa bathuthwayo kule seli esebenzisa phagocytosis. Phezu kweefom inwebu microvilli invagination kunye diverticulum, leyo wanye ngempumelelo kuphela, ndimkhulule izinto, kodwa ukunxibelelana nabanye iiseli. Le inwebu ivumela kuthinjwe "ubunye zonke izinto eziphilayo" ukuze iindawo ezahlukeneyo kwaye kubelula intshukumo.

Organelles xa kukho icytoplasm ye nokwakheka. reticulum Endoplasmic kunye ribosomes

Ukongeza hyaloplasm kukho icytoplasm iqulethe organelles ezininzi ezincinane ezahlukileyo kubume. phambi kwabo eziseleni izityalo kunye nezilwanyana lubonisa ukuba enze imisebenzi ebalulekileyo kunye ebalulekileyo. Ukuze othile, ezi imfundo morphological efana umzimba womntu okanye imizimba zezilwanyana, nto leyo enika ithuba ukubiza organelles zabo. Xa kukho icytoplasm ukwahlula ebonakalayo ngemicroscope ukukhanya organelle izakhiwo zegazi, mitochondria, kunye centrosome. Ngoncedo i kwemikroskopu kwi microtubules, lysosomes, ribosomes plasma womnatha matrix Ayifumaneki. Le kukho icytoplasm yeseli leyo yayize yi iindlela ezahlukeneyo, ezibizwa "uthungelwano endpolazmaticheskaya." udonga inwebu kwabo nabo bonke abanye organelles kwaye zimisela inkqubo ezisebenza amandla ukutya, kwakunye intshukumo kwezinto phakathi kwiiseli. Iindonga indlela kwezi sele zichaziwe ezi ribosomes, ekhangeleka ngathi amaso amancinane. Bangakwazi zibekwe zibangele okanye ngamaqela. Ribosomes luqulathe phantse ngokulinganayo nenani asidi ribonucleic kunye neeproteni. Kwakhona kumafa wayo zaziquka wemagniziyam. Ribosomes ayikwazi kuphela kuba EPS imijelo, kodwa bakhululekile ukuba likuloo kukho icytoplasm, kwaye kwenzeka ngumongo, apho kwakheka. Iqela imijelo ukuba ribosomes kuthiwa reticulum granular endoplasmic. On kubo, ngaphandle ribosomes ezikhona enzayim negalelo Yindibanisela carbohydrate kunye namafutha. Xa ukuqanda angaphakathi imiphantsi iseli zizinto iimveliso inkunkuma. Ngamanye amaxesha Izandiso EPS vacuoles kwakhiwa - nemingxuma ezele iseli etyebile, ndizayo elilinganiselweyo. Ezi organelles ukugcina xi turgor. Lysosomes ke ukubunjwa ezincinane elimbhoxo. Bona saa kulo lonke kukho icytoplasm. Lysosomes akhiwa kule EPS okanye ezintsonkothileyo Golgi, apho ezaliswe enzyme hydrolytic. Lysosomes zenzelwe ukuba ukugaya amasuntswana ngaphakathi iiseli ngenxa phagocytosis.

Kukho icytoplasm: isakhiwo kunye nemisebenzi organelles yayo. Plate Golgi complex, mitochondria, kwaye centrosome

Golgi complex zimelwe iiseli sisityalo ngamnye corpuscles ahonjiswe imifinya, yaye izilwanyana - tubules, amaqamza kunye namatanki. Oku organoid ukuba ukuguqulwa imichiza ukurhoxiswa kwe itywina waya kukho icytoplasm le yincindi iseli. Wazithwala kwakhona phandle i Yindibanisela polysaccharides kunye glycoproteins Ukwakheka. Mitochondria - ithole intonga-ezimilise, filamentous okanye uhlobo granular. Bona kuphela ukuba inwebu ezimbini, enamakhulu umaleko kabini phospholipids kunye neeproteni. Ukususela imifinya zangaphakathi ezi organelles kumka cristae, iindonga zazo enzymes. Ngoncedo yabo, intlaka yokuhlanganisa iminombo echumileyo adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mitochondria wambi obizwa ngokuba "izityalo amandla eyiselula" kuba zinika inxalenye ebalulekileyo triphosphate adenosine. Isetyenziswa yi kwiseli njengomthombo wamandla chemical. Ngaphezu koko, mitochondria nokwenza eminye imisebenzi, kuquka transduction umqondiso, ukufa kweeseli, iseli iyantlukwano. Centrosome (iziko iseli) ubunjwe centrioles amabini, ezo zilungiswe kwi-engile omnye komnye. Le organelle ekhoyo kuzo zonke izityalo kunye nezilwanyana (ngaphandle fungi cebetshu aphantsi), kwaye linoxanduva ekuqapheleni izibonda ngexesha mitosis. Iseli lidala kuqala yahlulwe centrosome. Oku kwenza achromatin edibanise leyo ichaza zofuzo nofundiso eziphambukileyo ukuya zezibonda. Kwakhona kuboniswe kule organelles iseli kunye organelle inokuba injongo ekhethekileyo, ezifana isiliya kunye misila. Kwakhona, kwi zigaba ezithile zo ubomi njengoko kunokuba nokubandakanya, oko kukuthi, i element kwexesha. Umzekelo, izondlo ezifana amachaphaza amanqatha, iiproteins, starch, glycogen, etc ...

Lymphocyte - iiseli ezingundoqo kwamajoni omzimba

Lymphocyte - iiseli ebalulekileyo ngoweqela iiseli zegazi ezimhlophe abantu kunye nezilwanyana kunye nenxaxheba ngayo ngumzimba. Zahlula ngobungakanani kunye neempawu zolwakhiwo zibe subgroups ezintathu:

• amancinci - ngaphantsi kwe-8 microns ubukhulu;
• medium - sangqa microns 8 ukuya 11;
• eliphezulu - ngaphezulu kwe-11 microns ubukhulu.

lymphocyte Small ngabona igazi lezilwanyana. Zinelungelo inucleus enkulu ngeenxa zonke, okukhoyo phezu umthamo kukho icytoplasm. Le kukho icytoplasm lymphocyte kule iqelana ikhangeleka ngathi undi yenyukliya okanye irhengqa, ezikufutshane ukuya kwicala le core. Amaninzi kule matrix uqulathe inani granules azurophilic ubukhulu encinane. Mitochondria, izinto nembasa, zintsonkothile kwaye EPS tubules bambalwa kwaye zibekwe kufutshane kwisisu yenyukliya. lymphocyte eliphakathi ezinkulu zicwangciswe noko ngokwahlukileyo. nuclei zabo imbotyi-ezimile ziqulethe isixa amancinane chromatin incitshisiwe. Ke kulula ukwahlula nucleolus. lymphocyte Cytoplasmic amaqela yesibini neyesithathu uye kolunye udini ngokubanzi. iiklasi ezimbini ezaziwayo lymphocyte, ebizwa ngokuba yi-B- ne T-lymphocyte. Okokuqala kwasekwa izilwanyana kumongo mielovidnoy ithambo. Ezi seli bayakwazi ukwenza immunoglobulins. Ngoncedo lwabo B lymphocyte abasebenzisana kunye nezakhi, iqaphela yokugqibela. T-lymphocyte efunyanwe ukusuka kwiiseli lomongo wethambo thymus (kwi kwizilayi ngenxalenye cortical). Ezi awakwazi inwebu umphezulu histocompatibility cytoplasmic, kwakunye receptors emininzi ngendlela apho ingqalelo kwamasuntswana amazwe. lymphocyte Small ikakhulu thaca T-lymphocyte (70%), phakathi apho kukho inani elikhulu leeseli elide-waphila. Uninzi B-lymphocyte-obufutshane - naphi na ukusuka kwiveki enye inyanga.

Sinethemba Inqaku lethu ibe luncedo, kwaye ngoku uyazi ukuba kukho icytoplasm, kunye hyaloplasm plazmelemma. Njengoko senisazi ncam, kwimisebenzi, isakhiwo kunye nokubaluleka ubomi umzimba izakhiwo iseli.