Ezakudala Viennese: Haydn, Mozart, uBeethoven. Viennese isikolo classical

ezakudala Viennese wangena kwimbali umculo elimiweyo wenguquko enkulu le jenri zomculo. Umsebenzi wabo ayikho kuphela ngokwako, kuba kubalulekile ukulungiselela ukuba uzimisele ukuphuhliswa ngakumbi kwe zomculo genres yeqonga, iindlela kunye neendlela. imibhalo yabo wabeka isiseko namhlanje ithathwa ngokuba umculo weklasiki.

iimpawu Jikelele ngexesha

Ezi ababhali kufuneka babe ukuba benjenjalo Ekuveleni zaphawula yamasiko ezinkulu kunye nembali classicism kunye romanticism. ezakudala Viennese abaye baphila ngexesha lenguqu, xa kukho uphendlo esebenzayo yeefomu ezintsha, hayi kuphela umculo kodwa iincwadi, ukupeyinta, izakhiwo. Konke oku luqinisekiswa kakhulu ngakwicala imisebenzi yawo kwaye iingxaki imisebenzi. XVIII - isiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane XIX babeba kuphazamiseka zezopolitiko ezinkulu, iimfazwe, nezwi wajika imephu eYurophu yaye nefuthe ezingqondweni abaziingqondi mihla kunye nezangqa abafundileyo yoluntu. Akukho ngaphandle kunye ezakudala Viennese. Umzekelo, isibakala ngokuqhelekileyo eyaziwa ukuba iimfazwe Napoleonic abaphenjelelwa kakhulu umsebenzi bukaBeethoven, ngubani na Symphony yakhe edumileyo 9 ( "Choral") ukuba ingcamango umanyano noxolo jikelele. Yaba uhlobo lwempendulo bonke abo cataclysms ebizinyikimisa kwilizwekazi laseYurophu ngexesha kuqwalaselwa.

kwezamasiko

ezakudala Viennese abaye baphila ngexesha xa ezimbejembeje libunile kungena imvelaphi, kwaye indima ephambili ebidlalwe ngendlela entsha. It ungxamele ngokuvisisana iifomu, umanyano ubume, ngoko ke akazange iintlobo aluhlaza ye ebikhona ngaphambili. Classicism yayikukuqinisekisa ubhalo yenkcubeko amazwe aseYurophu. Kodwa kwangaxeshanye ukuba sele notyekelo ukulwa iintlobo engqongqo kulo mbutho kunye nokudalwa kwemisebenzi obuluqilima izinto idrama kunye yintlekele. Ziziphi iimpawu yokuqala ukuvela Romanticism, leyo ichazwe uphuhliso benkcubeko lonke kwenkulungwane ye-19.

komhlaba opera

ezakudala Viennese wadlala indima enkulu kuphuhliso zonke iintlobo umculo thuba liphantsi koqwalaselo. Ngamnye kubo, ukuze ndithethe, ezikhethekileyo nayiphi na indlela okanye uhlobo lomculo, kodwa ukuphumeza kuzo, zaya-mali yegolide umculo yehlabathi. Gluck (Umqambi) yaba likhulu kwaye ngomnye wababhali abaziwayo ngexesha lakhe. indima yakhe kuphuhliso yeqonga ayikwazi nembeko; yena lowo wenza uhlobo opera, ifomu sokugqibela apho sisazi namhlanje. merit uChristopher Gluck kaThixo usendleleni yokuba kuqala uphumile ukusuka ukuqonda opera nje umsebenzi ukubonisa iziphiwo emphinjeni, kodwa wahlula idrama ekuqaleni somculo.

inani

Gluck - Umqambi, owenza opera intlekisa ngokwenene. Xa imisebenzi yakhe, ngokunjalo iincwadi abalandeli bakhe vocals baba kuxhomekeka ngamagama. Ngesakhiwo kunye nokwakhiwa, kwaye okona kubalulekileyo - weqonga, waqala ukuchaza uphuhliso umgca zomculo. Ngenxa yoko, i-opera yayeka ukuba kuphela ukuzonwabisa, kodwa iye yaba luhlobo kakhulu indalo zomculo kunye idrama ezintsonkothileyo, umdla ukusuka kwindawo nangokwasengqondweni lwembono, abalinganiswa, kuqamba umdla.

imisebenzi umqambi ngayo

isikolo Viennese classical yaba sisiseko yehlabathi lonke imidlalo zomculo. ngetyala kakhulu oku okuya le sohlolo. opera Yakhe "Orpheus and Eurydice" kwaba intuthuko kule uhlobo. Umbhali wanikel 'ingqalelo kungekhona virtuosity esibondeni, yaye weqonga abalinganiswa, ukuze imveliso endibufumeneyo isandi kwaye yaphunyezwa ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Okunye opera - "Alceste" - buthe igama elitsha kwihlabathi somculo. Umqambi Austria kwakhona ibigxininisa kuphuhliso ngeziganeko zebali, ukuze imveliso lifumene engathandekiyo ngamandla kwengqondo. Le yabhalwa nangoku lwenziwa kwi zigaba ilungileyo ihlabathi, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba utshintsho opera, olwenziwa yi Gluck, kwakubaluleke esingundoqo nasekusungulweni yeqonga zomculo ngokubanzi kwaye licacise uphuhliso olungaphezulu opera kwelo cala.

Inqanaba elilandelayo lophuhliso

Umqambi Austria Haydn, kakhulu, iba kwabeMi ababhali abadumileyo abenze igalelo elivakalayo ukulungiswa zomculo. Waziwa kakhulu njengoko umdali symphony kunye quartets. Enkosi kubo, ncam ukuba sele ifumana abantu nje kuphela kumazwe Central aseYurophu, kodwa ngaphaya. I ezaziwayo kakhulu ngokubanzi imisebenzi yakhe, nto leyo zaye zabandakanywa yaba nkulu zehlabathi phantsi igama "I abalishumi London symphony." Bona lubonakala ingqiqo themba kunye joie de vivre, Noko ke, leyo, ukuba uphawu phantse yonke imisebenzi yalo umqambi.

Iimpawu art

A phawu uphawu imisebenzi Yozefa Gaydna waba ngokunxulumene ukuba uncwadi lwemveli. Xa imisebenzi umqambi leyo eqhelekileyo ukuba eve ingoma kunye nomdaniso mibala owenza umsebenzi wakhe ukuluqonda kangaka. Oku kubonisa isimo sengqondo umbhali, ngubani ngeendlela ezininzi waxelisa Mozart, ecinga weculo ngcono ehlabathini. Waboleka waza uncuthu ngovuyo ukukhanya ezamenza ukusebenza afana ezichazayo kakhulu eliqaqambileyo.

neminye imisebenzi

opera Haydn akuthethi enjalo kakhulu, njengoko quartets zakhe symphony. Noko ke, olu hlobo lomculo libambe indawo ebalulekileyo kumsebenzi umqambi Austria, ngoko simele ubalule ezinye yemisebenzi yakhe olu hlobo, ngakumbi ukuba indima ebalulekileyo kwikhondo lomsebenzi wakhe. Enye opera zakhe kuthiwa "USokhemesti" kwaye kwabhalwa ngenxa yokuvulwa yokubonela entsha. A embalwa imisebenzi ngaphezulu kule hlobo Haydn uye wadala isakhiwo ezintsha zemidlalo yeqonga. Wabhala ubukhulu becala indlela Italian opera buffa kwaye maxa wambi kunye izinto ahlekisayo kunye sedrama.

Imisebenzi edume

Haydn quartets ngokufanele ngokuba Pearl yehlabathi umculo weklasiki. Ayavumelana-siseko engundoqo umqambi: ubuhle ye fomu, virtuosity esibondeni, isandi nethemba, iyantlukwano weendawo kunye nendlela original lokubulawa. Omnye umjikelo elaziwayo elibizwa ngokuba 'Russian ", njengoko zanikezelwa Tsarevich Pavel Petrovich, ikamva Russian uMlawuli Paul I. Elinye iqela quartets yenzelwe uKumkani Prussia. Le misebenzi zaye zabhalwa ngendlela entsha, njengokuba neplanethi isandi bhetyebhetye, ukuqhama zabantu abenza iithowuni zomculo. Yiyo nale hlobo lomculo uhlobo umqambi ifumene ukubaluleka kwihlabathi-ngokubanzi. Apha kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba umbhali amaninzi babhenela ebizwa ngokuba "isimo" kwiincwadi zakhe, ukwenza iingxelo zomculo engalindelekanga kwezo ndawo apho uluntu elindeleke ubuncinane. Phakathi kwezi imisebenzi engaqhelekanga bobabo i "Symphony Abantwana" yi Haydn.

iimpawu ngokubanzi bobuchule Mozart kaThixo

Lo ngomnye wababhali abaziwayo zeengoma, leyo nangoku unandipha ukuthandwa engaqhelekanga abalandeli Classic wayemthanda kulo lonke ihlabathi. Impumelelo imisebenzi yakhe ngenxa yokuba ivumelana ezahlukeneyo ubhalo kunye nemfezeko. Kulo mba, abaphengululi abaninzi bathi indalo yayo ilixa classicism. Noko ke, abanye bakholelwa ukuba umqambi Viennese yaba intwasahlobo Romanticism: emva kokuba zonke imisebenzi yakhe sele ngokucacileyo nokuyinto umfanekiso olomeleleyo ezizodwa, kwakunye kukufundisisa nzulu ngokwasengqondweni zabalinganiswa (kule meko sithetha malunga opera). Nantoni na, kodwa imisebenzi ncam azakubalulwa kubunzulu kwaye ngaxeshanye lula engaqhelekanga okuqonda, idrama kunye nethemba. Kulula kwaye ziyafikeleleka kwimbono ngamnye, kodwa ngaxeshanye kunobuzaza kakhulu futhi eziyintandabulumko kwikhontenti yayo kunye nesandi. Ukuba le ngxaki yokusetyenziswa impumelelo yakhe.

umqambi of the opera

isikolo Viennese classical ludlale indima ebonakalayo kuphuhliso uhlobo opera. Inani elikhulu kule bobabo Mozart. Ngomdlalo ukwambatha umculo yakhe usathandwa kakhulu kwaye engayithandi phathwa umculo istyh, kodwa uluntu abaninzi. Mhlawumbi oku umqambi kuphela ogama umculo ngendlela enye okanye omnye wonke umntu uyazi, kwanokuba ke ingcamango qelele umsebenzi wakhe.

Opera idumileyo, mhlawumbi, "Yomtshato Figaro". mhlawumbi Esi ochwayithileyo kakhulu kwaye funny ngexesha elifanayo umsebenzi omangalisayo lombhali. Nakubhalwa izandi phantse yonke iqela ukuba linike wathandeka kangaka. Le bendlela adumileyo ophambili yosuku olulandelayo yaba hit ngokwenene. umculo uMozart kaThixo - eqaqambileyo, imibhalo ephicothayo neyolisayo, olitshijolo, kodwa kwangaxeshanye ngokungaqhelekanga izilumko elula - nangoko waphumelela uthando kunye bayamkeleka ngokubanzi.

Enye opera ipowusta odumileyo - "Don Giovanni". Ngokuthandwa, ukuba mhlawumbi hayi ngaphantsi ngasentla: nokusindlekwa le yokusebenza bunokubonwa ngexesha lethu. Kubonisa into yokuba imbali kunokuba nzima umqambi yabantu kubekwe ngendlela elula kakhulu kwaye ifomu enkulu xesha, ngaloo ndlela ebonisa kanye kwakhona yokuqonda yayo enzulu yobomi. Kulo msebenzi umculo buchopho wakwazi ukubonisa yaye sedrama, kunye namacandelo banethemba lokuba yonke imisebenzi yakhe engumtya nethunga omnye nomnye.

opera "The Magic nelembande" ayikho ngaphantsi ethandwayo kule mihla. umculo uMozart uye siyigqibile incopho xa imizwa yayo. Kulo msebenzi ke ukukhanya, enomoya, kumnandi kwaye ngaxeshanye ezinkulu kakhulu, ngoko omnye uzibuze kuphela umbhali ilawulwa ngendlela elula, isandi iyavisisana enjalo indlela yokudlulisela inkqubo yonke bulumko. Kukho opera nezinye Umqambi kaThixo, umzekelo, ngoku ukususela kumaxesha ngamaxesha, "La Clemenza di Tito", kokubini yemidlalo konsathi yokusebenza. Ngoko ke, lo uhlobo operatic ahlala indawo enkulu kumsebenzi umqambi ezikrelekrele.

imveliso ngabanye

Umqambi uye wasebenza ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, waza wadala inani elikhulu imisebenzi zomculo. Mozart, "Night Umculo," leyo, umzekelo, kudala uye ngaphaya yeqonga ikonsathi ayaziwa ngokubanzi, wabhala ulwimi olulula kakhulu kwaye ziyafikeleleka. Mhlawumbi yiloo nto idla ngokuba ngokuvumelana buchopho. Nditsho imisebenzi emibi ngayo ndamgocagoca motif nethemba. In "Requiem," iingcamango zakhe malunga ubomi ngcono kwixesha elizayo, ukuze ,, nangona isandi kabuhlungu somculo, imveliso ishiya ingqiqo uxolo bakhanyiselwa.

UMozart sekonsathi kwakhona features ngokuvumelana slim kunye nesiphelo esisengqiqweni. Zonke iindawo zixhomekeke nesihloko esinye, ize yi sizekabani, leyo icwangcisa ilizwi umsebenzi yonke. Ngoko ke, oko umculo ukuphulaphula hi nkarhi wun'we. Kule fomu ye uhlobo eziqulethwe-siseko engundoqo umqambi: ukudityaniswa evumelanayo izandi kunye namalungu, ukukhanya isandi ngaxeshanye okhestra virtuoso. Akukho mntu wumbi ukuze ngomzimba ukwakha umculo wabo, ngathi Mozart. "Night Music" umqambi - na umgangatho omtsha idibanise evumelanayo amalungu afana ezahlukeneyo. iindinyana ngokubenza elikhulu kakhulu ukuba indawo yi ayifiki oluvakalayo amaqela virtuoso ezinesingqi.

Ngokwahlukeneyo, kufuneka enokuthethwa kwinginginya lombhali. Baqikelela ivelela umsebenzi wakhe, kwakunye neminye imisebenzi, yongezwe ingqondo ithemba nokukhanya illumined novuyo. Kufuneka ukhankanye edume "Turkish Rondo", apho waya phesheya emiboniso ikonsathi, ngoko kunjalo nje weva naxa zenze kumabonakude. Kodwa ngomqondo oyinhloko ubumnandi, mhlawumbi, kukho ikonsathi onjengokaMozart, apho umgaqo ukuphelela ubhalo wafikelela ngezinga eliphezulu.

Ngokufutshane malunga uBeethoven

Le Umqambi ngokupheleleyo fanele ukuba Ixesha kulawula romanticism. Xa Iogann Amadey Motsart limi njengoko ezibe umbundu bamandulo kwicala elitsha, i-Ludwig van bukaBeethoven watshintshela ngokupheleleyo umfanekiso eziyolweni enamandla, iimvakalelo enamandla nobuntu ebalaseleyo imisebenzi yabo. Waye mhlawumbi ummeli ubalaseleyo romanticism. Kubonisa into yokuba, wayebhekisela okumangalisayo, imixholo iintlekele, wabhala opera enye kuphela. Uhlobo esingundoqo yena wahlala symphony kunye sonatas. Nguye nohlaziyo le misebenzi, kwakunye Gluck kanye iinguqu yokusebenza opera.

Enye into etsala ingqondo umqambi yayikukuba mxholo uphambili imisebenzi yakhe ongumfanekiselo enamandla, yemidlalo uya ubuntu ukuba umgudu omkhulu yokuthanda ukoyisa iingxaki kunye yonke imiqobo. isihloko Kwakhona, omninzi isithuba LV uBeethoven kwiincwadi zakhe elalabelwe umzabalazo kunye nokumelana, kwakunye injongo umanyano kwindalo iphela.

Ezinye izibakala oluchaza

Weza kwintsapho zeemvumi. Uyise wayefuna inkwenkwe ukuba umqambi odumileyo, ke ngoko, kujongwana nayo ngokuthi abhenele kwiindlela kunokuba nzima. Mhlawumbi yiloo nto wakhula esibuhlungu ngqwabalala ngemvelo, ezithe azachaphazela kamva umsebenzi wakhe umntwana. UBeethoven wahlala kwaye wasebenza Vienna, apho wayefunda Haydn, kodwa ezi zifundo ngokukhawuleza kakhulu ukudanisa yaye umfundi kunye notitshala. Last ingqalelo into yokuba umbhali mfana kulawulwa mibala kunokuba ongemhle ukuba iqatshelwe ngelo xesha.

Biography uBeethoven ngokufutshane isixelela kwakhona malunga ixesha lakhe kumzabalazo ukuzenza wenkululeko. War Napoleonic, yena ekuqaleni yathakazelelwa, kodwa kamva, xa uNapoleon yazibeka umlawuli, wanikela ingcamango ukubhala symphony njengentlonipho yokumbulela. Ngowe-1796, Ludwig waqala ukuphelelwa ezindlebeni zakhe. Noko ke, oku akuzange ziphazamise imisebenzi yakhe yokudala. beluse bengeva ngokupheleleyo, wabhala odumileyo 9 symphony yakhe, nto leyo eye yaba wobugcisa ngokwenene yaba nkulu umculo ehlabathini. UBeethoven ngobomi (intetho emfutshane malunga oku kunokwenzeka) siqulethe iinkcukacha malunga Maestro ubuhlobo nabantu abaziwayo ngexesha lakhe. Nangona lomlinganiswa ekrakra kwaye elibukhali, waba ngumhlobo umqambi Weber, Goethe kunye nezinye iinkokheli xesha Classical.

Imisebenzi edume

Sele ekhankanywe ukuba inkalo uphawu umsebenzi L. V. Bethovena wayeza ubonise womelele, iimvakalelo, umzabalazo eziyolweni, ukoyisa iingxaki. ingakumbi yabelwa "Appassionata" Phakathi imisebenzi olu hlobo, nto leyo kamhlophe iimvakalelo kunye neemvakalelo, mhlawumbi, ukuba yenye yezona kakhulu. Xa ebuzwa malunga umqambi lwaluzibona ngayo indalo yayo, mayidluliselwe umdlalo kaShakespeare "I Ngamandla",, othe kuye, bakhonza njengomthombo iphefumlelwe. Umbhali uzoba ukufana phakathi iinjongo zemimoya Titanic kuhlanganiselo ekuchubekeni kunye nentsingiselo lakhe zomculo yomxholo.

Enye imisebenzi ithandwayo umbhali - ngu "Moonlight Sonata", leyo, phezu koko, yongezwe ingqiqo imvisiswano noxolo, ngokungathi ngokuchaseneyo umculo olukhulu symphony. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba igama le mveliso wanika abantu ababephila ngexesha umqambi, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba umculo embhoxo elwandle badlale ebusuku cwaka. Kuyinto le imibutho oluthandwa abaphulaphuli xa ukumamela kule Sonata. Akukho ngaphantsi, yaye mhlawumbi zithandwa ngakumbi umsebenzi odumileyo, "Fur Elise" apho umqambi sungula ku umkakhe Russian uMlawuli Alexander I Elizavete Alekseevne (uLouise). Zithako kuchaphazela intlanganisela elimangalisayo mibala kunye nemiphunga kakhulu iindinyana kakhulu embindini. Indawo okhethekileyo imisebenzi ncam ithatha opera wakhe okuphela "Fidelio" (eliguqulelwa ngokuthi 'Ewe' kunye ulwimi Italian). Lo msebenzi, efana nabanye abaninzi, eli eligcwele bokubanga wenkululeko kwaye ifuna inkululeko. "Fidelio" nangoku angazishiyi kwindawo eziphambili izindlu opera ehlabathini, nangona ukuqondwa kwe-opera ezifunyenweyo, njengoko phantse kusoloko kusenzeka, asiyi kuba kwaoko.

yethoba Symphony

Lo msebenzi mhlawumbi elaziwa phakathi kwezinye imisebenzi umqambi. Ibhalwe iminyaka emithathu ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe ngowe-1824. Yethoba Symphony uqukumbela nokufuna elide ingaphelelwayo umqambi kweli nokudalwa nomsebenzi ozalisekileyo Symphonic. Yohluka ukusuka bonke zangaphambili kuloo nto, okokuqala, yaqalisa inxalenye weekwayala (i "ode Uvuyo" Yaduma F. Schiller), yaye okwesibini, liye iinguqu isakhiwo umqambi uhlobo Symphonic. Lo mxholo ebegqwese kutyhilwa ngokusebenzisa ingxenye ngamnye umsebenzi. Ukuqala symphony kakhulu mnyama, enzima, kodwa nangoko bayiphosa ilothe intshukumisa noxolelwaniso kude nokukhanya, nto leyo likhula kunye nophuhliso sisincoko somculo. Ekugqibeleni, kumagqibela kuvakala ecula pretty enamandla eziculwayo, ubiza bonke abantu behlabathi manyanani. Ngaloo umqambi ngakumbi umgca ngaphantsi ingcinga ephambili yomsebenzi wakhe. Wayefuna ukuba babecinga uye wabonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba kunokwenzeka, ngoko ke, ayiphelelanga umculo kuphela, kodwa wangena kunye nokubulawa yeemvumi. Symphony zaqhutywa: loo ntetho yokuqala karhulumente umqambi amalungiselelo ngentswahla bevuyisana. Kubonisa ukuba LV nguBeethoven wawabhala, ukuba sele umntu osisithulu ngokupheleleyo.

Ixabiso yesikolo Viennese

Gluck, Haydn, Mozart, uBeethoven waba wabaseki umculo weklasiki iye yaba nefuthe elikhulu yonke imbali yakhe zomculo, kungekuphela eYurophu kodwa ehlabathini lonke. Ixabiso le abaqambi kunye negalelo labo ukulungiswa yokubonela zomculo ayikwazi babebiza imali. Ukusebenza iintlobo ngeentlobo, baqamba uhlobo ngethambo kwaye isebenza ngokusekelwe apho abalandeli zabo yokuqamba imisebenzi emitsha. Uninzi indalo zazo kudala yaya ngaphaya yeqonga yekonsathi uze zabalulwa kwi movie, kumabonwakude. "Turkish Rondo", "Moonlight Sonata" kunye neminye imisebenzi emininzi yezi ababhali zaziwa nje kuphela abathandi umculo, kodwa abo akazazi weklasiki umculo close. Isigaba Viennese classical yophuhliso, abaphandi abaninzi walibiza sisiqinisekiso kwimbali umculo, kuba eli xesha wabeka imigaqo esisiseko ekudaleni nokubhala opera, symphony, sonatas kunye quartets.