Insimbi - it ... Amasebe yokunyibilikisa isinyithi amashishini kunye nokubekwa kwawo

Imbali yabantu uneminyaka engaphezu kwewaka. Ngalo lonke ixesha yobukho wabalumkisa abakowethu kwaphawula inkqubela zeteknoloji, indima ebalulekileyo eyathi edlalwa isakhono lokudibana nabantu kunye metal, ukuyila ukuyenza. Ngoko ke kusengqiqweni ukuba ishishini intsimbi i - kuyinto ngaphandle ezenza kube nzima ukuba nomfanekiso ubomi bethu, ukusebenza eqhelekileyo imisebenzi umsebenzi kunye kakhulu ngakumbi.

definition

Okokuqala kuyimfuneko ukumelana nendlela esayensi, ukusuka kwindawo yezobugcisa lwembono, ubizwa ngokuba kwisigaba mihla kwimveliso.

Ngenxa yoko, metal - yinto isebe benzululwazi, ubuchwepheshe, equka inkqubo yokufumana izinyithi ezahlukeneyo ukusuka ore okanye kwezinye izinto, kwakunye nazo zonke iinkqubo ukuba ngokunxulumene inguqu umchiza ubume, iimpawu kunye nesakhiwo aluminium.

isakhiwo

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, yokunyibilikisa isinyithi - lishishini enamandla. Ukongezelela, oko - yingcamango equka:

• Imveliso ngqo zesinyithi.
• Uqwalaselo iimveliso metal kuzo zombini ashushu nabandayo.
• Welding.
• Ukusetyenziswa Ipeyinti ezahlukeneyo zesinyithi.
• Yesebe kwezesayensi - Materials. Oku kubaluleke kwisifundo yeengcingane kweenkqubo physico-kwemichiza ijolise yokuziphatha kwingqiqo zesinyithi, aluminium kunye nemixube intermetallic.

uhlobo

Kwihlabathi kukho ezimbini amasebe ezingundoqo kushishino - ayoni kunye nonferrous. Le kwezidalwa iye yaphuhliswa ngokwembali.

Acace insimbi liyaqhubeka wentsimbi zonke aluminiyamu, apho ke akhoyo. Kwakhona, ushishino ibandakanya utsalo emhlabeni kunye lokubopha koko zesinyithi ayoni , intsimbi kunye nesinyithi Foundry, billets kwabadlali, imveliso ferroalloy.

Kuba izinyithi non-ayoni kubhekiselwa ukusebenza nsimbi metal, ngaphandle yentsimbi. Hi ndlela leyi, isinyithi ezingezo-ayoni nje ngokuqhelekileyo yahlulwe ngamaqela amabini ezinkulu:

- Heavy (nickel, nebhekile, nelothe, ubhedu).

- ezincinane (titanium, nemagnesium, aluminiyamu).

Solutions zesayensi

Akukho mathandabuzo ukuba ishishini intsimbi i - ngumsebenzi efuna ezintsha. Kulo mba, amazwe amaninzi ehlabathini bamatasa kumsebenzi zophando, injongo yazo kukuba ukufunda kunye nokusetyenziswa ngendlela ebonakalayo kubekho izinto ezincinane, nto leyo iza kunceda ukusombulula, umzekelo, umbuzo ukutsha, njengoko unyango amdaka, i icandelo efunekayo ukuze kupheliswe ngentsimbi. Ukongeza, sele kukho iinkqubo ekhoyo ezifana igcwala eziphilayo, nokufumba, adsorption, kunye nabanye.

Ukwahlukana kwinkqubo

izityalo insimbi kunokuba nakanjani Cazulula ibe ngamaqela amabini eziphambili:

- pyrometallurgy apho iinkqubo uthathe indawo kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu kakhulu (yokunyibilika, kaJohn);

- hydrometallurgy, nto leyo ibandakanya utsala isinyithi ukusuka ores ngamanzi okanye nezinye izisombululo zolwelo usebenzisa amachiza.

Ukukhethwa indawo Umgaqo zokwakha izityalo metallurgical

Ukuze uqonde ukuba ucingisisa ngoko iziphumo isigqibo malunga nokwakhiwa kwishishini kwindawo ethile, kuyimfuneko ukuba siqwalasele izinto eziphambili kubeka yokunyibilikisa isinyithi.

Ngokukodwa, ukuba umbuzo sinxulumene dislocation-ayoni yokunyibilikisa isinyithi mveliso, apho kuza kucaca, iinqobo ezifana:

• Ukufumaneka kwezixhobo eneji. Production ezinxulumene kunye nokuqwalaselwa ayoni, kufuna omkhulu wamandla ombane. Ngoko ke, ezi nkampani zakhiwe kufutshane kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukuba ephehla ugesi ngamanzi.
• Imali efunekayo zempahla ekrwada. Kakade ke, sakusondela ke nsimbi, kunjalo, ngenxa yoko, ngcono.
• into Environmental. Ngelishwa, indawo post-eSoviet eli lizwe ayikwazi oluthathwa zibe kudidi apho amashishini ze yokunyibilikisa isinyithi zikhuselekile kokusingqongileyo.

Ngoko ke, ukubekwa ngentsimbi - ngumba ezinzima ekufuneka inikwe ingqalelo kakhulu, kuthathelwa ingqalelo zonke iintlobo iimfuno kunye bokuqonda.

Ukuphumeza lo mfanekiso enenkcukacha ukuchaza inkqubo zesinyithi kubalulekile ukuchaza iindawo ezibalulekileyo zemveliso.

Ironworks yakhiwa kwinani-kuthiwa ixabiso-ntengo. Phakathi kwabo: Ngokufutha-eziko, steelmaking, kaloliwe. Makhe siqwalasele nganye yezi zolwimi ngokunzulu.

emlilweni okukhuphela

Ngelo kolu khutsho isigaba wenziwe ngqo ngentsimbi ekrwada. Oku kwenzeka eziko udubulo kwiqondo lobushushu ngentla 1000 degrees Celsius. Ngenxa yoko kukho yentsimbi ihagu. iimpawu zayo ziya kuxhomekeka ikhondo inkqubo yokunyibilika le. Ngokulungisa ore yokunyibilika ekugqibeleni Lunye ezimbini iintlobo zesinyithi: yehagu (asetyenziswe apha ukuze imveliso ngentsimbi) kunye ukulahlwa (of uphosa intsimbi billet).

production of steel

Ukudibanisa carbon kunye yentsimbi, optionally, kunye izinto ezahlukahlukeneyo alloying, ngenxa wafumana ngentsimbi. iindlela zalo ukunyibilikisa inani elaneleyo. Thina uqaphele ingakumbi ioksijini-Converter kanye lokunyibilikisa sombane, yona le mihla kakhulu kunye nemveliso kakhulu.

It luphawulwa yokunyibilika yayo Konverternaya transience kunye nokuthobela ngensimbi olifunayo imichiza kuqamba lokugqibela. Isiseko yenkqubo sokumema le etyhidiweyo kunye mpilo tuyere, apho intsimbi oxidised kwaye uguqulwe ngentsimbi.

Of arc - kakhulu ngempumelelo. Kuyinto ngenxa yokusetyenziswa yamaziko arc Umbane lengca yodidi iphezulu umgangatho ingxubevange. Xa iiyunithi ukufudumeza loo metal zilayishwe kuzo ikhawuleza kakhulu, lo gama kunokwenzeka ukuba ukongeza imali efunekayo lweziqalelo alloying. Ukongeza, intsimbi ezifunyenwe yile ndlela sele isiqulatho elisezantsi inclusions non-ebuntsimbi, isalfure phosphorus.

alloying

Le nkqubo ukutshintsha ukwakhiwa ngentsimbi ngokusungula kuyo lamanani ebalwe lweziqalelo abangabancedani kuba ngakumbi ngokunika iipropati ezithile. Phakathi components alloying zisetyenziswa ngokuxhaphakileyo kubonakala: manganese, titanium, ayibe, Tungsten, aluminiyam.

baqesha

mveliso abaninzi nensimbi It sakhiwa masifundisane iqela roll. Avelisa zombini iimveliso semi-igqityiwe yaye agqitywa sele ngokupheleleyo. Kakuhle eli nkqubo ukupasa metal kwi NIP phakathi counter-ejikelezayo imiqulu ceca lokusila. Ngaphezu koko, eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba umgama phakathi izileyi kufuneka ibe ngaphantsi kwe Ebubanzini workpiece Marathon. Ngale ndlela i-wentsimbi shi sayo, Ixhume yaye ekugqibeleni ukugqabhuza kwi parameters kwangaphambili.

Emva ngasinye kudlula umsantsa phakathi kwimiqulu yenziwa ezincinane. Enye ingongoma ebalulekileyo - ngokufuthi but is ductile abandayo ngokwaneleyo. Kwaye ngoko ukuba unyango yakhe pre-ndinobushushu lobushushu efunekayo.

Ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezase

Kule meko lentengiso, yabathengi ri zombini izinyithi ahle and non-ayoni kuthechu asakhulayo. Oku kubangelwa ubukhulu becala ngenxa yenyaniso yokuba izibonelelo nsimbi, ngelishwa, hayi ziyahlaziyeka. Nyaka ngamnye, imveliso yazo kunciphisa kakhulu loovimba. Ngenxa yokuba imfuno ophuma ezintsimbini zobunjineli, ulwakhiwo, eyama, imikhumbi kunye namanye amacandelo uqoqosho lukhula chu, kubonakala kusengqiqweni ukuphuhlisa isisombululo processing uzalise ubomi yayo inkonzo iinxalenye kunye nemveliso.

Kukhuselekile ukuthi kuphuhliso lwamashisini yesinyithi othile wachaza nemiba ezakhayo icandelo loshishino - ukusetyenziswa nakwizinto esele zisetyenzisiwe. Ngelo linye xesha benza ukuhluzwa ngeentsimbi ezindala kunye neenkampani ezinkulu nezincinane.

Iintsingiselo zehlabathi yophuhliso yokunyibilikisa isinyithi

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje kuye kwakho ukwanda ecacileyo umthamo ukukhululwa isinyithi, intsimbi kunye nentsimbi uphoswe. Oku kakhulu awucacise ukwandiswa China langoku, elisuke laba Wayengomnye wabadlali eziphambili kurhwebo langa imveliso metallurgical.

Le izinyithi ezahlukeneyo izinto wavumela China ukuphumelela wena phantse-60% kwimarike yehlabathi. Abanye abalimi top ezilishumi eziphambili zezi zilandelayo: Japan (8%), India kunye United States (6%), eRashiya kunye South Korea (5%), Germany (3%), Turkey, Taiwan, Brazil (2%).

Xa siqwalasela ngokwahlukileyo ngo-2015, ngoko kukho umkhwa ukunciphisa umsebenzi iimveliso metal abenzi. Ngaphezu koko, lo ukwehla inkulu ebhalwe Ukraine, apho isiphumo kwakubhalwe, nto leyo 29,8% ngezantsi kunyaka ophelileyo.

iiteknoloji ezintsha kwi yokunyibilikisa isinyithi

Njengalo naluphi na ushishino, ushishino intsimbi i lee ngaphandle kuphuhliso nokuphunyezwa kwe ezintsha practice.

Ngoko ke, kubasebenzi Nizhny Novgorod State University sele ziphuhlisiwe kwaye baqalisa ukuba uziphumeze practice le carbides banxibe-entsha yokumelana nanostructured, ezo zisekelwe Tungsten khabhayithi. Eyona kwicala isicelo of ezintsha - izixhobo metal-esebenza mihla ukuvelisa.

Ukongeza, iRashiya iye yala maxesha wasenzela uthango, igubu kunye umlomo ibhola okhethekileyo ukwenza iteknoloji entsha nokuhlawulwa zeBlack ulwelo. Lo mcimbi unokwenziwa usekelwe ucwangco karhulumente ka-Ofisi yoMphathiswa weMfundo and Science. Loo mnyakazo bugwetyelwe ngokupheleleyo ngokwayo, ekubeni kuphumela isiphumo zangaphaya kobesikulindele.

Amashishini inkulu yokunyibilikisa isinyithi kwihlabathi

izilinganiso International bathi phambili abenzi metal ehlabathini:

• Arcelor Mittal - inkampani nekomkhulu layo Luxembourg. isabelo sayo-10% yemveliso ngentsimbi kwihlabathi lilonke. In Russia inkampani anawo imigodi Berezovskaya, Pervomayskaya Anzherskaya kunye "Severstal-amaqela".
• Hebei Iron & Steel - ingxilimbela of China. It is owned ngokupheleleyo ngurhulumente. Ukongeza kwimveliso, le nkampani ibandakanyeka bezemigodi izinto ekrwada, ukuthuthwa nasekuphumezeni umsebenzi wophando. Xa izityalo zenkampani zisetyenziswa uphuhliso kuphela ezintsha, kwaye imigca yemveliso mihla uninzi okwenza ukuba Chinese ukufunda ukuvelisa ipleyiti yesinyithi ultra-angamarhoqorhoqo, ultra-ezingcakacileyo sheet ebandayo-liqengqiwe.
• Nippon Steel - ummeli of Japan. Ulawulo Le nkampani, apho waqalisa ukusebenza ngo-1957, sifuna ukuba ukuhlanganisa nelinye iqumrhu, obizwa ngokuba Sumitomo Metal Industries. Ngokutsho kweengcali, naziphi bekuya kamsinya waphuma waya yaseJapan kwindawo yokuqala ehlabathini, kuqala zonke kontanga yayo.