Carbon steel. Classification, GOST, isicelo

Steel - imveliso intsimbi le, engundoqo izinto zokwakha. Ukusuka liveze rebar yokwakha, ezibengezelayo ezahlukeneyo profiles, iityhubhu, iindawo, oomatshini kunye nezixhobo.

production of steel

kushishino Iron and sobhedu inxaxheba kwimveliso zentsimbi kunye ngentsimbi. Iron - nzima, kodwa izinto ezomeleleyo. Steel - ixesha elide, oluthembekileyo, iplastiki, sinotyekelo metal kweziyobisi iya kusetyenziswa Foundries, ukuziqengqa, sifuna bexhentsa.

Kukho iindlela ezininzi yemveliso steel:

1. Converter. Izixhobo: oksijini Converter. Intlawulo (esisiseko): ongangokugibisela intsimbi emhlophe, neentsibi, lekalika. Ikhupha yodidi carbon kuphela.
2. Vula-ezonka. Izixhobo: vula-iziko eziko. Charge: ulwelo kwesinyithi, ezilahliweyo intsimbi, intsimbi ekrwada. Okuzenza zombini carbon kunye ingxubevange yodidi ukuba.
3. Arc. Izixhobo: electric arc eziko. Yemali: scrap sentsimbi, ihagu intsimbi, coke, lekalika. Indlela jikelele.
4. Induction. Izixhobo: somlilo Induction. Charge ziintsimbi, uphose ezilahliweyo yentsimbi, Ferro-aluminium.

Kakuhle eli inkqubo yemveliso sentsimbi - ukunciphisa inani inclusions imichiza ezimbi ukufumana intsimbi, nto leyo elidume obizwa ngokuba "intsimbi" - gxebe, le ingxubevange yentsimbi kokuba umxholo carbon olunikezelweyo hayi ngaphezulu kwe 2.14%.

iinkqubo deacidification

For steel, isigaba sokugqibela ukunyibilikisa inkqubo ukubila eqhelekileyo, oluphazanyiswa initrogen azalwa kulo, hydrogen, carbon monoxide. Loo ingxubevange in urhulumente lukhuni na isakhiwo aneentunja, nto leyo isuswe iqengqwa. Kuba soft and ngezinto, kodwa ixesha elide ngokwaneleyo.

inkqubo Deacidification ivaliwe ngokufaka ubumdaka abilileyo ingxubevange ferromanganese of ferrosilicon, aluminiyam yi. Kuxhomekeka isixa zegesi lentsalela elements deoxidizing, ngentsimbi ukuze ikhululeke okanye eziphantse-abulawe.

Ngentsimbi oyifunayo degree ogqityiweyo deoxidation ayiyomfuneko zibe ababu- ukuba crystallization kwaye usebenzise kwinkqubo amanyathelo elandelayo wokwenziwa iimveliso ngentsimbi ogqityiweyo.

Ukwahlukanisa carbon intsimbi

Zonke steel olukhoyo kwimarike yehlabathi lungohlulwa lube carbon kunye ingxubevange. Zonke iintlobo ze carbon sentsimbi bohlulwa babe ngamaqela ahlukeneyo kunye iimpawu ngokwe somhleli.

Ngokusekelwe iimpawu eziphambili ngezigaba bodwa:

1. Carbon zokwakha. Bathi carbon ngaphantsi kwe 0.8%. Bona zisetyenziselwa ukwenziwa semigudu, saliqengqa iimveliso kunye castings.
2. isixhobo Carbon steel leyo sodrezhat kwekhabhoni isixa ukusuka kwi 0.7% ukuya 1.3%. zisetyenziselwa izixhobo, izixhobo zokusebenza.

Ngokutsho iindlela deoxidation:

• abilayo - iziqalelo deoxidizing (RE) kwi ekwakhiweni lingaphantsi kwe-0.05%;
• semikilled - 0.05% ≤RE≤0,15%;
• umoya - 0,15% ≤RE≤0,3%.

Kwi kwengoma kwemichiza:

• onekhaboni ephantsi (0.3% ≤S);
• sredneuglerodistoj (0,3≤S≤0,65%);
• eliphezulu-carbon (0,65≤S≤1,3%).

Steel equlethe kwekhabhoni imali ngaphezulu kwe-1,3%, hayi zisetyenziswa kushishino.

Kuxhomekeka emincinci:

• hypoeutectoid - embizeni kwekhabhoni ekwakhiweni lingaphantsi kwe-0.8%;
• eutectoid - ngensimbi ezinomthamo carbon ka 0.8%;
• Iiklasi hypereutectoid - steel ezinomthamo carbon kwi 0.8%.

On quality:

1. quality avareji. Isalfure iqulathe ngaphantsi kwe 0,06% phosphorus - hayi ngaphezulu kwe 0,07%.
2. steel Quality. Bona azinamgaqo isalfure phosphorus 0.04% enkulu.
3. Ezikumgangatho ophezulu. Ngoko ke isixa sulphur lingaphantsi kwe 0,025% kunye phosphorus - hayi ngaphezulu kwe 0,018%.

Ngokutsho engundoqo esemgangathweni steel carbon kwibakala ukuze uhambise:

• ubunjani obuqhelekileyo lokwakhiwa;
• umgangatho wokwakha;
• izixhobo ezisemgangathweni;
• quality instrumental.

Ingakumbi ukubabiza zokwakha ezikumgangatho oqhelekileyo

Steel ezikumgangatho oqhelekileyo ziquka: ukusuka - ku-0,6%, S - ukuya 0,06%, P - 0,07%. Makhe sibone oku zizakuboniswa njani carbon ngentsimbi. Standard 380 ichaza bokuqonda nobhalo ilandelayo:

• A, B, C - iqela; A - akukho kuboniswe kule sokuvuma;
• 0-6 emva oonobumba "ST" - inombolo yesiriyeli, nto leyo ngokufihlisa kwi ekwakhiweni iikhemikhali kunye (okanye) Iipropati mechanical;
• T - Mangan phambi MN (manganese);
• kp, ps, c - ngesidanga deoxidation (ukubilisa, semi-wambulala, sizolile).

Amanani ukusuka kwisi-1 ukuya kwisi-6 emva kokuba ukonyulwa iqondo deoxidation yi dash - kolu didi. Kulo mzekelo, udidi sokuqala zingaphawulwa nangayiphi na indlela.

Iileta M, K eziphawula isiqalo kunokuthetha indlela yokuvelisa metallurgical: eziko okanye ioksijini-lokuguqulela. Ke kaloku, intsimbi carbon ezikumgangatho oqhelekileyo thaca amanqaku kuqamba oluninzi, malunga nowama-47 ziingceba.

Ucalulo yodidi noshowo ezikumgangatho oqhelekileyo

Carbon steel ezikumgangatho oqhelekileyo bohlulwa babe ngamaqela.

• Group A: ziintsimbi, ekufuneka ngqo ukutshatisa iipropati mechanical ochaziweyo. Abasebenzisi badla ezinikezelweyo kwifomu noxwebhu kunye multi-ezityikitywe (amaphepha, Tees, amacandelo H, izixhobo, rivet kunye nezindlu). Izitampu: st0 St1 - St6 (kp, ps, SP), iindidi 1-3, kuquka St3Gps, St5Gps.
• Group B: ziintsimbi, ekufuneka kulawulwa imichiza ubume eziyimfuneko kunye neepropati. ukulahlwa eyenziweyo kaloliwe, nto leyo eya kuba phantsi koxinzelelo machining ezongezelelweyo kwi imeko eshushu (elibenze, bexhentsa). Izitampu: BSt0, BSt1 (KN-cn) BSt2 (kp, ps) BSt3 (KN-cn, kuquka BSt3Gps) BSt4 (kp, ps), BLS 6 (ps, cn), iindidi-1 no-2.
• Group B: ziintsimbi, ekufuneka zihambelane umchiza, iimpawu zomzimba, mechanical netheknoloji. Eli qela azifani okusegazini marks, leyo yenziwe iimveliso Iphepha zeplastiki, unyanzeliso elide kwimimandla kumaqondo obushushu ezigabadeleyo, iindawo ezibalulekileyo (nezitshixo zalo, izikrufu, iasi, Pistons iminwe). Yonke imveliso zesakhiwo ezahlukeneyo, iimpawu kunye brand eqela idibanisa weldability zeteknoloji elungileyo. Izitampu: VSt1-VSt6 (kp, ps, SP), VSt5 (ps, sp), kubandakanywa VSt3Gps, isigaba 1-6.

zokwakha ezikumgangatho oqhelekileyo - aluminium ukuba ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi amaninzi-kabini kolu shishino.

Ukumakishwa quality carbon intsimbi

Isiqulatho carbon yenziwe ngentsimbi ye uthe umgangatho ukusuka 0.05% ukuya 0.6%. Ukunyibilika le metal yokuhlelwa iqela lwenzeka eziko evulekileyo okanye indlela arc yombane. Uluhlu olubanzi phambi carbon diversifies iipropati mechanical: esezantsi-carbon - yeplastiki, ze eliphakathi - abanamandla.

Umgangatho carbon steel iqanjwa P kwaye S hayi ngaphezulu kwe 0.04%, ngokulandelelana.

Zokuphawula (GOST 1050-88):

• nezibalo 05-60 - kukho carbon elinoguqulelo (min - 0.05% max - 0.6%);
• kp, ps, c - ngesidanga deoxidation ( "cn" akukho kuboniswe);
• T, U, F - eziqulathe manganese, aluminiyam, vanadium.

Niyazi ukuba nokufaka

LoMgangatho steel kwekhabhoni zokuphawula yalo ukuxolelwa:

• 15K, 20K, 22K - intsimbi umgangatho, ezisebenzayo ukwakhiwa kwibhoyila;
• Alo-20 - carbon - 0.2%, i intsimbi isebenza nokwenziwa kwemibhobho yi ehlelayo ezishushu ukwakhiwa kwibhoyila kunye nokufakwa kweenkqubo zokufudumeza, iquka copper chromium;
• SALT - Steel ukuba nokuveliswa asi imoto, iqulathe nickel, chromium, nobhedu.

Kuba zonke iintlobo ngentsimbi ezikumgangatho ophezulu luphawulwa olunokufuneka kwindawo ukusebenzisa thermal (umz, normalizing) kwaye unyango thermochemical (umzekelo, cementation).

Ukuhlelwa carbon quality intsimbi

Olu hlobo carbon sentsimbi zingahlulwa zibe ngamaqela-4:

1. izinto Ductility efanelekileyo yokusebenza ebandayo (r), onenombolo iphepha kunye ityhubhu. Brand - 08ps intsimbi, intsimbi 08, 08kp sentsimbi.
2. I-metal asetyenziswe ehlelayo kushushu kwaye kwanokwenza, nto leyo eya kusebenza kuwo i-bume thermally ndlongondlongo. Brand - Steel ka-10 ukuya kuma-25 ngentsimbi.
3. Steel, ifumene isicelo ekwenziweni iindawo ezibalulekileyo, kuquka imithombo, imithombo amagqabi, yemiqadi yokuhlanganisa, iibholiti, emigodini. Brand - Steel we 60 ukuya 85 ngentsimbi.
4. Steel ofuna ukusebenza enokuthenjwa kwiindawo ezikhohlakeleyo (umz, kwikhonkco ezinqunquthayo). Izitampu steel 30, intsimbi 50, 30G sentsimbi, 50G ngentsimbi.

Kungenzeka kwakhona ukuba bazohlule babe ngamaqela 2 zonke iintlobo edume carbon nawo eklasini esemgangathweni: manganese eziqhelekileyo zesakhiwo zesakhiwo.

Ukusetyenziswa carbon zokwakha

class quality Steel	uphawu	isicelo
ubunjani obuqhelekileyo	A0	izixhobo, ujike
	St1	lophawu, mna echweliweyo, imijelo
	St3Gsp	ukuqasha yokwakha
	St5sp	bushings, neenkozo zepistasi, iibholiti,
	St6ps	crowbars zokwakha
	VSt4kp	zilungiswa, sheet, saliqengqa icandelo for izakhiwo ngokobunene
qualitative	Stal10	njengogwali ngenxa boilers, bexhentsa
	Stal15	Iinkcukacha eliphezulu ductility, cams, iibholiti, amantongomane
	Stal18kp	weldments
	20ps steel	namazembe, neefolokhwe, iminwe, izixhobo, imibhobho
	Stal50	amagiya, Ibamba
	Stal60	othini washer, qhoqo spring

isixhobo Carbon steel ebonakala ngamandla aphezulu kunye kobulembu. Baya kuba ixhomekeke unyango ubushushu multi-eqongeni.

Umxholo carbon kwi intsimbi: 0.7 - 1.3%. Umgangatho - ukuya kwi 0.03% phosphorus - ukuya kwi 0,035%. Isixhobo for ezikumgangatho ophezulu: nesalfure - ukuya kwi 0,02% phosphorus - ukuya kwi 0.03%.

uphawu kuphelile ukuvuna (GOST 1435-74):

• U - isixhobo carbon;
• 7 -13 - isiqulatho carbon kuyo 0.7-1.3%, ngokulandelelana;
• D - Ukubakho manganese;
• A - kwizinga eliphezulu.

Niyazi ukuba imigaqo esisiseko ye nokumakisha yodidi isixhobo carbon - izinto iinxalenye A75 iindlela jet ASU10E, AU10E.

Iimfuno isixhobo sentsimbi

Ngokungqinelana GOST, yodidi isixhobo kufuneka ufezekise inani iimpawu.

physicochemical eyimfuneko iimpawu zombane: Izalathisi umgangatho lukhuni, ubulukhuni, amandla, ukumelana neenguqu obushushu ngexesha lokusebenza (ngexesha isithole, ukubhola, imithwalo impembelelo), nokumelana.

Ichazwe iipropati zeteknoloji:

• ukumelana iinkqubo zokwehlisa technology ezimbi (wokuqwlasela chips, yokuqaqadeka);
• machinability elungileyo ukujika yaye isila;
• susceptibility kunyango ubushushu;
• ukumelana nobushushu.

Ukunyusa umgangatho mechanical nobuchwepheshe steel isixhobo parameters phantsi unyango ubushushu multistage:

• annealing umbandela ukuqala phambi ngokusungula izixhobo;
• icima (ngokubandisa izisombululo yetyuwa) kwaye elandela tempering kweemveliso ezigqityiweyo (tempering kakhulu sezantsi).

Mihlaba afunyenwe zigqitywa ekwakhiweni iikhemikhali kunye emincinci wafumana: cementite kunye martensite ukuba austenite inclusions.

Ukusetyenziswa Isixhobo carbon intsimbi

Isetyenziswa steel ichaziwe izixhobo ezahlukeneyo: ukusika, zezihlokomiso, nkarhinyana.

• U7 Steel, U7A - izando zokutshweza, amazembe, zokutshweza, sledgehammers, zokutshweza, amagwegwe okuloba.
• U8 steel, U8A, U8G - iisarha, ii-screwdriver, ayekelele, imbobo counter, bathezi, ga kulo.
• U9 Steel, U9A - izixhobo esitulweni, izixhobo ukusika ziinkuni.
• 10 Steel, U10A sentsimbi, U11, U11A - rasps, iimpompo, izilumkiso twist, isixhobo abangabancedani ukuba Ukuhlukunyezwa kunye ekulinganisweni.
• Ngelo 12, U12A - reamers, iimpompo, izixhobo yokulinganisa.
• Y13, U13A - iifayile isikhonkwane, iireyiza kunye nezixhobo zotyando, bexhentsa ayekelele.

Kwande grade ukhetho carbon sentsimbi, iteknoloji yayo unyango ubushushu, ukuqonda iimpawu zayo kunye neempawu - isibambiso elide zaveliswa, izakhiwo okanye izixhobo ilungisiwe okanye kusetyenziswa.