Insimbi engaxhatshazwayo. Amanqanaba eSensimbi: GOST. Insimbi engenasici - intengo

Ngonyaka ngenxa yokubola, ininzi yentsimbi ilahlekile. Nangona kunjalo, umonakalo ongakumbi kubangelwa ukungaphumeleli kweemveliso zetsimbi ngenxa yokuhlaselwa kwe-corrosion. Iindleko eziyimfuneko zokutshintsha iindawo okanye ukugcinwa rhoqo kwezixhobo, iimoto, ulwandle kunye nemikhumbi yomlambo, izixhobo ezisetyenziswa kwimveliso yamakhemikhali, amaxesha amaninzi adlula kwixabiso lezinto eziye zangena ekuveleni kwazo.

Ilahleko ezingachangekanga nazo zibalulekileyo. Ezi zibandakanya, umzekelo, ukuvuza kwegesi okanye i-oyile kwiipayipi ezonakalise ukubola, ukutshabalalisa ukutya, ukutshabalaliswa kwezakhiwo zokwakha kunye nokunye okuninzi. Ngoko ke, ukulwa nokuchithwa kwesinyithi kubaluleke kakhulu.

Kutheni ukutshatyalaliswa kwezixhobo zetsimbi?

Ngaphambi kokuba siphendule kumbuzo woluphi uhlobo lwensimbi enokumelana nentsimbi, makhe sijonge ingcamango yokubola kunye nencoko yale nkqubo.

Ekuguquleleni ukusuka kwi-Latin-corroder. Ukutshatyalaliswa ngokukhawuleza kweentsimbi kunye nama-alloyi esekelwe kuwo, okwenzeka phantsi kwefuthe lemichiza yendalo, ibizwa ngokuba yi-corrosion. Isizathu saloo ntshatyalazo yintsebenziswano yamakhemikhali (i-oxydation-reduction reaction) yezinto eziphathekayo zetsimbi kunye nomoya onobuncwane okanye omanzi apho zikhoyo khona.

Ziziphi iiteli kunye nama-allo?

Imveliso eyenziweyo yensimbi engenasici kunye ne - alloys yayo yenzelwe ukusebenza kwiindawo ezonakalisayo kumaqondo aphezulu okanye aqhelekileyo. Ngako oko, imfuno ebalulekileyo yezinto ezikulo qela kukuchasana nokushisa (ukuxhathisa umgangatho wegesi okanye ukushisa okuphezulu) okanye ukuxhatshazwa kwe-corrosion (ukukwazi ukumelana kakuhle nemiphumo yezinto ezinobungqingili kumaqondo ashushu).

Ukuxhatshazwa kwe-Corrosion kuyinto ebonakalayo kwimveliso yesinyithi, ephezulu apho ifilimu enobudlova iqhutyelwa kwimizila enobudlova, ekhusela ukungena kwiindawo ezinzulu zensimbi kunye nokusebenzisana kwezidlova.

Ngamanye amazwi, isinyithi esinganyangekiyo sensimbi yinkcenkcesha yokuchasana ne-intergranular, i-chemicals, i-electrochemical kunye nezinye i-corrosion.

Ukwakhiwa kweMikhali

Iipropati zensimbi zichongwa ngokusetyenziswa kwayo kwemichiza. Ngomxholo we-chromium we-12-13%, insimbi iba yintambo engenakunqunu, oko kukuthi, izinzile emoyeni nakwiimidiya zamachiza. Ukwandisa umxholo we-chromium ukuya kwi-28-30% kwenza uzinze kwiindawo ezinobundlobongela.

Ezinye izinto ezisetyenziselwa ukudibanisa ziquka i-manganese, i-aluminium, i-titane, kunye ne-nickel. Iintlobo ezisetyenzisiweyo ezisetyenziswa kakhulu zi-alloys, apho umgangatho we-nickel umlinganiselo we-10%, i-chromium ngu-18%, i-carbon ivela kwi-0.08 okanye i-0.12%, i-titane ngu-1% (12Х18Н10Т insimbi engaxhatshazwayo, i-GOST 5632).

Ukwahlula ngohlobo lwe-microstructure: iklasi ye-austenitic yensimbi engenasici

Ukuchasiswa kwale klasini kulungelelaniso luyonyuka ngenxa yezinto ze-nickel alloying (ukusuka kwi-5 ukuya ku-15%) kunye ne-chromium (ukusuka kwi-15 ukuya kwi-20%). Ama-alloys ase-Austenitic awanakunqwenela ukukhutshwa kwe-crystalline, ngaphandle kokuba umxholo wekhabhoni kuwo ungaphantsi komda we-solubility kwi-austenite (0.02-0.03% okanye ngaphantsi). I-non-magnetic, ixhomekeke ekutheni i-welding, ibanda kunye nefuthe. Banobuchule obuhle bokukhiqiza. Le yimbi yensimbi yokuveliswa kwezinto zokukhawuleza, izakhiwo ezifakwe kwiinkonzo kunye nezicelo kumashishini athile.

Iklasi yamaMartensiti

Iiteli ezingenanto ezingena kwiklasi ye-martensitic zinokuba magnetic kwaye zinamaxabiso aphezulu obunzima, xa kuthelekiswa nama-austenitic steels. Ukukhawuleza kufezekiswa ngokunyanzeliswa nokukrakra. Ukulungele ukuveliswa kweemveliso ezijoliswe ekusebenziseni kwiindawo eziphakathi neendawo ezincinci (umzekelo, inani leemveliso zokutya okanye ukuveliswa kweelayisiti).

Iklasi ye-ferritic

Iipropati zokuxhatshazwa kwe-corrosion eziphezulu zamabakala zifana ne-carbon-low steel. Umlinganiselo wesilinganiso se-chromium ngu-11-17%. Isetyenziswe ekuveliseni izixhobo zendlu, izixhobo zemihlobiso yendalo, izakhiwo zasekhishini.

I-Austenitic-ferritic kwiklasi

Izitishi ezingenasici ezingenazintambo zale khosi zibonakaliswe ngumxholo we-nickel ophantsi kwaye i-index ephezulu ye-chromium (ukusuka ku-21 ukuya kuma-28%). Njengezinto ezongezelelweyo zokudibanisa yi-niobium, titanium, ubhedu. Emva kokutshatyalaliswa kwentsholongwane, umlinganiselo we-ferrite ukuya kuma-austenite unamanani ukuya kwelinye.

Amandla ama-austenitic-ferritic ama-steels angaphezu kwamaxesha ama-austenitic. Ziyi-plastiki, zixhathise imithwalo yokuphazamiseka, ibe neqondo eliphantsi lokuchithwa kwe-corrosion kunye nokumelana nokukhupha okukhulu. Kunconywe ukuba kusetyenziswe ukwakhiwa, ukuveliswa, ukuveliswa kweemveliso eziza kuqhagamshelana namanzi olwandle.

Iklasi yase-Austenitic-martensitic

Umxholo we-chromium uvela kwi-12 ukuya kwi-18%, i-nickel isuka kwi-3.7 ukuya kwi-7.5%. Izinto ezongeziweyo zi-chrome kunye ne-aluminium. Iyanzima ngokucima (t> 975 ° C) kunye nokutshisa okulandelayo (t = 450-500 ° C). Ama-asethi ase-Austenitic-martensitic angenasinxiwa adibeneyo kwaye aneendawo eziphambili zeempawu.

Insimbi engenasici: intengo (izinto ezichaphazela ukubunjwa)

Ukubunjwa kweetsimbi ezinqanyanisekiyo kubandakanya izinto ezixabisa izinto ezinjenge-chromium, i-nickel, i-titanium, i-molybdenum. Iindleko zabo yinkalo yokumisela kwixabiso. Ekubeni ezinye iimveliso (i-carbon, i-structural, ball bearing, isixhobo, njl.) Ziqulethe izinto ezidweliswe kwiincinci ezincinci, xa kuthelekiswa nazo iindleko zee-steels ezingakhuseliyo zikhupha zihlala ziphezulu. Nangona kunjalo, ixabiso lingahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko zemarike kunye neendleko ezifunekayo ukwenzela ukuveliswa kwensimbi engenasici.

Iimpawu zemizi

Izitampu zee-steels ezingamelana ne-corrosion ziza kuba neepropati zempahla ezijongene neemfuno zemigangatho yokuveliswa kwemveliso. Ezi ziquka:

• Ubunzima obukhulu kwizinga leBrell (HB);
• I-Elongation (%);
• Ukukhulisa amandla (H / mm ² );
• Ukumelana nokuqhawula (H / mm ² ).

Emva kokuveliswa, nganye iqashiso (i-smelting) yeemveliso zorhwebo lihlolwe ukuthotyelwa kwepropati kunye ne-microstructure yebanga le-steel ngeGOST. Iziphumo zoviwo lwebhoratri zeesampuli ziboniswe kwisatifikethi sokuvelisa.

Inkqubo yokumakisha iNsimbi

Kwimihlaba eyahlukeneyo yehlabathi, kukho uluhlu olubanzi lwee-alloys namaxabiso. Ngethuba elifanayo, akukho nkqubo yehlabathi jikelele yokumakisha.

EUnited States of America iinkqubo ezininzi zamagama zisebenza ngokukhawuleza. Le meko, ebangelwa yinani elikhulu lemibutho yokumgangatho (i-AJS, i-ANSI, i-ACJ, i-SAE, i-AWS, i-ASTM, i-ASME), idala ubunzima abathile kubalingani, abakontraki kunye nabathengi bemveliso yensimbi yabenzi baseMelika abavela kwamanye amazwe.

EJapan, insimbi yayibhalwe ngamagama kunye neenombolo ezibonisa iqela labo (i-low-alloy, high-alloy, alloys-purpose alloy, high-alloy, high-quality, high-quality, etc.), inombolo ye-serial kuyo kunye nepropati zensimbi.

Kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu, ukutyunjwa kulawulwa ngumgangatho we-EN 100 27, oyalela umyalelo ngokubhekiselele kuyo igama kunye nenombolo yecala.

KwiRussia Federation kukho inkqubo ye-alphanumeric eyenziwa ngamaxesha eSoviet, ngokuhambelana noluphi na amakhredithi ensimbi aqokiwe. I-GOST ichaza umqondiso wento nganye yokwakheka kweekhemikhali, eyinxalenye yesinyithi, encwadini enkulu yesiRashiya.

I-manganese yi-G, i-silicon-С, i-chromium-X, i-nickel-Н, i-molybdenum-M, i-tungsten-B, i-vanadium-Ф, i-titanium-T, i-aluminium-Ю, i-iobium-B, i-cobalt-K, i-zirconium-C, i-boron - R.

Amanani alandelayo kwileta abonisa ipesenti yezinto zokubamba iqela. Ukuba umxholo wesinyithi uqulethe ngaphantsi kwe-1% yombutho wokubambisa, isibalo asikhethiweyo, kunye nomxholo we-1 ukuya kwi-2% emva kokuba kufakwe ileta 1. Inombolo yeenombini ezimbini eziboniswe ekuqaleni kweempawu kuyimfuneko ukubonisa umgangatho wekhabhoni ngokubanzi kwikhulu leepesenti ngaphakathi kwendlela yokwenza umtshini.

Uluhlu lweemveliso ezenziwe kwintsimbi engenasici

Insimbi engamelana ne-corrosion isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa iimveliso ezilandelayo:

• Iimakhishithi eziphathekayo kunye neepolisi eziphathekayo;
• Iiphiliti ezingaphendulwanga zilawulwe ngama-thermally;
• Iimakhishithi ezingakhange ziphendulwe kwaye zingaphendulwanga;
• Iipayipi ezingapheliyo, ezibandayo kunye nezishisayo ezinokutshisa;
• Amacwecwe aseTurkey aphephe ngokutshisa ukusetyenziswa jikelele;
• I-hexahedrons elinganisiweyo;
• Imijikelezo yenqwelomoya;
• Intambo yensimbi engenasici (ukunyangwa kobushushu kunye nobushushu obushushu);
• Iipropati ezinezixhobo ezikhethekileyo;
• Iifom;
• Ezinye iintlobo, apho i-GOST kunye neenkcukacha zobuchwepheshe (TU) zenziwe.

Ububanzi besicelo

Ukuba ngumnye weesampula ezinamandla kakhulu, i-aesthetics, ukuchasana nokutshabalalisa okonakalisayo kunye nokushisa okuphezulu, ukuvuselelwa kwakhona nokuzinza, ukufumana umgangatho ophezulu wokunyuselwa kwintlanganiso yonke imfuneko yokucoceka nococeko, insimbi enokungaxhatshazi isetyenziswa kakhulu phantse kuwo onke amanqanaba oqoqosho kunye noqoqosho Imisebenzi.

Isinyithi esingenasici sinokudinga kakhulu kwi-petrochemical, chemical, pulp kunye nephepha, imboni yokutya, ishishini lokwakha, amandla kagesi, ubunqabiseko bokuthuthwa kwemikhumbi kunye nobunjineli bezothutho, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo.

Ukusebenza nokuzinza kwemveliso eyenziwe yensimbi engenasici inqunywe ngokuchanekileyo kweklasi kunye ne-brand, ukuqonda kwezakhiwo ze-physicochemical kunye nesakhiwo se-microstructure. Ukusebenzisa izinyithi ezingaxhomekeke kwimiphumo ebuhlungu bokubola, ngokuhambelana ngqo nempahla yazo, sithola ithuba lokusebenzisa onke amancedo angenakukhunjulwa kwetheknoloji yanamhlanje.