Inkqubo yabasebenzi - inkqubo yabasebenzi-service ... Umfanekiso

Inkqubo yabasebenzi - nenkqubo mhlaba yolimo eRashiya kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-19 - ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, uluhlu kunye nomzamo abalimi ukuba irente ilizwe, .. Iimali-mboleko imali okanye isonka, kuba izinto ziinkuni, phumla, njl iintlobo kweenkqubo zophuhliso zaye sharecropping kunye sharecropping. Intsingiselo yegama elithi 'imigodi "kwi Dictionary - umsebenzi abalimi kwilizwe mhlaba beyinikwa njengentlawulo irente umhlaba emva kokuyekiswa serfdom.

lokuhlala kuwo umhlaba

Sharecropping - uhlobo yengqeshiso yomhlaba apho irente ehlawulwa umnini isabelo yesityalo. Lubonakala ikakhulu iifom nkulu pre-nkulu kunye ngokwaneleyo zokuxhaphaza labavelsii ezincinane. Ukuvela iimeko ubungxowankulu luhlobo utshintsho ukusuka kwimo feudal kwerente umhlaba nkulu. Sharecropping enyanzelisa kwamanye amazwe njengoko amazwi of feudalism (eUnited States, Italy, South-West France, Spain). Kumazwe amaninzi mpuma has indawo ehamba njengendlela yokuqeshisa.

sharecropping

Sharecropping - uhlobo sharecropping, apho irente umhlaba kujongwe umnini, sisiqingatha isityalo. Le ndlela yokulima eqhelekileyo kakhulu, ingakumbi kwimimandla kumhlaba abamnyama zantsi eRashiya.

Iimpawu zophuhliso nkqubo

Iintlobo iinkqubo zophuhliso zahlukahlukene kakhulu. babebizwa ngokuba Kukho kwimivuzo podesyatinnye izdelny ukuqesha, ixhaphayo processing (ebusika enye kunye izishumi omnye isishumi ihlobo) - kule meko nabalimi kwaqashwa imali ukwenza umhlaba abanini 'kunye nezixhobo zabo. Ngamanye amaxesha abalimi wathabatha isonka, okanye imali yetyala, nabafuna ukuba ukusebenza kunye nenzala. Olu hlobo imele phawu luphawu: inkqubo yabasebenzi-nkonzo - form semi-feudal zokulima, enxibe ngokuboleka, ebukhobokeni nokuboleka.

Ngamanye amaxesha abalimi basebenza "ukuze bakhululeke" (ukuthatha uxanduva ukuzalisekisa isohlwayo emiselwe ngumthetho ukuze bakhululeke), basebenze nje "uzuko" - ukutya, phantse nto, ukuze kuphulukana elinye ithuba ingeniso evela benani. Ekugqibeleni, yande zazihamba ngokohlobo sharecropping.

Yintoni inkqubo yabasebenzi-nkonzo kwimbali?

I ezimbini post-utshintsho eminyaka, uqoqosho wesakhiwo, kwabakho inguqu iintlobo yobungxowankulu nobunini mhlaba ngenxa wobukhosi. Kwathi endaweni inkqubo yabasebenzi-nkonzo ubudala - oku ngumongo leyo ukuba amafama ezazikufuphi baqalisa ukuba balime umhlaba umnini-mhlaba kunye nezixhobo zabo yaye wayithabatha ke.

Umahluko ne serfdom apha ukuba umfama ngoku zokwakha ubuhlobo ikhontrakthi kunye wesakhiwo, kwaye ke sele indoda free. Saqala ukwenza market imithetho yonikezelo kunye nemfuno. Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo yabasebenzi-nkonzo yaba kuneengxaki zako. Ekubeni umnini waba enyanisweni esinakho, oko kudla nto eyalela naziphi na ukuba abalimi, leyo wamnika inkqubo entsha yobukhoboka. Inkqubo yabasebenzi - njengesohlwayo ukuswela abalimi lwenziwe kuphela emva kokuba utshintsho 1861, kwakunye yengcinezelo lifa mihlaba.

Nomvuzo xa castings

Idatha ethathwe evela kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo zibonisa ukuba ekuqeshweni kophethe nezophuhliso imivuzo soloko ephantsi xa kuthelekiswa ne-nkulu "free" yokuqesha. Irenti Natural yanda kakhulu kumaqela ezizezona umlimi, kwaye kunyanzeleke ukuba baqeshe i umlimi ongakwaziyo ukuxhathisa inguqu yayo ibe kubasebenzi basezifama.

amafama izityebi nabo badla ukuthatha umhlaba imali. Umqeshi lifuna ukuba wenze imali yerente, ngaloo ndlela kuncitshiswa iindleko iindleko komhlaba. Intlawulo avareji ukuhluzwa abalimi kunye yabo iyasebenza nesishumi nkozo engange-6. (Idatha evela 1883-1891 gg. Xa umhlaba ibhanti emnyama). yabasebenzi Free liqikelelwa njengoko engange-6. 19 kopecks. kuphela umsebenzi ngeenyawo, ngaphandle kokuthatha ingqalelo umsebenzi zehashe (ukuba ihlawulwe ngokwahlukileyo engange-4. 50 kopecks.).

Ubukho kweenkqubo zophuhliso

Abanini elizwe, abezisa inzuzo enkulu ukuqesha "kunqunyulwa-off" ye Sasungulwa zorhwebo. Ngoko, kwi kumbindi abamnyama-emhlabeni ibhanti, apho ziqwempu eyabangela ukuba inxalenye enkulu elizweni, inkqubo yabasebenzi-nkonzo kakhulu ethandwa. Ukongeza, ifama kule ndawo yaba abalaseleyo kwezolimo, ngenxa amathuba okuloba elilinganiselweyo.

Kumaphondo woshishino Earth Region Black nakwelasezantsi weRashiya kwiminyaka engamashumi zokuqala ezimbini emva kuphuculo, kwakukho kutshintsho nenkqubo yobungxowankulu yezoqoqosho, kusetyenziswa yabasebenzi njengomqeshwa kunye neendlela ezingcono lwezolimo. Umzekelo wolu hlobo lweshishini ukulimela A. N. Engelgardta echazwe "Iileta ukusuka elalini".

Apha ngezantsi kukho uluhlu malunga 80s ngenkulungwane ye-19 (data Anienskogo NF), apho umlinganiselo kuboniswe iintlobo zophuhliso yobungxowankulu wokufama.

Ukusuka itafile kunokwenziwa isigqibo sokuba kule minyaka ingama-80 kwinkulungwane ye-19 eRashiya kwinkqubo nkulu yonke lokufama kakhulu kuxhaphake kakhulu kunokuba zophuhliso. Wokusetyenzwa uhlobo lokuqala (xa abalimi wenziwe umsebenzi kunye nezixhobo zabo) ayengathathelwa indawo castings uhlobo yesibini (Umlimi ihlwempu angasebenzisa-inventri wesakhiwo). Evolution lokufama ilele kubantu inguqu kuqala angokokusebenza nya uhlobo yesibini, ngoko ukuba ukusetyenziswa umvuzo nkulu. Kwiminyaka ye ntlekele yenzeke "ukubuyisela ngemva", uze Iqala kwakhona busa. Ababhali-mbali qaphela ngobuhle bayo, ngenxa yokuba inkqubo yabasebenzi-service - lowo ziqhubekile ukubakhona de ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20.

Ububi inkqubo yophuhliso

Le ndlela yokulima unokubakho ukuba umnini-mhlaba kangcono okuqesha i umlimi ngamakhoboka ngaphandle kokuba umsebenzi waseburhulumenteni. It yalibala inkqubela zobugcisa, ekubeni xa usebenzisa ubuchule yokulima umva kwenzeka ukulondolozwa kwezolimo eliphantsi. Umphumo waba ephantsi nemveliso, t. To. Isivuno kwiifama abaqeshisi ngokusebenzisa inkqubo yophuhliso yaba ngaphantsi ngakumbi umlimi kwesabelo.

Mining kukhokelele ekuchithweni ize yona intlupheko abalimi, ingakumbi abakumgangatho ophakathi, nto leyo eye kakhulu inxaxheba kule nkqubo yezoqoqosho. Akumangalisi ke, le ndlela ukulima kunye ixesha elilahlekileyo intsingiselo yalo, enika indlela eya, iifom mihla wongxowankulu.