Inkqubo periodic Mendeleev kaThixo. imichiza yenkqubo ezithile

Ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba kwimbali yoluntu - yobudala apho abaninzi sahlaziywa inzululwazi, kuquka chemistry. Yaba ngeli xesha kwakukho inkqubo ngamaxesha ka Mendeleyev, kwaye nayo - kunye nomthetho ngamaxesha athile. Yaba sisiseko zemichiza mihla. Periodic D. I. Mendeleeva System imele izinto systematization, leyo umisela uxhomekeko kweepropati ngokwasemzimbeni kunye nesakhiwo eekhemikhali lwesiyobisi isigxina atom.

indaba

Ukuqaleka kwayo ngamaxesha inkqubo Mendeleyev wabeka ethi "Ixabiso zemihlaba kunye yimilinganiso atomic lweziqalelo", ebhalwe kwikota yesithathu kwenkulungwane XVII. Kwa- kuboniswa ngayo ngokunxulumene iingqiqo ezisisiseko izinto eyaziwa yemichiza (ngelo xesha kwakukho 63 kuphela). Ukongezelela, abaninzi kubo ubunzima atomic ziye bazimisele ngokungachanekanga. Oku ndathintelwa kakhulu ukufunyanwa kwe D. I. Mendeleeva.

NguDmitry Ivanovich waqala umsebenzi wayo ngokuthelekisa iimpawu izinto. Kwindawo yokuqala Wasusela chlorine ne potassium, uze emva koko badlulela ukusebenza kunye nesinyithi kwealkali. Axhobe amakhadi ezizodwa apho bachazwa imichiza, wazama izihlandlo eziliqela ukuqokelela i "kaMoses": wazibeka phezu kwedesika yakhe ekhangela imixube elungileyo kunye imatshisi.

Emva kuzabalaza, nguDmitry Ivanovich ingafumana ngokomfuziselo ukukhangela, yaye wakha izinto kuthotho ngamaxesha athile. Kukhokelela iseli engananto phakathi kwezakhi, nzulu waqonda ukuba abacuphi Russian andazi zonke imichiza, nokuba kufuneka anike kwihlabathi ngolwazi kwinkalo chemistry, ethe okwangoku enikwa ababengaphambi kwakhe.

Wonke umntu uqhelene tinsimu ukuba Mendeleev lwezakhi yaba ephupheni, wahlanganisa ukusuka memory izinto zibe kwinkqubo enye. Oku, buthi ethetha, a ubuxoki. Inyani yokuba nguDmitry Ivanovich ixesha elide yaye wagxila ukusebenza umsebenzi wakhe, yaye kuyakhathaza ngamandla. Xa usebenza inkqubo lweziqalelo Mendeleev kanye walala ubuthongo. Ukuvuka phezulu, waqonda ukuba akazange agqibe itafile, yaye kungekudala waya bazalise zingabinanto iiseli. eziqhelekileyo yakhe, ezinye bolunye uhlanga, utitshala eyunivesithi, uye wagqiba ukuba lwezakhi waphupha ephupheni, kwaye udaba zityhutyhe kubafundi babo. Ngoko lo mbono.

udumo

inkqubo Periodic of imichiza ngumbonisi owadalwa nguDmitry Ivanovich ngakumbi kwikota yesithathu kwenkulungwane XIX (1869) umthetho ngamaxesha athile. Kwaba ngo 1869 kwintlanganiso Russian Chemical Society ukufunda isaziso Mendeleev malunga nokudala kubo isakhiwo ethile. Ngomnyaka efanayo wapapasha incwadi "Iziseko Chemistry", eyapapashwa kuqala inkqubo ngamaxesha lweziqalelo imichiza. Kwaye encwadini "Inkqubo bendalo izinto ze bayisebenzise kwicala kwiimpawu lweziqalelo eyay" kuqala D. I. Mendeleev wakhankanya ingcamango "Umthetho ngamaxesha".

Isakhiwo kunye nemigaqo amasuntswana yokuhlala

Amanyathelo okuqala xa kwakudalwa umthetho ngamaxesha athile zenziwa yi nguDmitry Ivanovich emva kwiminyaka 1869-1871, ngoxa wasebenza ngokuzimisela ukwakha ukuxhomekeka zeepropati ye elements data evela ubunzima atom. Inguqulelo lwale mihla ogalelwe ngumntu onamacala amabini itheyibhile lweziqalelo.

Indawo sakhi etafileni kuthatha ingqiqo ethile imichiza ngokwasemzimbeni. Xa indawo sakhi itafile uyakwazi ukufumana oko Valence yakhe, amisele inani elektroni kunye nezinye iipropati imichiza. NguDmitry Ivanovich wazama ukuseka unxibelelwano phakathi izinto ezifanayo omnye komnye iipropati zabo ezahlukeneyo.

Ulwahlulo yaziwa ngexesha eziqalelo imichiza, wabeka Valence kunye weight atomic. Ukuthelekisa iimpawu relative izinto Mendeleev wayezama ukufumana ngokomfuziselo, nto leyo efela bonke imichiza ezaziwayo kwindlela enye. Ukuwabeka ngenxa yokwanda izihlwele atomic, nangoku iphumelele nezihlandlo nganye miqolo.

Uphuhliso inkqubo

lwezakhi kwakhona kwaye kwakhona nakala ukuba kugqitywa ngo-1969. Nokufika neegesi elunge 1930 kwafumaniseka ukuba ukutyhila ukuxhomekeka entsha eziqalelo - kungekhona kwinginginya, kwaye inani lothotho. Kamva nako ukumisa inani protons kwi nucleus atom, bafumana ukuba ingqamana inani lothotho inani le element. Izazinzulu yenkulungwane XX isakhiwo ngekhompyutha ye atom sele efunda. Ndafumanisa ukuba kuchaphazela amaza. Oku Itshintsha kakhulu imbono eziqalelo iipropati. Le nto iye kubonakala okunye lwakutsha inkqubo ngamaxesha Mendeleev kaThixo. ukubhaqa nganye entsha iimpawu kunye neempawu ze izinto uvumelane ngokugqibeleleyo itafile.

Iimpawu lwezakhi

lwezakhi yohlulwe lamathuba (imigca 7 amalungiselelo tye), nto leyo zahlulwe zibe ezinkulu nezincinane. Ithuba evela metal kwealkali, luze luphele nge iipropati ilungu non-zalo.
Nkqo itheyibhile Mendeleev yahlulwe ngamaqela (8 columns). Ngamnye kubo lwezakhi ezibandakanya subgroups ezimbini - ezizezi, eziphambili kunye icala. Emva ingxoxo enkulu ngesiphakamiso D. I. Mendeleeva kunye noogxa bakhe W. Ramsay, kwagqitywa ukuqalisa ebizwa ngokuba yi-zero iqela. Oku kuquka gases egalelwe (neon, helium, argon, radon, xenon, Interface). Ngowe-1911, isazinzulu Soddy yaphakanyiswa ukubeka kwinkqubo ngamaxesha lweziqalelo kunye indiscernible, babizwa ngokuba izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo - iiseli zawo sasikwanti.

Phezu kwako ukuthembeka kunye nokuchaneka kwenkqubo ngamaxesha athile, uluntu lwezenzululwazi akazange afune ukuba ukuvuma kwakhe le ndawo. Izazinzulu ezininzi ziye badelela umsebenzi D. I. Mendeleeva, yaye wayekholelwa ukuba akunakwenzeka ukuba ukuqikelela iimpawu njengento okwangoku avuleka. Kodwa emva kokuba izinto izityholo imichiza esafunyanwa (kwaye oko, umzekelo, scandium, kaLayishe waseGalim kunye germanium), inkqubo ngamaxesha Mendeleev kunye nemithetho yayo yaba sisiseko ithiyori kwinzululwazi of chemistry.

Uluhlu kwixesha langoku

inkqubo Mendeleev kaThixo ngamaxesha lweziqalelo - isiseko ezininzi lwezona imichiza ngokwasemzimbeni ezinxulumene imfundiso atom ezinto. Ingcamango yezi njengento eyenzeka nje ngenxa sisazinzulu enkulu. Ukuvela kwi lwezakhi uye iinguqu ezinkulu ntetho imichiza ezahlukeneyo izinto ezilula. izazinzulu Creation inkqubo ngamaxesha athile iye yaba nefuthe elikhulu kuphuhliso neyezinto nenzululwazi, encedisayo.