Inkampu yamaNazi yoxinaniso Bergen-Belsen: imbali, iifoto

Enye amabi ezibangelwa Second World War, waba kwinkampu yoxinaniso German of Bergen-Belsen, ngubani waba yintoni na ngoku Lower Saxony, phakathi kwidolophana Belsen kunye kwidolophu encinane Bergen, awamnika igama lakhe. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba nkampu hhayi ifakwe esisi, waba yindawo kokufa amashumi amawaka amabanjwa.

Amabanjwa yokuqala kweminquba ukufa

Ibali oko Bergen-Belsen - kwinkampu yoxinaniso, ifumene notoriety kakhulu - kufuneka kuqale nge-manani. Ukususela amaxwebhu kwaloo minyaka nto ibonisa ukuba kuphela kwisithuba ukususela 1943 ukuya 1945, ziye wafela apho yindlala nezifo abantu abangaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu amawaka. Xa iyonke, ngaphezu amawaka asixhenxe ukuze lonke ixesha imfazwe inani lamaxhoba yayo.

Umhla kusungulwa yalo 1940. Bergen-Belsen inkampu, ifoto apho thaca kweli nqaku, yayakhelwe ukugcina amabanjwa isiFrentshi kwaye Belgian yemfazwe, nto leyo mali abantu engamakhulu amathandathu baba ababanjiweyo bakhe bokuqala. Nangona kunjalo, kunye ekuqaleni ngamajoni kummandla waseUSSR, abhalisa phakathi amabini amawaka amajoni Soviet kunye namagosa abazibona ekuthinjweni utshaba. Kulo nyaka, ishumi elinesibhozo lamawaka kubo bafa yindlala nezifo.

Fund lwamaNazi Exchange

Ngowe-1943, imeko ezisemthethweni kweminquba zatshintsha. Akuzange amabanjwa ngaphezulu emfazwe, yaye indawo yazo wathathwa amabanjwa, ngubani wayengummi amazwe, nto leyo, maxa wambi, kufuneka unikezele abemi German wavalelwa kwiinkampu kumazwe efanayo anti-uHitler womanyano. I trainload lokuqala kwabakhonkwixeyo, bawe phantsi kolu didi weza evela eBuchenwald ngo-Apreli 1943. Kungekudala inani abafikayo wajoyina abakhonkxiweyo ekuvalelweni kwinkampu Natzweiler-Struthof, nkqu nasemva kwexesha elithile - kunye intsimi French.

Lo mbutho yangaphakathi kweminquba

Bergen-Belsen inkampu, ukususela ngowe-1943, sele isakhiwo kunokuba nzima. Sasiquka amaqela eziliqela, ngamnye ahlukaniswa a elinokuvela lamabanjwa, ngokunjalo nesiqulatho sawo. Iimeko kakhulu elihle ezibe ekuthiwa-inkampu cala (Neutralenlager).

Amabanjwa kwaziswa apha kumazwe ukuba abaseleyo cala. Ezi kakhulu ngabemi Portugal, Argentina, Spain ne Turkey. Isigqibo sokwahlulwa kwakukho zamva kakhulu kwamanye amasebe. Amabanjwa yiyo akanyanzelisi into yokubana ukusebenza wakupha nokunyamezeleka kakhulu.

Kwelinye igumbi, ebizwa ngokuba "inkampu ekhethekileyo» (Sonderlager), kwakukho amaYuda Warsaw, eLviv kunye Krakow. Le nkampu yoxinaniso Bergen-Belsen yaba nendawo avalelwe yabo, ngenxa yokuba aba bantu passports ixeshana kumazwe South American afana iParaguay Honduras, kwaye ifanele yokuvuma olo tshintshano. Oko akuthethi ukuba basebenze, kodwa Wagcinwa bodwa olungqongqo, ekubeni phambi kokufika kwakhe kwinkampu, abaninzi kubo abakubonileyo unya olwenziwa ngamacandelo SS ePoland.

Umxholo yeminquba amaYuda Dutch kunye Hungarian

E Bergen-Belsen - inkampu yoxinaniso na uhlobo olulodwa - ngowe-1944 amaYuda ivela Holland, ezibe de ngoko kwezinye iinkampu. Icandelo leyo bagcinwa, wabizwa ngokuba "i-Star» (Sternlager). Eli gama wanikwa ngenxa yokuba kukho amabanjwa wanikwa ilungelo ukunxiba kwenkampu na impahla ezinemizila, yaye njengesiqhelo, kodwa ngaphambi kokuba tabbing kuye Star-waveza ezintandathu kaDavide. Bayahlelwa amaYuda zisuswa eNetherlands ngexesha leMfazwe yeHlabathi yeSibini, kwakungekho kabuhlungu ngaphantsi kunoogxa babo abavela kwamanye amazwe. Yabangamawaka elinanye ezingamawaka amathandathu basinda kuphela de kube sekupheleni imfazwe.

NgoJulayi 1944, kwinkampu yoxinaniso yamaNazi Bergen-Belsen wazibandakanya engaphezu kwewaka amaYuda evela eHungary. Yesondlo sabo labelwe kwindawo eyahlukileyo, eyaziwa ngokuba "inkampu Hungarian" (Ungarnlager). Mhlawumbi, ukuba bafanele ukuba isikipa eziqhotyoshelwe amathemba enkulu, kuba iimeko zabo ngcono kakhulu kunokuba kwamanye amasebe. Ekuqaleni, eminqubeni Bergen-Belsen yenzelwe iqulathe kuphela abantu, kodwa ngowe-1944 lasekwa nini icandelo wabafazi kuyo.

Ukutshintshelwa of British imikhosi kweminquba

Le nkampu Bergen-Belsen ukufa waba ngomnye iminquba ambalwa zidluliselwe ngokuzithandela yi amaJamani amajoni encedisayo. Oku kwenzeka ngo-Apreli 1945. Isizathu kukuba, xa ummandla yayo phakathi kwala maqela mabini weenqaba - i-German kunye British - enkampini bhubhane yesifo kwaqhambuka, nto leyo isoyikiso kungcoliseko lamajoni zombini wemikhosi. Ukongeza, Himmler wayalela uzinikele eminqubeni, ayizange unqwenela ukuba akhululwe amabutho yiSoviet.

Ngo-Epreli 1945, xa akusondela ukuba kumgca ngaphambili, eminqubeni, kwakukho malunga amathandathu amawaka amabanjwa. Ngokutsho Geneva Convention, azivumelekanga ukuba amabanjwa yoluntu kwindawo emfazweni, Noko ke, kule imeko, ubhubhane yesifo wenza kube nzima ukuba baphume.

Kodwa kwiimeko ezinjalo ezigabadeleyo, ekuqaleni Epreli, namawaka asixhenxe le nathembisayo ngokwemiqathango exchange, amabanjwa kwathunyelwa ngokwemiyalelo Himmler eminqubeni cala. Bona becala amaYuda evela ePoland kunye iHungary ababa ngabemi kwamanye amazwe.

Thethana ukudluliselwa kweminquba British

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba ukwenzela ukuba udluliselo Bergen-Belsen imikhosi encedisayo ezivela abaziziphathamandla eziphezulu nkampu, iintetho kunye yaseBritani zalibaziseka. I-British akazange afune ukuthatha uxanduva ubomi izigulane ezingamawaka alithoba abo eminqubeni, bachatshazelwa ngulo bhubhane. Ngaphezu koko, ngokuba bona ingozi ezimandundu zosulelo. Ukwenza i British isikhalazo ngakumbi, amaJamani ezifundiswa njenge "ikhazi 'ukuya emkhosini ubanikele ngaphandle ukulwa, ibhulorho ezimbini ngobuchule ezibalulekileyo.

Ngokwemiqathango yesivumelwano

Njengoko ivumile, ekugqibeleni, sivumelwano, intsimi ojikeleze Bergen-Belsen, yabhengezwa kwizowuni cala. Ngaphambi kokufika umkhosi waseBritani, ukhuseleko amabanjwa baqhubeka kwenziwa abasebenzi yamajoni Wehrmacht, leyo liqinisekisiwe ukufikelela elizayo lula kwindawo ezibilinini zabo.

Ngokutsho esivumelwaneni, phambi kokuba idluliselwe kwinkampu yaseBritani, amaNazi kwakufuneka ukubuyisela ukuze apho, yaye okona kubalulekileyo, ukuze kungcwaba ezizidumbu ezifileyo. Lo ngumsebenzi onzima kakhulu, ekubeni amawaka nepogrebonnyh olawulo ezahlukeneyo bandlala ntsimi. Kwakufuneka kungcwatywa imingxuma enzulu wemba engekude kocingo kwinkampu.

izigcawu Apocalypse

Ukususela memoirs ye lijoni nxaxheba isiJamani kwezi ziganeko eyaziwayo Rudolf Kyustermeyera ukuba ngemihla ezine amabanjwa - amawaka amabini amabanjwa, omnye abo nangoku yima ngeenyawo zam, - wabamba nemizimba zikumanqanaba ahlukeneyo yokubola. Umoya yazala uselenuka eyoyikekayo.

Lo msebenzi ngangosuku kusasa kude kube sebusuku. Xa kungekho inani elifunekayo stretchers kusetyenziswa tarps bands, imixwayo, okanye intambo ebotshelelwe iingalo kunye nemilenze zabafileyo. Nzima ukukukholelwa oku, kodwa ke le esihogweni njengomboniso kukhatshwa izandi amabini gqolo ngumdlali okhestra eyenziwe kwanjalo amabanjwa. Kanti ke, xa wagqibela ixesha transmission eminqubeni, kwaye sele wangena emkhosini yaseBritani, sala kummandla izidumbu ngaphezu kwamawaka alishumi nepogrebonnyh lulele evulekileyo.

Ulwazi kwicandelo likarhulumente

igosa British Derrick Sington, aqhube-15 Apreli 1945 kwinkampu neentengiso, kamva wabhala incwadi ngayo. Kuyo uthi ngoko nangoko emva kokuba iifom zokungenela enkampini yaseBritani amabanjwa abagulayo nangoko wasiwa ngokukhethekileyo elungisiweyo isibhedlela, kodwa nangona imigudu kakhulu oogqirha kunye elinesithathu amawaka abantu bafa.

Yaba wokuqala iinkampu yokufa, iinkcukacha apho laba impahla uluntu yaseMelika kunye yaseBritani. Isizathu kukuba Kwathi ngaphantsi kolawulo lwamaNgesi, kunye nommandla wayo nangoko wabonakala iintatheli ukuba bazise bonke bazibonileyo, batyelela inkampu Bergen-Belsen. Amafoto eyenziwe ngazo kunokubonwa kumaphepha ndaba ezininzi kunye neemagazini.

nembuyiselo

Ekupheleni abasebenzi kwinkampu kwemfazwe, abantu asibhozo kwaye ekhokelwa yi-ngqwayi Yozefom Kramerom. Baye ngoko nangoko babanjwa kwaye emva koko, ngaphandle mabini, wafa ngenxa usulelo kunye yesifo, wavela phambi kwenkundla yaseBritani yasemkhosini ehleli kwisixeko waseJamani ka Lüneburg. Yaba ukuqotywa mthetho imfazwe.

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba ummangalelwa wayebambe izikhundla ezahlukeneyo kwiphondo kweminquba, bonke bephela, ziye zabekwa amacala izityholo zizonke lokubulala kunye nonyango ngabom ngokungenabuntu lamabanjwa, leyo wayisa nalo mthetho phantsi amanqaku yeendibano omhlaba.

Bathi faka inani izenzo zobundlobongela mthethweni ukuba ziye zaba ngenxa yezikhundla zabo ezinamandla kubume kweminquba. Ngokutsho isigwebo, abamangalelwa ezisibhozo, kubandakanywa kwingqwayi-kweminquba, bagwetyelwa ukufa ngokuxhonywa yaye ezinye ukuya ngokwemimiselo ezahlukeneyo entolongweni. Materials ezinxulumene zolwaphulo amaNazi eminqubeni, nayo iyavela edume izilingo waseLondon.