Indlela yokubala umthwalo phezu kwesiseko. Umzekelo ukubala imithwalo phezu kwesiseko

Isiseko nawuphi na umsebenzi enkulu lolwakhiwo ekubekeni isiseko. On kuya kwenziwa njani ngokuthembekileyo kuxhomekeke koko kulindelekileyo ulwakhiwo lobomi lwenkonzo yokwakha. Kungenxa yesi sizathu, ebeka isiseko ekwakheni igqalwa manqanaba ibalulekileyo.

Ukuze base lula ukumelana yonke imithwalo kulindeleke, kubalulekile nje ukuba esweni netheknoloji nesimbo wayo; kodwa Pre-abale yonke nempembelelo kunokwenzeka kuwo. Ukwenza yokubala echanekileyo kuthathelwe ingqalelo yonke imibandela enokuba impembelelo incinane phezu kweli litye lesiseko, kunokuba kuphela oyingcaphephe, ngubani na ngasemva kwakhe a lot of amava kweli candelo. Kodwa nabanina ukwenza ubalo yokuqala umthwalo iyonke kwi kwisiseko, ngaloo ukuqonda indlela uya komelela, nokuphelisa iindleko ezingeyomfuneko.

ulwazi oluyimfuneko

Umbuzo lokuqala, yintoni ekufuneka uyazile ukuze ukwazi ukubala kakuhle umthwalo phezu kwesiseko. Oko ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• ubeko ngokubanzi isakhiwo, ukuphakama, oko kukuthi, inani imigangatho, nesixhobo apho kuya kwenziwa kophahla;
• uhlobo lomhlaba, ubunzulu aphantsi komhlaba;
• izinto ezisetyenziswa xa kusenziwa izinto zokwakha umntu;
• indawo yokwakha;
• ixabiso elalana isiseko;
• ubunzulu yovalo bomhlaba;
• Ebubanzini umaleko lomhlaba lubekwa imithwalo deformable.

Le nkcazelo kuyimfuneko ukuze bakuthathele ingqalelo amanani amancinci yokuchaneka in izibalo.

Kungani Calculate

Yintoni enika umphuhlisi kubalwe elizayo wolayisho phezu kwesiseko?

• Amaxabiso ezichanekileyo ziya kunceda ufumane indawo eyona ndlela ifanelekileyo ekhuselekileyo apho ukwakha isakhiwo.
• Ukuba ukubala oko kulungile, ngoko unga ngokulula ukuthintela deformation beendonga okanye isiseko, yaye emva kwayo kunye nesakhiwo.
• Yokubala iza kunceda ukuthintela ukunqamka okunokwenzeka (ukutshatyalaliswa yonke isakhiwo).
• Uya kuba nako ukuqonda kufuneka kangakanani ukuthenga izixhobo ukwenza umsebenzi wokwakha. Kwakhona uya kunciphisa kakhulu iindleko zizonke.

Ukuba ubalo kwenziwa ngokungachanekanga okanye musa kumzala, kusenokubakho deformations ezinjalo isakhiwo kunye isiseko njengoko ROOTN, ukugoba, ekuzeni, ukugoba, ukujika, shift, okanye oxwesileyo offset.

Eyona eziphambili ze umthwalo

Phambi kokuqala ukubala kwemithwalo, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba kukho iindidi ezintathu ezingundoqo, nto leyo ibe umthwalo:

1. Manani. Olu didi lubandakanya ubunzima isakhiwo ngokwaso elementi ngamnye wendlu.
2. Uhlobo lwesibini - oku impembelelo zingumvuka weemeko zemozulu. Umoya, imvula kunye nezinye imvula, kakhulu, kufuneka bathathe inxaxheba kubalo.
3. Izinto eziya kuba sele ngaphakathi endlwini, nathi, sibe xi elithile, ngoko ke umthwalo ukubala kwisiseko kufuneka iquke ezi zibalo.

uhlobo zeendawana ixhomekeka kuhlobo lomhlaba apho yakhiwe. Ngoko ke, kubalulekile kwaye ekubaleni umthwalo emhlabeni. Fundam futhi usebenzisa uxinzelelo kwaye lubonakala ezifana parameters njengoko ummandla zoqhagamshelwano iyonke kunye nobunzulu ukwenzeka kwayo.

Ifomula yokubala umthwalo emhlabeni

Ukuze ubone amanani, sisebenzisa le ndlela iphambili ilandelayo:

H = HF + HG + HB + HC,

apho H - ixabiso lokuqala, oko kukuthi, umthwalo iyonke emhlabeni, i-NF - ixabiso ebonisa umthwalo kwi kwisiseko, Nd - ke umthwalo ekhaya, oko kukuthi, umthwalo isakhiwo, HC - umthwalo yamaxesha onyaka ikhephu, NV - umthwalo umoya.

ND zonke iintlobo isiseko libalwa ngendlela efanayo. NF ibalwa ngokwahlukileyo ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo sesiseko.

tape umthwalo kunye nesiseko monolithic

index umthwalo base kumhlaba kuya kukunceda ukuba ukujonga ubungakanani ngokupheleleyo kwindawo elingaphantsi uze uvavanye umthwalo kuvunyelwa ukuba kuyo. Ngokuba lo ukubala, ngokokwakheka komcu isiseko esifanelekileyo. yokubala umthwalo lwenziwa ngokomgaqo wokubala ilandelayo:

Nflm = V × Q,

apho V - ngumthamo opheleleyo isiseko, leyo yayifunyenwe phinda ukuphakama, ubude kunye nobubanzi isiseko (tape okanye alahle); Q - bekukubi ezithile (density) umbandela eyayisetyenziswa ngexesha nokwakhiwa zeendawana. Eli xabiso ibalwa ukuba zonke izinto eziyimfuneko iparameters ingafunyanwa kwi yeetafile labobalawuli akufuneki.

Olulandelayo index Rr wohlulwe kwindawo isiseko (S) ifunyenwe kunye nexabiso umthwalo (Hy), ekufuneka ibe ngaphantsi kwe uxhathiso lomhlaba ixabiso reference avumelekile (CR):

Well = Nflm / S ≤ Kr.

Ukuze aphepha ukwenza izibalo impembelelo zokutenxa enjalo kufuneka ngaphezu-25%. Ukuba ixabiso ifunyenwe ungaphezulu ireferensi, ububanzi iziseko ukwanda ngcono, kungenjalo kuya kuqalisa ukuzivula liwuthe.

Indlela yokubala umthwalo nembasa isiseko kwimeko isakhiwo monolithic wenqwelwana kuyafana. Kuyimfuneko ukuba uqiniseke ukuba bakuthathele ingqalelo umthwalo deformation, iziseko ombane kunye neebhanki. Ukuze wenze oku, babeke isiseko kunye ilayini eyandileyo amaxabiso abalwe.

Layisha iziseko columnar

Olubalo abale inani elichanekileyo yezikhala okanye sisiseko esingundoqo ulwakhiwo ekhuselekileyo.

ubunzima ngqo - oku ixabiso ebonisa kuxinzelelo kuyilo liphezulu umhlaba ukwazi ukuba kule meko kwakungekho ukunqamka kunye ukushenxiswa. Ixabiso ezithile kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lomhlaba umbuzo, yaye yintoni kwemozulu kwindawo wokwakha indlu ecwangcisiweyo. Noko ke, xa kubalwa i-avareji liyithatha - 2 kg / cm2.

Umthwalo zizonke, nto leyo enika emhlabeni outsole isiseko columnar iquka ubunzima kwasasazwa ngesakhiwo ubunzima mhlathi. Ngoko ke, lo umthwalo ubalo phezu kwesiseko pier iza kuba ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• VC = SC x HC;
• Pc = VC xq;
• Pfc = PC x N;
• Sfc = SC x N;

apho SC - ekuxhaseni indawo intsika, HC - ukuphakama, VC - ikholam volume, PC - ubunzima umhlathi, q - izinto column uxinano, N - inani elipheleleyo izibonda, Pfc - ubunzima iyonke isiseko, Sfc - ummandla ewonke ngenkxaso.

isisekelo Layisha igoqo

Ukusetyenziswa kwale formula ukuze wenze ukubala imithwalo phezu kwesiseko igoqo, naye kunokwenzeka, kodwa kuya kufuneka ukuba ilungiswe kancinci. Oko kukuthi, xa umphumo ifunyenwe sele yi indlela elidlulileyo, kufuneka liphindaphindwe ngenani lilonke yezikhala, uze udibanise ibhanti ubunzima (kulo mzekelo, ukuba ibhanti sasetyenziswa kolu lwakhiwo). Ukuze ufumane ubungakanani ofunekayo, ukufumeneyo yi loxinano (ubunzima ezithile) yezinto ezazisetyenziswa zemveliso yezikhala.

Xa inani isekela helical eyaziwa (N) ubunzima ngesakhiwo (P), umdlali ophethe ngokuxhasa ipropati eyodwa lulwahlulo P / N. Kufuneka ube ukulungele ukukhetha yamakariti efanelekileyo, kukho umthamo amangalele ethile kwaye ubude ngokweemeko iimpawu zejoloji yasekuhlaleni.

Umthwalo phezu kwesiseko sendlu

Ukwenza umthwalo ngokubanzi kwi ekubaleni isiseko sendlu, umdibaniso ubunzima iinxalenye ngamnye zendlu:

• Iizilebhu zonke iindonga.
• Iingcango neefestile.
• Systems kunye yophahla.
• Imibhobho zokufudumeza kunye umoya, imibhobho.
• Zonke ngombala zokuhombisa, umphunga kunye namanzi zokufunda kwakhona.
• izixhobo ezahlukeneyo, ifanitshala kunye ngezinyuko.
• Zonke iintlobo zokubopha.
• Abantu abathi bahlala sakhiwo.

Oku kuya kufuna ezinye engumfuziselo iitafile (umyinge kuxhomekeka izinto zokwakha yelungu ngalinye) ngaphambili ibalwa ziingcali. Ngoku unako ukusebenzisa ngokulula. Umzekelo:

1. Kuba izakhiwo kunye isidumbu, Ebubanzini apho engekho ngaphezulu kwe-150 mm, umyinge we-50 kg / m2 siyalayisha.
2. Ukuba uludonga eyenziwe ngekhonkrithi ovundileyo, Ebubanzini leyo ukuya ku-50 cm, - 600 kg / m2.
3. Iindonga Ebubanzini obubambekayo-15 cm ukuya ekuphembeleleni umthwalo-350 kg / m2.
4. Igqubuthelayo, xa isiseko apho uyilo ngokusekelwe eziphathekayo isetyenzisiwe, bebanjwe amandla 500 kg / m2.
5. Ukugubungela warming kunye ngeeplanga iinkuni - kg 300 / m2.
6. Uphahla - umlinganiselo 50 kg / m2.
7. Ukuba kuyimfuneko ixabiso obonisa ixesha umthwalo ikhephu, oko kudla ixabiso kwe 190 kg / m2 - ukuya kwiindawo ezisemantla, 50kg / m2 - Southern, 100 kg / m2 - kuba band ephakathi, okanye uyifumane phinda indawo ibiqikelelwe ye kophahla kwi reference umthwalo oluthile ikhephu.
8. Ukuba ufuna ukubala umthwalo umoya, lo gama luncedo wokubala ilandelayo:

HB = R × (40 × H + 15),

apho P - yi ariya lilonke kwesakhiwo, kunye H - ubude besakhiwo.

Umzekelo yokubala

Ukusebenzisa ubalo ngasentla iya kuvumela ukufumanisa ngokuchanekileyo ubungakanani eyimfuneko isiseko kunye nokukhusela ngokwalo iminyaka emininzi isakhiwo ethembekileyo. Kwaye ukuba kube lula ukuqonda ukuba usebenzise indlela amanani kufuneka ukubona Umzekelo osekelwe phezu imithwalo isiseko.

Ngokomzekelo, thatha i data ye indlu enomgangatho omnye-ngekonkriti ovundileyo ibekwe kwindawo ekhuselweyo ukusuka ikhephu kunye nomoya. Gable uphahla kunye utyekelo ka-45%. Fundam - monolithic tape 6h3h0,5 m Iindonga: .. Height-3 m-40 cm lomhlaba ububanzi - udongwe.

1. umthwalo uphahla ebalwe umthwalo 1 m2 kwelivi, kulo mzekelo -. 1.5 m womxhuzulane ngqo nge-6 - 50 kg / m2 / HC = 50 * 1.5 = 75 kg.
2. umthwalo Wall bubonwa phinda ukuphakama kwaye ubukhulu kwi umthwalo reference ethile 2: HC = 600 * 3 * 0.4 = 720 kg.
3. Layisha zinonxibelelwano lilwandisela isithuba imithwalo yi isixa 4: H = (6 * 3/6 * 2) * 500 = 750 kg. indawo impahla kumiselwa indawo umlinganiselo isiseko nobude namacala aso, apho cinezela libe lisalele ukudlulela.
4. Umthwalo ukusuka kwisiseko ibhanti (Q eziphathekayo uhlalutye - 230 kg / m2): 6 * 3 * 0,4 * 230 = 1656 kg.
5. Layisha enye imitha iziseko: Kodwa = 75 + 720 + 750 + 1656 = 3201 kg.
6. Imvelaphi yexabiso umthwalo udongwe: CR = 1.5 kg / cm2. Kulo mzekelo umthwalo ngokunxulumene neziseko isikwere silingana: Hy = 3201/1800 = 1.8 kg / cm2, apho 6x3 = 18 m2 = 1800 cm2.

Lo mzekelo ubonisa ukuba la ubungakanani data lokuqala isiseko ekhethiweyo asanelanga, ekubeni ixabiso ubalwe mkhulu reference avumelekile kwaye akuqinisekisi ukuthembeka yokwakha. Ixabiso olifunayo ujongwa Ukukhetha stepwise.

Xa becwangcisa ulwakhiwo zokuhlala kunye nocazululo eyenziweyo kuyimfuneko, kungenjalo imiphumo amaxabiso olungachanekanga ibe emibi.