Indawo Geographical. Yintoni kuthiwa bume eendawo

okusingqongileyo Geographical - oko kuyinxalenye yendalo, esinxibelelana ngqo abantu. Kuyimfuneko ukuba ngabantu ukusombulula iingxaki imveliso ubomi. Ukwahluka olukhoyo kwindalo, wahlulelene ngokwendalo lamandla oluntu. Waba nenxaxheba ngokuzingela nokuloba, izilwanyana, imigodi, njl Iimpawu eye yendalo esingqongileyo yendalo, banike imiyalelo ezithile zezinto ezenziwa luluntu. Imizekelo namasebe ezithile zemveliso, leyo ayahluka ngamazwe kunye mmandla.

History of uphuhliso

indawo Geographical iye yavela ngenxa nasekusungulweni onokuphila komhlaba. Ngaphezu koko akukho mali lwalo lokukhawulelana nophuhliso. Lonke ixesha elinikiweyo yahlulwe zizazinzulu zibe ngamanqanaba amathathu. Eyokuqala kwaqhubeka malunga neebhiliyoni neminyaka emithathu. Yaba ubukho eziphilayo zilula. Umoya kwi inyathelo lokuqala okusingqongileyo ngokwezelizwe eziqulethwe ingxenye encinane mpilo. Kodwa ke ngelo xesha kwakukho eninzi carbon dioxide.

Isigaba sesibini kwathatha malunga amahlanu anamashumi asixhenxe ezigidi iminyaka. Ngokuba kuye indima phambili eziphilayo kwinkqubo yophuhliso kunye nokusekwa emvulophini eendawo into ekuso. Ngeli xesha, amatye ezingasetyenziswanga imvelaphi zomgquba, kwakunye ukutshintsha ukwakhiwa emoyeni kunye namanzi. Konke oku kwenzeka ngenxa photosynthesis yezityalo eziluhlaza. Isiphelo Kweli nqanaba yaba ixesha yimbonakalo yomntu phezu eMhlabeni.

Amane amawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo kwaqalisa yokugqibela, ixesha mihla kuphuhliso emvulophini eendawo. Ngeli xesha, ulwalamano phakathi komntu nendalo itshintshe kakhulu Abantu baqalisa ukuphembelela ngokukuko iindawo ezahlukeneyo kokusingqongileyo eendawo, kuba ngaphandle kwalo babengakwazi baphile kwaye kuphuhliswe ngakumbi.

Ngoko ke, uluntu izise iintlobo ezintsha lezilwanyana kunye nezityalo. Iyakwazi kwintsimi nekhampasi kwaye kancinane izityalo kunye nezilwanyana zasendle.

ezona zinto zibalulekileyo

Ziziphi izakhiwo NdinguMenzi bume yejografi? Luquka becala zimke kwelo zwe. Yindawo apho kukho imfundo yezentlalo-mthetho olungenazipolitiki okanye isizwe. Lo mmandla sinezi zixhobo zilandelayo:

1. Indawo Geographical. It ibonakalisa kwizikolo ezikude kakhulu le ndawo ukusuka ikhweyitha nezibonda, ubukho bayo kwisiqithi othile, lizwekazi, njl Ukususela indawo okuyo kuxhomekeke kakhulu eziliqela iimpawu kaRhulumente (umhlaba, imozulu, izilwanyana, izityalo, njalo njalo).
2. Umphezulu mphandle. Lubonakala nezinga kommandla ruggedness, ubukho iintaba neenduli, ubukho nezihlambo kunye namathafa, njl
3. Nohlobo lomhlaba. Iiplastiki podzolic kwaye afumileyo, kwaye uyisanti chernozem njl
4. Izibilini zomhlaba. Le ibandakanya iinkalo isakhiwo zejoloji mmandla, kwakunye ebusweni kuyo ubutyebi bezimbiwa.

Ilungu lesibini iimeko zemozulu ke bume eendawo. Oku kuquka:

- umgangatho nobungakanani amandla elanga zafunyanwa ummandla othile;

- utshintsho lobushushu zamaxesha yemihla ngemihla;

- uhlobo kunye nemali ye kwezulu;

- ukufuma;

- izinga cloudiness;

- ubukho emhlabeni le permafrost;

- amandla kunye nolwalathiso yimimoya, njl

Zonke iziqalelo bume yendalo, nto leyo eyinxalenye ye ingqiqo kwemozulu.

Ilungu elandelayo ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila ngayo umhlaba amanzi. Kulo ibandakanya umlambo kunye ulwandle, amachibi kunye imigxobhozo, nemithombo izimbiwa kunye komhlaba. "Man-indalo" kwinkqubo yophuhliso kakhulu kunene. Ngaloo ndlela, izinto ezininzi ezenziwa ngabantu kuba nempembelelo enkulu zeenkqubo yeelwandle lokuhlola amanzi, amachibi kunye nemilambo, iqondo lobushushu, ngoku, etyuwa, njl zamerzaemost

Olunye uhlobo izakhiwo apho indawo okuyo? Kukuba enezityalo nezilwanyana. Oku kuquka zonke eziphilayo ezihlala emanzini, emhlabeni kwaye emhlabeni. Le ntaka, izilwanyana, izityalo kunye nezilwanyana ezincane.

Ngokusekelwe kule nkcazelo ingasentla, oko kuthiwa okusingqongileyo yejografi? Oku isethi kwiindawo indawo, phezu kwefowuni, iiminerali, umhlaba, amanzi, imozulu, kunye nezityalo nezilwanyana kwindawo ethile ye Umhlaba, apho aphambukele abaphuhlise nxenye ithile phakathi kwabantu.

indawo

Le nto ibaluleke kakhulu kuluntu. isakhiwo sayo banzi kakhulu ngaphezu koko yokusingqongileyo eendawo. Ziquka ntoni kuyo? Kukho iindidi ezithile okusingqongileyo - yendalo ngumntu.

Eyokuqala kwezi - umhlaba onokuphila. Lo ngummandla ubomi zonke izidalwa eziphilayo. Le semvelo ibandakanya abameli hayi kuphela izilwanyana kunye nezityalo, kodwa nazo zonke zokuhlala kwabo. Kakade ke, ulwalamano phakathi komntu nendalo into yokuba abantu bafunde rhoqo kwaye ukuguqula ummandla ngakumbi nangakumbi. Ngenxa yoluntu, ezi zenzo angafanele kuphela. Ukuphuhliswa kobutyebi, uhlobo data, kubangele ukukhula ukuqina of ezibonakalayo kuphela kodwa izinto zokomoya loluntu. Abantu abayi kukwazi ukuba abe nengqiqo, ukuba bafunda ukwenza into entsha - into ayikho ehlabathini.

Iintlobo bume iquka yokuhlala ngumntu. Kuyinto yonke into yenziwe yi le ndoda ngokwayo. Oku kuphela ezahlukahlukeneyo, kodwa isuselwe ukuzala ngokusebenzisa ukufuywa izityalo kunye nezilwanyana.

Ixabiso kokusingqongileyo ndiyakhele yoluntu, ngakumbi ngakumbi luyanda minyaka yonke. Nangona kunjalo, le Dynamics oku yinkxalabo. Into yokuba imo engqongileyo iye isihla ngokomgangatho ngenxa yoluntu. Umthamo yonke into yenziwa ngumntu, sele kude lidlula ubunzima izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni.

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba bume yendawo wabhekisela onokuphila lonke ojikeleze ibutho labantu, endaweni yayo kukho amacandelo eyenziwe ngumntu ngokohlobo iinkampani kunye nezixeko, emendweni, njl izinto ezinjalo elikholisa ukubizwa ngokuba uhlobo 'yesibini ". Noko ke, igama elithi "okusingqongileyo" kwizivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe linentsingiselo eyahlukileyo kancinane. Libhekisela kuphela biosphere yendalo.

intsebenziswano kuphikisana

Nayiphi na inkqubela kunokwenzeka kuphela nje ngenxa umzabalazo kunye ngaxeshanye umanyano aphikisanayo. Kwihlabathi kukho bahlukene ezimbini. Yeyona indalo kunye nabantu. Ngalinye kula mabutho, ubomi nemithetho yayo. Kwaye ke kukho nto ayimangalisi kwi isibakala sokuba kuyo yonke imbali yoluntu umzabalazo kunye nendalo.

Oku kuye kwabangela ukuphuculwa kwezixhobo, athe axhamla ukusuka ilitye koomatshini laser. Indalo kunye nomntu ayahlukanga undoqo intsebenziswano yabo phezu zeminyaka emininzi. Amanye isikali zentsimbi kunye neentlobo omzabalazo.

ubunye

Man kunye nokusingqongileyo ndawonye inkqubo yemveliso kwezinto eziphathekayo. Abantu boyise imvelo, kodwa unako ukwenza kuphela ngokungqinelana nemithetho yayo. Yonke imiba yendawo yokusingqongileyo ezifunekayo ukuze umntu. Ngaphandle kwabo ke abanakukwazi. Kwaye kukho imizekelo emininzi. Indalo kunye nomntu banye. Oku kuchazwe njani? Into yokuba abantu - hayi ukuba kwezentlalo. Bona Biosocial. Umzimba wakhe singabakhe indalo, kwaye kulo mba, hit ngamnye kuchaphazela impilo yethu.

Nantsi eminye imizekelo. Nature and Man ukusebenzisana bakhuphisane ngokusebenzisa imveliso kunye zobunjineli. Noko ke, nayiphi na inkqubo yindlela sabele izinto oluntu indalo. Ngoko ke, kufuneka kusekwa kukho unxulumano oluhle ezi ezichaseneyo ezimbini.

Ngoko ke, ingcamango "indalo", ziyahlelwa uluntu zihlobene. Kungenxa yoko le nto ekuphuhliseni uluntu akufuneki angqamane kwinkqubo ngendaleko kuzo zonke oko kokusingqongileyo eendawo. Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba imvelo uhlobo lomzimba ezingaphiliyo womntu. Kungenxa yoko le nto ukusekwa lwemveliso, ekwaziyo kokutshabalalisa imo engqongileyo, etshabalalisayo kangaka.

Isidingo iinkqubo zobugcisa

uluntu umntu ongazishiyiyo indalo ubutyebi. Le nkqubo ukutya (amandla kunye nolwazi) phakathi kwabantu nendalo. Yenzeka njani le nto? Kwindalo, kukho kakhulu kwimijikelo isikali kwezinto ezahlukeneyo. Man nzima yale mijikelo kwaye yenza ezahlukene umgangatho. Ukongezelela, abantu udala into hayi zifumaneka kwindalo. Ngenxa yoko, Ngokwezibalo, iminyaka ngeminyaka yonke, izazinzulu kuhlelwe phantse amabini anamanci amawaka akazange zabakho iikhemikali. Noko ke, loo izinto, okanye engafakwanga natural kumjikelo kwezinto, okanye kungena kuwo, kodwa ngobunzima obukhulu.

Igcina umhlaba onokuphila

Yemo engqongileyo, leyo inkxalabo lokusingqongileyo kwiminyaka yakutshanje nokuba ingaphuculwa ngokudala ukuveliswa kwenkunkuma-free. Oko kuya kunika? Kulo mzekelo, umjikelo wemveliso uya engenakuphinda izinto ezithathwe indalo. Okubonakalayo ingasetyenziswa ngeentsimbi ezindala kunye nephepha inkunkuma, amanqaku amadala iirubber, iglasi kunye zeplastiki. Loo nto ayikho iindleko-kuphela. Kubangel 'umdla omkhulu eziphilayo ukuze iplanethi yethu.

Kwiintlobo ngeentlobo amashishini zemveliso non inkunkuma-kufuneka zidityaniswe ukwenzela ukuba inkunkuma lomnye wabo waba izinto ekrwada omnye. Kungenjalo siphefumla umoya ongcolileyo kwaye behlupheka kukungabi amanzi acocekileyo. Konke oku kukhokelela kuphuhliso izifo ezininzi ebantwini.

iingxaki politiko

Abaphengululi abaninzi baye bayiphawula into yokuba indawo karhulumente, leyo yenye amacandelo kokusingqongileyo eendawo, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba uphuhliso kweli lizwe. Ichaphazela umgaqo-nkqubo jikelele (geopolitics) uluntu. Kutheni na le nto? kungenziwa ngokusekelwe kumava embali, kwisigqibo kukuba kummandla naliphi na ilizwe ngumthombo qhinga. Ngokwemiqathango ukubaluleka oko kwindawo yokuqala.

Kunye nokusingqongileyo eendawo, oko kukuthi, kunye namacandelo ayo ezifana namanzi, umoya, umhlaba, njl, idityanisiwe yonke imisebenzi ebalulekileyo phakathi kwabantu. Kuyinto alohlukaniswa ezi zinto kunye iinjongo zayo ngokomoya. Nkqu kumaxesha amandulo izizwe ezininzi ezininzi imiba okusingqongileyo geographical kwakhiwa kwi elikwisikhundla oothixo. Yaye kude kube ngoku, unqulo iyaqhubeka ukudlala indima enkulu kwipolitiki mihla. Oku ngokukodwa kwi the World yesiThathu.

Isizathu sokuba uphuhliso abahluphekayo kumazwe amaninzi yoluntu mihla ukulandela izithethe zonqulo nakuzwelonke, nasasebenzayo nangoku kule mihla yamandulo bizela kokusingqongileyo eendawo zokuhlala kwabo. Oku kuchaza ukuhla ukuba siye sabona kwi impucuko yaseYiputa namaNdiya. Isiphumo sale nkqubo umsebenzi ongekenziwa kwimimandla data kwezopolitiko, kwezenkcubeko nakwezoqoqosho.

Ubudlelwane International ukongeza kolawulo indawo azimisele kwaye ubukho (ukungabikho) lwezixhobo zendalo. Ngenxa yoko, Afrika ngokubaluleka qhinga kuqoqosho lwehlabathi, kwakunye US izilangazelelo politiko. Imithombo ephambili zendalo loo ntsimi - oyile. Eli candelo yokusingqongileyo eendawo imisela zombini nkqubo zangaphakathi nangaphandle ze-United States.

amazwe aphuhlileyo kakhulu baye baphumelela kwinqanaba eliphezulu inkqubela yobugcisa kunye nobuchwepheshe. izixhobo Modern uvumela ukusetyenziswa isebenzayo kwezibonelelo zendalo ezikhoyo. Oku kunciphisa ukuxhomekeka lenkampani ukusuka kokusingqongileyo eendawo.

Xa amazwe yokukhula kwenani labantu yeHlabathi Okwesithathu idlula uphuhliso inkqubela zobugcisa. Kungenxa yoko le nto umphefumlo koluntu amazwe enokuchatshazelwa kakhulu kokusingqongileyo eendawo. Ayimangalisi into yokuba iintlekele zemvelo kumazwe afana baphathe inani elikhulu ubomi. Oku kungenxa ukwehluleka ukwenza nolwemozulu kwangethuba ziintlekele zendalo, owafuna inyathelo ukunciphisa inani lamaxhoba.

Le ngxaki yendlala

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ihlabathi efunde oovimba ebonakalayo ukutya. Noko ke, nangona oku, yafa yindlala malunga amahlanu ezigidi zabantu kunyaka ngamnye. Uninzi ngokupheleleyo abantu abangondlekanga bahlala kumazwe e-Afrika, Asia kunye Latin America. Oku amazwe World Okwesithathu, ogama uqoqosho luphawulwa umsebenzi wezandla nobugcisa abangekaphuhli kwakudala. Isizathu soku kumgangatho osezantsi yi-bulumko aba bantu bahlala kumazwe. Bona zisaxhomekeke kokusingqongileyo eendawo kunye yimfumba yeziveliso zayo.

Indima uhlobo umphakathi wabantu namhlanje

Ukusuka zonke kwisigqibo ngasentla nga kuzotywa loo ndoda kunye nokusingqongileyo musa sele sibe nolwalamano olusenyongweni enjalo, njengoko kumaxesha angaphambili. Indima ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila ekuphuhliseni uluntu sele lehlile kwi langoku okwangoku. Oku kwenziwe imibulelo ukuba inkqubela revolution yenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe.

Kodwa kwangaxeshanye kukho ubudlelwane ezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho kunye geopolitics yamazwe ekufumanekeni kwezibonelelo kwezimbiwa. Ukungabikho kwezi eziyimfuneko ukuze imveliso imikhosi Icandelo ezenziwa ngabantu zokukhangela kubo kwezinye iindawo, maxa wambi nkqu iindlela ndlongondlongo. Ukongezelela kwiindawo ezibalulekileyo lwa umgangatho womoya, amanzi kunye nomhlaba ochumileyo. Ezi zinto zibonisa ukuba indima engqongileyo eendawo kwi ekuphuhliseni uluntu usekho enye yezinto ezibalulekileyo. Kwaye ke non-obonakalayo yale yobunyani ibe unobangela wale ntlekele eziphilayo.

indawo Geographical kunye nempilo yabantu

Imeko imizimba yethu engqongileyo enokuchatshazelwa kakhulu amanzi kunye nokutya. La macandelo kufuneka uphawu ezahlukileyo ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo yabo. Oku kungenxa yokuba ubukho okanye ukungabikho kuzo kwezinye imichiza. Ukutya namanzi mgangathweni kunokubangela izifo ezithile, ezifumaneka kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, abantu abahlala aseBalti, Finland, eJamani, kwakunye kwimimandla kumntla-ntshona eRashiya, ulahlekelwa inkalo imichiza, ngathi selenium. Oku kubangela ukonakala imisipha yenhliziyo kukuvela iposi engabalulekanga.

Wonke umntu uyazi ukuba isiphumo esempilweni ukuba unalo phezu kwabantu nohlobo eCrimea. Oku kungenxa nje kuphela imozulu intle, nisikrokrele elwandle kunye nomoya ionization. Inyaniso kukuba kwimihlaba ezininzi lizwe Lithium iCrimea. Le element lineziphumo luncedo kwinkqubo luvo yabantu, ukhupha umthwalo engqondweni.

Abantu abahlala kwimimandla apho imihlaba babe isiqalelo esithambileyo esimhlophe, nabasengaphezu kwemfuneko nangoku, ngokufuthi ubunzima ngenxa isifo sezintso. Baye kwanciphisa isixa iiprothini emzimbeni, ezi ezinezigulo eqhelekileyo kakhulu.

Ukuba umzimba womntu kukho isiqulatho nangakumbi isiqalelo esithambileyo esimhlophe, ndimalathise, loo nto ibonisa ukuba ityhefu obuchopho. Le oosonzululwazi bafumanisa ukuba kwiindawo apho imihlaba abangamahlwempu ayibe, iinkqubo ezingafanelekanga olwenzeka emzimbeni zonke izilwanyana. Iimazi ulahlekelwa umba, ukuncipha. ekuweni degreased uboya kunye nobisi.

Xa kukho okusingqongileyo wejografi Iodine, sesinye sezifo zixhaphakileyo zabantu zibe goiter ikho. Le ngezifo, nto, uba unobangela ukuphazamiseka kunye nemisebenzi hormone ngayo le ndlala lengqula. Isoutbos iqhelekileyo North America kunye Central Asia, nakumahlathi Belarusian neHolland. Ezo izifo zamazinyo eyaziwa ngokuba yidityaniso kunye fluorosis, ibe ngunobangela ithambo. Eyokuqala kuzo livela ukunqongophala kokutya kunye fluorine amanzi kunye nezinye - kunye agqithisile nesiqalelo.

Enesiqulatho nangakumbi nickel emhlabeni (Yuzhnyy phambene, Kazakhstan kunye nabanye.) Lo mntu aphazamiseke epithelial kwaye konakalise inwebu iliso. Ukunqongophala molybdenum (Florida, New Zealand, eOstreliya) ebangela ukuphazamiseka kwendlela nitrogen ukutya.

A nefuthe elibi kwimpilo yabantu na ungcoliseko lokusingqongileyo wejografi yokuhlala. Enetyhefu igesi yethu monoxide ephilayo carbon ezenziwa ukutshiswa engaphelelanga-oyile namalahle. "Abathengisi" yayo na izicokisi oyile amatye okusila ziintsimbi, kwakunye nezithuthi. Umntu enesifo enzima elaye ecaleni kweendlela. Ezi ziquka ilothe, nto leyo enika ihemoglobin yokuqaphela, ingqondo kunye nezintso. Nickel isiqalelo esithambileyo esimhlophe, kunye negalelo ukuvela somhlaza.