Import endaweni - le nkqubo yokungenisa endaweni ...

Uqoqosho Russian ngoku lokuzibona akunguye amaxesha kakhulu izinzile. Oku kubangelwa ubukhulu becala ukuxhomekeka eliphezulu kwamasebe ngamnye loqoqosho lwesizwe ukusuka nabathengisi abavela kwamanye amazwe. Kulo mba, uphuhliso loqoqosho kweli lizwe uba endaweni yokungenisa ingakumbi efanelekileyo. Yintoni le nkqubo? Zeziphi amacandelo ezoqoqosho Russia, kuyinto kuyimfuneko?

definition

Import endaweni - kukuthi, ngokutyhilwa eqhelekileyo, inkqubo kwinqanaba loqoqosho lwesizwe, nto leyo olunikiweyo ukukhululwa eyimfuneko yangaphakathi abenzi iimpahla yabathengi imikhosi, imisebenzi phambili kweli lizwe. Le nkqubo inokuba ingxaki ingekehli okanye izidubuli. Kwimeko yokuqala lempahla yokungenisa azikhutshwa ukwenzela ukugcina ngaphandle ezikhuphisanayo nabathengisi abavela kwamanye amazwe ukuya emarikeni. Kule yesibini, ukubana seziqingatha ahambelanayo basemzini.

Ngenxa yoko, bobabini wobeko yokungenisa nga advantageously kusekelwa iindlela zorhwebo okanye ungenelelo yolawulo izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo kwezopolitiko. Kwimeko yokuqala endaweni yokungenisa ngempumelelo - ibangelwa enobulungisa yokhuphiswano. oko umenzi Domestic uyakubonisa kumthengi ukuba iimpahla yena uvelisa ngcono kwaye zitshiphu ngaphezu kumthengisi langaphandle. Chance, Noko ke, kukho ukhetho phantsi apho le nkqubo iza kuqhutywa ngenxa ukuvalwa yolawulo imisebenzi ebekwe kwi basemzini.

isimo Russian

Imeko yezoqoqosho eRashiya namhlanje kukuba kwilizwe lethu, ngenisa endaweni kuyimfuneko, ngokutsho abahlalutyi abaninzi, kumacandelo engundoqo emininzi. Ngelo xesha linye kwezinye iinxalenye inkqubo ahambelanayo nga phambili xa iimeko emarikeni ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi kwezinye abavelisi Russian kuya kuba luncedo ngenxa imiba yezolawulo. Ngenxa yoko, ngenisa endaweni eRashiya kungenzeka ukuba kwenzeke phantsi zombini meko, kuxhomekeke mboni.

ezolimo

Ukwayo Ukutya kwi kubathengisi West yaseYurophu iimveliso zezolimo - stimulus akhutheleyo kuphuhliso loshishino yasekhaya kwintsimi efanelekileyo. abalimi Russian bafumene ithuba ibonwe ukuphumeza ukungenisa endaweni ngomlinganiselo omkhulu. Uluhlu lwempahla zawa phantsi kokuvalwa yokungenisa, ebanzi kakhulu. iimveliso Le yobisi, kunye nemifuno kunye neziqhamo, inyama kunye neenqoba. umthamo Market of kwezinye iinxalenye ingeniso urhwebo phakathi Russia kunye namazwe Koloni kwicandelo lezolimo uthelekelelwa iibhiliyoni zeerandi wezazi.

Kakade ke, kule ndawo iya kuba yokhuphiswano: ingakumbi, kunikezelo yemveliso avela kwelaseAsiya, eMzantsi Merika, Afrika, kwakunye ukususela United of the Customs Union mazenziwe eRashiya simahla - akukho izohlwayo ngokuphathelele kwimisebenzi efanelekileyo apho. Kodwa ke, nangona khona i zabathengisi ezizezinye yaseYurophu iimveliso zolimo eRashiya yokungenisa endaweni kwezolimo - phakathi eziphambili eliphezulu kuphuhliso loqoqosho kwixa elizayo. Umbuzo omkhulu, iingcali zithi, isebenza njani iya kuba intsebenziswano phakathi kwamafama kunye kwabomthetho practice.

imboni

Ngokuphathelele ubungakanani imfuneko yokuba iimveliso ezinye nabathengisi abavela kwamanye amazwe kunye nabasebenzisi Russian avuse ikakhulu ngenxa kukuwa engange. impahla evela kwamanye amazwe ziye kuba ziindleko ezinkulu kakhulu. Ngezigaba ezininzi shishino, oko kumiselwa indyebo amaxabiso iimveliso ngaphakathi elizweni. Irhweba, nithi, umatshini, okanye amanye amacandelo radio-elektroniki, umvelisi Russian liye lajamelana iindleko kakhulu ikhule, lisisiqalo kwiimeko ezininzi kwaba kunokwenzeka ngendlela enye - ngokwanda amaxabiso abasebenzisi basekhaya.

Kodwa, kufakwe yokungenisa shishino xa kufikwa imeko Russian, abanxiba kude hayi kwavusa kuphela. Kokuwa engange uye wayidlala, ngokutsho iingcali ezininzi, ukusa kumkhamo othile indima entle kwezoqoqosho. Inyaniso kukuba enyanisweni uphelelo imali Russian, iindleko ezininzi zokulima kunye ngumvuzo ngokubhekiselele dollar, ngokunjalo, eneneni, correlative kunye ezininzi kwezinye iimali ezinkulu ehlabathini, wawa kakhulu kunene. Kushishino Russian, ngenxa yoko, waba unokumnceda nokutyala.

Ukuba ujonga iingxelo ze-Ofisi yoMphathiswa wezeMali ngo-2014 ngokuphathelele indlela eluhamba ngayo uqoqosho, siyakwazi ukubona ukuba ngokubonakalayo naqhama Russian Federation , imveliso mveliso - nge 1.4%. Nangona GDP, ngokutsho uqikelelo preliminary, ukwanda nge-0.6% ngo-2014. Kwakhona, ezinye iingcali zithi nangona kwezinye uncharacteristic kakhulu, oko kuya kubonakala; ngokuba ziqwempu zethu imveliso yesizwe lwenzeka endaweni import. Uluhlu iimveliso ziveliswa ngokukhutheleyo eRashiya, uhlobo, ingakumbi, izixhobo zombane zasekhaya, elektroniki, lo gama uninzi abemi baqhele, iyafumaneka Asia. Nangona kukho inguqulelo ukuba la manani zibangelwa kwesidingo lobume kwemfuneko imveliso ethile. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba kufuneka ukuba ulinde ukuqinisekisa uhlobo esisiseko kulo mkhuba.

Ngenisa endaweni kushishino Russian, ngoko lubonakaliswa ngeendlela ezimbini. Okokuqala, ukuba banqwenela abathengi ukuba babe ukufikelela kwiimveliso zitshiphu. Okwesibini, le nomtsalane uqoqosho Russian ngokwalo iindleko zemveliso.

Industry: sphere oxhomekekileyo

Ziziphi iinkalo zoshishino weRashiya imfuneko ukungenisa kuchaphazeleka kakhulu? Phakathi kakhulu ixhomekeke izinto zangaphandle mveliso - izixhobo machine. Xa isabelo sakhe sokungena, njengoko uqikelelo kwezinye abahlalutyi - malunga ne-90%. Le oomatshini enzima ayikho ngaphantsi kakhulu - malunga ne-80%. ukuxhomekeka ezikhulu kwizinto ezingeniswa elizweni kunye kushishino ukukhanya - amanani amanye amacandelo yawo ukufikelela 90%. Xa ishishini lamachiza, ukuxhomekeka enokuthelekiseka neyamanye yokudla.

Ngokuphathelele imveliso, iingcali zithi, kufuneka sibe inkqubo yokungenisa endaweni elikhulu asakhasayo kakhulu axhaswa ngurhulumente. Sebenza kule anikhokele njengoko sokuba yonke. Ukuba iphunyezwe ngempumelelo ngabasemagunyeni abanolwazi, kule minyaka imbalwa izayo kunokwenzeka, ngokutsho kwezinye abahlalutyi, ukunciphisa intsebenzo kuxhomekeke ngasinye kumashishini nge-30%, okanye ngaphezulu.

IT-mveliso

Russian-IT-mveliso - enye ezanda kuqoqosho. Unga kwakhona uqaphele into yokuba abaninzi IT-iimveliso ukusuka Russian Federation yaziwa kakuhle aphesheya. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba zethu IT-school kakhulu kukhuphiswano. Noko ke, njengoko abathile abahlalutyi ziqikelela ukuxhomekeka kwisigaba Russian lobugcisa ulwazi entshona-ukwenza nto ebalulekileyo. Malunga ne-70% ye-software esetyenziswa yi ngumsebenzisi, kokubini yabucala yaye kwinqanaba loshishino, inikezelwa ngabaphuhlisi amazwe. Kwaye nangona yokuba ngezigaba ezininzi software kukho enye ukuya Russian, ngubani kuqwalaselwa ziingcali ezininzi, akukho ngaphantsi imifuziselo angaphandle umsebenzi kunye nomgangatho.

Enye yeengxoxo eziphambili ngakwicala usebenzisa zasekhaya IT-izisombululo, abahlalutyi bathi imfuneko ukubandakanyeka software ngokhuseleko ezininzi namacandelo oshishino. Umsebenzi kwamashishini ezininzi ezinxulumene ugqithiso lwedata mfihlakalo. Uninzi iinkokeli mveliso Russian bakholisa ukuba amathandabuzo malunga nokusetyenziswa software amazwe kwiimeko ezinjalo. Kwakhona, umsebenzi iinkampani ezininzi ezinxulumene imfuneko ukugcina ukusebenza kakuhle kakhulu iinkqubo umncedisi, nto leyo maxa wambi inika nje kuphela abo baboneleli ukuba ibekwe ngqo kwi Russian Federation.

Inkqubo yokungenisa endaweni ohambelana eRashiya, iingcali zikholelwa, uye zonke izibonelelo zokuphunyezwa ngempumelelo. Nditsho ziqwempu ithekhinoloji nobunzima ye-IT-mveliso, njengoko uphuhliso lweenkqubo zokusebenza, badwelisi benkqubo ukusuka eRashiya kuyingenelo njengendlela eyenye kubanikezeli Western.

Ngenxa yoko, ngenisa endaweni - inkqubo zingangqamana naliphi na ishishini. Sityumbe isitshixo ezimbalwa. Imeko yezoqoqosho eRashiya ubiza endaweni yokungenisa ekuqaleni ngezigaba ezininzi loqoqosho lwesizwe, kodwa ukuphumeza oko Oko akusoloko kulula. Kutheni? Cinga bokuqonda ezisisiseko ezinxulumene zenene umsebenzi ochaphazelekayo.

iingxaki

Import endaweni - kuba multifactorial, kunzima ngokwemigaqo ukusebenza nokusebenzisa le nkqubo. Impumelelo yophumezo yayo ixhomekeke kwisigqibo inani kujonge izinto eziyingxaki uphawu kuqoqosho Russian. Yintoni, umzekelo?

Okokuqala, oko banqongophele kakhulu, njengoko iingcali abaninzi bakholelwa, amashishini Russian ukufikelela ngetyala. Inyaniso ukuba izohlwayo ezibekwe yi-EU kunye US kwiinkampani ezininzi ukusuka Russian Federation musa ukuvumela mboleko kwamanye amazwe, nto leyo kakhulu wasiza ngaphambili. Kwelinye icala, mboleko eRashiya ayikho kotaka: izinga ekukhutshweni kwemali Central Bank ngoku - 15%, kwaye ufumane imali-mboleko ukuya inkampani, mhlawumbi, iya kuba nako kwi ipesenti engayi kuba ngaphantsi kuneli xabiso. Ukuphuhlisa imveliso kunye nenzuzo, eziya kuhlawula iintlawulo zemali-mboleko kwiimeko ezifana bekuya kuba yingxaki.

Yiyiphi ingxaki enokwenzeka kunye nokufumaneka ngetyala? Ezinye iingcali zikholelwa ukuba amashishini ezininzi Russian akwazi ukufumana ekhululekile emalikeni ubonelelo lwemali projekthi okanye, umzekelo, entsimini lotyalo-mali, ngokwenza njalo abakwaziyo ukufikelela lamatyala lusisiseko esifanelekileyo, okanye eyinkunzi enikiweyo iminyinyiva phezu kwizabelo abanini yinkampani.

Loo mbono, Kakade ke, angahluthiyo noko yonke amashishini, kodwa mhlawumbi kungcono kunokuba ulinde iindaba ezivela ekampini Central Bank. Wobeko ne kurhulumente zenkxaso- iiprojekthi ezithile. Kwakhona, amashishini amaninzi ukuphuhlisa iindawo ezinxulumene ukuvelisa iimveliso ezintsha phantsi izivumelwano phantsi kwempahla yomphakathi.

Enye ingxaki ihamba endaweni yokungenisa Russia - ukunqongophala kwabasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo eziliqela mveliso. Ngowe-1990, abemi ezininzi Russian Federation, ukukhetha umsebenzi, sikhokelwa icandelo elinikelayo, ukuba iinkonzo. Engineering, abasebenzi ezobuchwepheshe abazange ethandwayo kakhulu. Ngenxa yoko, ngezigaba ezininzi namhlanje ukunqongophala kwabasebenzi.

Ukusombulula le ngxaki ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo. Eyona ezingabizi kakhulu - ngokutsha. Ngethamsanqa, amaziko Russian emfundo xa ewonke yahlala isiseko eziphuhlileyo yenzululwazi kunye mveliso, leyo mayenziwe isebenze zokuqeqesha ezahlukeneyo mveliso. Enye indlela - ukutsala abantu abavela kwamanye amazwe, nto leyo ke, ukuze nzima ngenxa neqondo eliphantsi le engange: hayi kuzo zonke iimeko eRashiya ukuze umntu abe nenzuzo ngakumbi ukuze isebenze. Ngelo xesha, urhulumente Russian uthathe amanyathelo elibalulekileyo uququzelelo ongenelelo kwelo lizwe. Ngokukodwa, ukuvulwa lwenkqubo afumane ubumi lula ukuba abantu nabanobuntu ebalulekileyo ne-Russia - ezinxulumene, aweelwimi kunye nenkcubeko.

Ubukhulu ngamazwe

Omnye umqobo abanesakhono endaweni yokungenisa ngempumelelo - imbopheleleko Russian Federation kwi-sikhokelo kobulungu WTO. Inyaniso kukuba ngenxa ukusayinwa izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe kunye namanye amazwe ngesakhiwo Russia ayinayo iinketho ezininzi kakhulu kuphazamiseko kwiinkqubo zoqoqosho-arhente zikarhulumente ukuze babe nenxaxheba, umzekelo, ukwenzela ukuba kukhuselwe imarike wesizwe nomba korhwebo kunye nabathengisi abavela kwamanye amazwe.

Ngoko ke, iinketho ukuze ufumane amandla ngaphezulu ukusuka kurhulumente Russian ayikho kakhulu kunene. Kukho ngenene - ukuba lirhoxe WTO. Noko ke, njengoko kuqatshelwe yi kwezinye iingcali, urhulumente phantsi imithetho ngoku, emiselwe ngokwezivumelwano WTO, afakwa umthamo ebonakalayo iyonke kwezixhobo ukukhusela iimfuno zabavelisi zasekhaya. Umbuzo kukuba ukusebenzisa indlela kakuhle le resource. Ngokomzekelo, ngowe-2015, eRashiya, njengoko kuqatshelwe abanye abahlaziyi, linokusebenzisa ilungelo ukunyenyisa izibophelelo lweerhafu ukuze le ndlela ngokukuko kakhulu ukukhusela eziliqela iinxalenye kurhwebo lwasekhaya lwaza ayithethi ukuphazamisa imithetho ekhoyo WTO.

kwimiba engunobangela wempumelelo

Umgaqo wokumelana yokungenisa eRashiya, nangona ukuntsonkotha esiphawuliweyo, unalo ithuba elihle okuphumelela. Oku kungenxa yezizathu ezininzi. Okokuqala, iinkampani Russian, kwiimeko ezininzi akukho ngxaki ukufikelela izinto eziyimfuneko ekrwada, imithombo yendalo. Okwesibini, iindleko zemveliso kwi lemveliso yokuvula i eRashiya kwiimeko ezininzi zithe gangqa amazwe, enyanisweni, ngenxa cheapness isalamane kwezibonelelo ezithile zendalo. Kwakhona eRashiya umbane kakhulu sitshiphu. Phezu iingenelo lomvuzo evela ngokunxulumene kukuwa engange, sele sitshilo. Okwesithathu, iRussia ezobuchwepheshe ebalulekileyo. Nangona esifakwa iqela elincinane lwamashishini - ubukhulu becala kwicandelo loshishino zokhuselo, xa ukuhambahamba esibhakabhakeni. Noko ke, ukuba kuyimfuneko, ngokutsho abahlalutyi abaninzi, kusenokwenzeka kusoloko ukuguqulela le okanye ukuba uphuhliso zomkhosi kwicandelo yoluntu.

indima edlalwa ngurhulumente

kuba njani ngempumelelo kuya necebo wokumelana yokungenisa eRashiya kwindawo kwishishini elithile, ubukhulu becala kuxhomekeka kwindawo karhulumente. Indlela apho zilungele abasemagunyeni Russian ukuphumeza-ezifuneka kakhulu ukuze umsebenzi kuqoqosho? Ngokubanzi, indlela urhulumente IsiRashiya ukuya umba sokungenisa ngokwaneleyo nzulu.

Ngokukodwa, ngo-Agasti 2014 Resolution loRhulumente Russian, ngokutsho apho isakhiwo esitsha sadalwa - kushishino mali le. Umngeni ongundoqo ukuba arhente uya kwenza, - nje ukunika amashishini kunye ngetyala kuyimfuneko. Kuthathwa ukuba iimeko ezi-mboleko azindilungele ngaphezu iinkampani kwibhanki obalaseleyo zorhwebo.

inkqubo endaweni sokungenisa, eyenziwe ngurhulumente, nayo iquka inani namanye amaphulo langutana. Umzekelo, ngoJuni 2014 uRhulumente liqulunqe umthetho omtsha "Xa umgaqo-mveliso kule Russian Federation". Imimiselo equlethwe ekuwo, njengoko iingcali zithi, ingaba kuba sisiseko ukuphunyezwa imiyalelo zengcebo ezingundoqo kuphuhliso ishishini lemveliso kweli lizwe. inkqubo endaweni yokungenisa Industrial eRashiya, ngaloo ndlela, iya kuphunyezwa kunye inxaxheba oluqaphelekayo karhulumente.