Year kwi-US njengelizwe. Empini kokuzimela amakoloni aseMelika kunye nemfundo United States. UMgaqo-siseko 1787

America ibonakala bexesha yonke karhulumente omanyaneyo kuqoqosho yaye namalungelo alinganayo abantu bonke. Kunzima ukucinga ukuba lo lizwe ozimeleyo kanye nje lithanga enkulu uBukhosi baseBritani, kwaye unyaka ka- US Department of Education njengelizwe - oku umhla olwahlukileyo ukusuka ngoku kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi. Ngapha koko, eUnited States zithathwa lelinye lamazwe omncinane ehlabathini, nto leyo inokunxulunyaniswa kwane- elivisayo nje kokuqala umsebenzi wakhe.

Melika - ukufunyaniswa kwimbali yoluntu

Nangona Melika yafunyanwa ngama-Vikings elide phambi kokuba igqampe kunxweme baseSpeyin, kodwa lonke ihlabathi ofundileyo iqwalasela umhla ngexesha lokufunyanwa America ngo-1492. UChristopher Columbus ziwela eBahamas, ephawulwe ekuqaleni amazwe izwekazi baseSpeyin. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amahlanu kunxweme zaseMelika, kukho ezinye iindawo zokuhlala ezinqatyisiweyo kakhulu iSpanish, leyo bahlala phantsi kula mazwe.

I IsiNgesi weza eMelika kuphela ngo-1607-m nisekelwe eJamestown. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba yokuhlala ngokukhawuleza wakhula baseBritani rhoqo ukufika bezithanga ezintsha, abaye bahlala ngempumelelo kwindawo entsha. America wawangawangisa amazwe babeziindleko enkulu, ubutyebi bendalo kunye nesithembiso enkulu. Abaninzi bafudukela kunye neentsapho zabo, benikela imikhumbi yabo. Ke kaloku, kwakukho nezinye iindidi zabantu abehamba yintsikelelo i-British Crown. England na ukuzuza zintshula kunxweme American, urhulumente wabona kula ezamahala mazwe isiseko sokukhula koqoqosho ekhawulezileyo eBritani.

Ukuzalwa Mayflower Compact

Ukuba sicinga zokusekwa kwe-US Ngamafutshane, singatsho ngokuzithemba ukuba 1620 laliyindawo kwimbali yelizwe. Kuloo nqanawa "Mayflower" wafika ngeli xesha ukuya kunxweme of America, bezise kuye nentsapho zamaPuritan, asabe intshutshiso ngabasemagunyeni yaseBritani. Apha ke wasungula Plymouth Colony wabo, enethemba ukwakha uluntu free. Ngumzali, sithi, ngubani ngokwabo ngokungummangaliso basaba kabuhlungu lokufihla ephikisayo nezikhundla zayo. Abambelela ngokucacileyo ukuba ngeemfundiso zawo zonqulo bagxothwa naluphi na uluntu ngubani ukuthetha iingqondo zabo. Noko ke, sithi akwazi ukunxibelelana nabantu phantse zonke amathanga IsiNgesi, waqukumbela nabo Meyflaurskoe sivumelwano. It kufika amagatya kubalwa kwi inkululeko, idemokhrasi kunye ukwahlulwa ecaweni kunye karhulumente. Kukholelwa ukuba uninzi iingongoma yesivumelwano kamva waba isiseko-siseko US.

Uphuhliso amathanga IsiNgesi kumhlaba American

Ukuze uqonde xa United States kwasekwa njengelizwe, kuyimfuneko ukuba uphi na uphuhliso amathanga, owakhulayo ngokukhawuleza kunxweme American. Iminyaka engamashumi asixhenxe anesihlanu emva kokuba ukugaleleka yokuqala amathanga British ezilishumi wabonakala eUnited States, nto leyo eye amashumi amawaka abantu.

Abantu yafudukela Yehlabathi Elitsha yi amawaka, yonke nqanawa kwenzé bahlali, enethemba ukufumana ulonwabo lwabo eMelika. Abanye baphumelela, ngokuthi waya ngelizwi lomlomo amabali ngabantu abaqhelekileyo baziphilisa ithamsanqa yabasebenzi zokunyanzelisa nangokunyaniseka. Le mbono waba isiseko yinkcubeko yaseMelika, kusekho zonke American ocinga ukuba nethamsanqa ukuba uyakwazi ukufikelela kweli lizwe yemeko ophezulu entlalweni.

kushishino american phambili ngokukhawuleza, ezo ke yanelisekile Abasemagunyeni baseBritani. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane elinesibhozo, elo thanga angabonelela ngokupheleleyo ngokwayo ngezinto ekrwada kunye nempahla yabathengi, shipyards ziye zavumela bezithanga urhwebe India. Konke oku kwaqinisa ukuma abafakwa, kodwa kubi ngaxeshanye kwiPalamente yaseBritani. LwaseBritani ngazo zonke iindlela ukuthintela ukuzimela amazwe yayo;

• rhoqo kunyuswa irhafu;
• kuqaliswa izithintelo kurhwebo namanye amazwe;
• ukuthunyelwa kwempahla lavunyelwa kuphela kwiinkundla IsiNgesi;
• Zonke iimveliso kunye izinto wayewathenga eBritani;
• ukugcina ucwangco amathanga rhoqo quartered amajoni British.

Minyaka le ukunganeliseki amakoloni ngurhulumente British landa.

Ukuqaleka kwayo War of Independence

Ukuba ukujonga ngokufutshane US-ofundileyo ngale nto iphambili, kuba ngokuqinisekileyo kufanelekile ukuba sikhankanye iprojekthi yakwaBhenjamin Franklin. Ngowe-1754, wafikelela ingqalelo iprojekthi yePalamente IsiNgesi ukudala uluntu ukuba ngokuyinxenye ezizimeleyo evela eBritani. Ngokutsho kolu xwebhu, intloko amathanga North American kufuneka ume nomongameli, oqeshwe ngurhulumente eNgilani. Olu xwebhu wasinika ezininzi inkululeko namalungelo kwamanye amazwe, kodwa akazange abazisi lithanga ozimeleyo ngokupheleleyo. Le projekthi iye yaba ezintsha kakhulu yaye lula impixano kuluntu American, kodwa nangoko yaliwe iPalamente yaseBritani.

Ekugqibeleni kutyhilwa iinjongo abasemagunyeni British uchulumanco e Boston besala ukuqwalasela isigqibo First Continental Congress, nto leyo umsebenzi joint kwabathunywa amahlanu anesihlanu phantse kuzo zonke amazwe. Ukuphendula, iBritani wathumela lwaseYurophu iinqanawa Melika owenza amathanga ukuba sibumbane ebusweni lutshaba eqhelekileyo.

Year kwi-US njengelizwe: amanqanaba kumadabi i-1775-1783

Kwi ezindlebeni ekusondeleni umkhosi waseBritani, amaMelika wenza isigqibo ukuya emfazweni kunye ngokugqibeleleyo ukulwela amalungelo abo kunye nenkululeko. Empini kokuzimela amakoloni aseMelika kunye nemfundo United States imigangatho kakhulu yobugorha kwimbali kweli lizwe, baye owawubona ihlabathi ukuba umanyano abantu ukwazi refract nayiphi na imeko.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba kwangaphambi imfazwe, amakoloni zaye ilawulwa kwimibutho yasekuhlaleni ngobuchule ngokwaneleyo. Bakhonza njengesiseko indalo yomkhosi kunye namanye amasebe karhulumente. Ngowe-1776, iindwendwe Second Continental Congress isaziso ukwamkelwa le Declaration of Independence, nto leyo ibeka elubala imigaqo esisiseko karhulumente abatsha. Kwangaxeshanye, Jikelele Washington wamiselwa umphathi kwi intloko Continental Army. Ngoku ke umhla ngoJulayi 4, 1776 ibhiyozelwa Day Independence, oko kukuthi, ngonyaka i US Department of Education - urhulumente omtsha kwimaphu yehlabathi.

De 1777 amabutho aseMelika boyiswa yiBritish ngapha komgca ngaphambili. Oku kungenxa ulondolozo abaziintsizana lomkhosi namajoni abaqeqeshiweyo kakubi, ngokuba bempi behleli abantu abaqhelekileyo, akazange ukuya emfazweni. Ngasese waxhasa bezithanga isiFrentshi, naye, waba ngamathanga zabo kunxweme American. Kuphela emva kokuba uloyiso yokuqala enkulu ye-Continental Army kwi eyayiseSaratoga, France utyikitye isivumelwano kunye baseMerika inkxaso. Ngenxa yoko, umkhosi waqalisa ukufumana iinqanawa isiFrentshi kunye namajoni. Imfazwe iye idlule wumbe indawo yayo.

Ngowe-1781, amajoni aseBritani boyiswa umkhosi kufika amaBritane kwafuneka ukuba ziqalise iingxoxo kunye nabavukeli. De ngesihle iminyaka emibini kumathanga ezininzi, kodwa imfazwe lifikelele kwisigqibo sayo esisengqiqweni. Ngowe-1783, oko yathatyathwa ngokusemthethweni ukuzimela American ukusuka British Crown.

Year kwimbali US-siseko

AmaMelika ethe kakhulu kuzo zonke izigaba yembali kuphuhliso lweli lizwe labo. Bambekayo onke amaxwebhu, ngaphandle zazingathandanga kunokwenzeka imfundo US. UMgaqo-siseko 1787 ithathwa uxwebhu lokuqala ke lulolona lubalulekileyo karhulumente abatsha.

Kwaloo Imbali siSeko ejikelezwe yi ubunzima namarhe izibakala umdla. Ngokomzekelo, abaninzi amaMelika anithandabuzi, yintoni umhla ingqalelo ukuze nyaka US Department of Education. Ngokutsho kweminye imithombo, lo-1776 - nyaka le Declaration of Independence, xa kuqala babhengeza nokudalwa kombuso omtsha ngokusekelwe geqe kunye nokulingana. Ngokutsho kwabanye, unyaka xa United States efanayo kunye ekwamkelweni koMgaqo-siseko.

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, olu xwebhu olwaba lwenziwa ngaphandle ukusetyenziswa kolwazi okhethekileyo. Abathunywa babhala-siseko, ethatha njengesiseko izinto ezahlukeneyo yowiso yamkelwa kwezinye iindawo zokuhlala lobukoloniyali. Isiphumo yaba siseko imfutshane kwimbali yoluntu, kwaye kule mini Oku ayikhange naluphi na utshintsho olubalulekileyo.

Isiqinisekiso siseko US

Okumangalisayo kukuba, i-siseko ekuqaleni bamkela amazwe amabini kuphela, nto leyo ethetha ukuba ingakwazanga ukunikwa ingqalelo uxwebhu yomthetho, leyo ujonge zobunkokeli lizwe. Benjamin Franklin, eli ukusebenza ekudalweni kolu xwebhu, scheme esiqingqiweyo se-siseko ngokuthi asayine ezilithoba nantathu ithi. Oku kubonelele urhulumente abatsha ngelo xesha ithuba ngaphambili, ngokuba kwidemokhrasi wayengekho nje amazwi alambathayo, yaye sisiseko uxwebhu oluphambili kweli lizwe.

Eyona engundoqo imiqathango yoMgaqo-siseko US

Abenzi bemeko-siseko US wenza zonke ezi ngcamango olululo, ixesha lokuqala lithi waba amalungelo ezinjalo kakhulu, ayiphelelanga xi urhulumente kazwelonke. Ngenxa intsebenziswano uThomas Jefferson no George Washington, ithi wafumana isidanga ukuzimela xa yokujongana nemiba yayo yangaphakathi. Lonke igunya yahlulwa amasebe amathathu:

• zomthetho;
• elawulayo;
• enkundleni.

Le ndlela ukuba ukugcina inkululeko ngamnye kwaye bahloniphe amalungelo lommi ngamnye.

Amendment Duck unyonga

Ngomnyaka lokusekwa -siseko US kwabonakala uxwebhu ephilileyo, kodwa emva kweminyaka emithathu kamva kwacaca ukuba kufuneka amanye nezongezelelo. Ukususela ngelo xesha ukuya siseko ungatshintshwa ngentsimbi, kodwa inani labo lincinane kwimbali amaxwebhu ezinjalo.

Okwangoku ke wamkela izilungiso ezingamashumi amabini anesixhenxe kuphela ecetywayo yi elinanye lamawaka Ngo1791. Oku kubonisa ukuba xa uxwebhu kakhulu ngaphambi kwexesha layo yaye esasebenza.

Imbali US igcwele iziganeko zobuqhawe, kodwa ezikhanya amakhasi alo kukudala umbuso ozimeleyo kwaye ukuyilwa amasebe, olusebenza ngempumelelo namhlanje.